# Political History

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Long Nineteenth Century

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- [Glossary](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/glossary/): A Abolitionism - Generic term for the movements that arose during the late 18th century which sought to abolish the transatlantic slave trade and slavery. Anglican Church -The official (or established) state church of England. Founded in 1534 by Henry VIII, it is a Protestant denomination. The British monarch is the head (Supreme Governor) of
- [‘The British World’ and the politics of empire](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/the-british-world-and-the-politics-of-empire/): Amanda Behm Department of History, University of York The so-called ‘British World’ is a significant concept and topic of controversy in British imperial history. In its divisiveness, it also sheds new light on the political dynamics of empire in the nineteenth century. While most commonly associated with recent scholarship on British colonies of white settlement,
- [Monarchs, Cabinets and prime ministers, 1780–1914](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/monarchs-cabinets-and-prime-ministers-1780-1914/): Ben Griffin Girton College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK In the eighteenth century, kings expected to govern as well as to reign – to be active participants in the business of government and policymaking. By the early twentieth century, this had changed profoundly: monarchs were expected to stay out of politics and leave governing to
- [Free trade or protection: the political economy of Britain, c. 1780–1914](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/free-trade-or-protection-the-political-economy-of-britain-c-1780-1914/): Anthony Howe University of East Anglia, UK Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776) expounded a clear choice between policies of free trade, which liberalised the economy, emphasising the market and consumer choice, and mercantilism (later protectionism), which looked primarily to the state for management of the economy. Free trade or protection involved fundamental questions as to
- [Beyond Westminster: politics in Scotland and Wales](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/beyond-westminster-politics-in-scotland-and-wales/): Naomi Lloyd-Jones Department of History, Durham University, Durham, UK This essay is an introduction to politics in nineteenth-century Scotland and Wales. It surveys major electoral trends and political questions, exploring the reasons for the Liberal party’s dominance. It also considers the political issues that both made Scotland and Wales distinct and situated them in pan-British
- [British politics in transnational perspective](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/british-politics-in-transnational-perspective/): Alex Middleton St Hugh’s College, University of Oxford, UK Historians have always known that nineteenth-century British politics was shaped by forces which worked across national boundaries. But there has been relatively little reflection on the wider interpretative consequences of adopting a ‘transnational’ perspective. This essay asks how transnational approaches can help us make sense of
- [Britain and Europe, 1789–1914: diplomacy and rivalry](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/britain-and-europe-1789-1914-diplomacy-and-rivalry/): Jonathan Parry Faculty of History, University of Cambridge, UK This essay argues that Britain was generally a conservative force in European diplomacy even while regarding itself as a more liberal polity than any of the other states. It did not want war, as it sought no continental territory and benefited enormously from peace and commercial
- [Conservatism and Liberalism](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/conservatism-and-liberalism/): Matthew Roberts Department of Humanities, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK It is noteworthy just how often the nineteenth century is still seen as the Liberal century. While this period may have marked the ‘golden age of Liberalism’ in the mid-Victorian decades, the fact remains that the Liberals were out of power for longer than were
- [Corruption and the morality of public life](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/corruption-and-the-morality-of-public-life/): Tom Crook School of History, Philosophy and Culture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK This essay provides an overview of the ways corruption featured in British politics from the late eighteenth century to the early twentieth. It does so by examining three core areas of public life: the administration of the state; the culture of elections;
- [The politics of labour: socialism and trade unionism](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/the-politics-of-labour-socialism-and-trade-unionism/): Matthew Kidd University of Oxford, UK This essay gives an overview of the trade union, socialist, and political labour movements in Britain from 1848 to 1914, focusing in particular on the ideas, movements, and organisations that went on to shape the history of Britain in the twentieth century. Beginning after the decline of Chartism, the
- [The Irish question and British politics, c. 1800–1914](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/the-irish-question-and-british-politics-c-1800-1914/): Jay R. Roszman University College Cork, Ireland This essay argues that the Irish question proved a dominant problem in British politics across the long nineteenth century. It charts this process by focusing on the ways that the Irish question was imagined, paying particular attention to the issues of international security, poverty, and politics. The essay
- [General Editor & Subject Videos](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/videos/): General Editor Intro Videos General Editors Video Subject Essay Videos Electoral politics and the culture of elections Gender, citizenship and the franchise Parties and the life of Parliament Petitioners and popular pressure Protest, sedition and outdoor agitation Religion and public life State, locality and the politics of social reform The emotions of politics The politics
- [War and foreign policy](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/war-and-foreign-policy/): Richard Gaunt Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham Britain’s leading role in the defeat of France during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1802, 1803–15) gave it a major part in European affairs between 1815 and 1914. However, the Pax Britannica, or British peace, established at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), did not prevent
- [The state and social reform](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/the-state-and-social-reform/): Dr Tom Crook Reader in Modern British History, Oxford Brookes University At the end of the eighteenth century, Britain’s central state assumed few other core responsibilities than defending the realm and administering the taxes required to fund the army and navy. By 1914, the state’s responsibilities had grown enormously to include a medley of ‘social’
- [Religion and politics](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/religion-and-politics/): Richard Gaunt Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham Religion played a prominent role in British politics during the long nineteenth century, determining both the terms upon which politics was conducted and the subject matter of many important debates. Under the Revolution Settlement of 1688, Catholics and Nonconformists were debarred from political and civic
- [Parties and leaders](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/parties-and-leaders/): Richard Gaunt Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham At the end of the eighteenth century, most politicians would have thought of themselves as Whigs, in that they supported the constitutional arrangements between the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons established at the Glorious Revolution of 1688; the term Tory
- [Movements and ideologies](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/movements-and-ideologies/): Dr Kathryn Rix Assistant Editor, House of Commons 1832–1945, History of Parliament From the reflections prompted by the French Revolution in the closing decades of the eighteenth century to the debates surrounding the emergence of socialism in the late nineteenth century, this was a period which saw an outpouring of pamphlets, essays, newspaper and periodical
- [Institutions](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/institutions/): Richard Gaunt Associate Professor, Faculty of Arts, University of Nottingham In the wake of the French Revolution of 1789, a wide-ranging debate about the nature of Britain’s political institutions began. William Cobbett summarised the case for change when he described ‘The Thing’ – a system which was closed, self-regulating, and subject to corruption. During the
- [Gender and politics](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/gender-and-politics/): Dr Kathryn Rix Assistant Editor, House of Commons 1832–1945, History of Parliament By 1914, almost half a century after the first mass petition for women’s suffrage was presented to the House of Commons by John Stuart Mill in 1866, the campaign for ‘Votes for Women’ had yet to achieve its goal. Despite their exclusion from
- [Empire and Ireland](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/empire-and-ireland/): Dr Tom Crook Reader in Modern British History, Oxford Brookes University Following the loss of the American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire began to shift away from a dependence on mercantile trade and the geography of the Atlantic and Caribbean towards a more complex formation stretching across the globe. Composed of territories of
- [Electoral politics](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/electoral-politics/): Dr Kathryn Rix Assistant Editor, House of Commons 1832–1945, History of Parliament An understanding of how Britain’s electoral system operated is crucial in getting to grips with many other aspects of politics during this period, notably the development of political parties and the workings of Parliament. Three major Reform Acts (1832, 1867, and 1884–5), together
- [Economic questions](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/economic-questions/): Dr Tom Crook Reader in Modern British History, Oxford Brookes University During the nineteenth century, economics emerged as a recognisable and increasingly technical science of human behaviour and the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Yet no amount of expertly rendered statistics or abstract formulae could prevent economic questions from remaining at the
- [Timeline Resources](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/timeline-resources/): Online Political History Timeline Resources Students seeking a timeline of key political events and developments within the long nineteenth century can make use of a number of open access online resources. The most expansive is the timeline of Britain, 1750-1900, provided by Oxford University Press, which incorporates political, social, military, and cultural events. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191736254.timeline.0001 Brief
- [Subject Introductions](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-introductions/)
- [Subject Essays](https://routledgelearning.com/rhr-politicalhistory/subject-essays/)