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- [Instructor](https://ptbrainbusters.com/): Learn Physiotherapy Lead With Care Browse Courses Step-by-Step Lessons Practice Tests and Quizzes Real-World Case Studies Expert Support & Guidance Welcome to PT Brain Busters! Your Gateway to Professional Excellence in Physiotherapy Are you looking to advance your clinical expertise, boost your professional credibility, and create better outcomes for your clients? PT Brain Busters Courses
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- [Course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course/): My Courses Education for the real world 1-on-1 Live CPTE Tutoring $450.00 Add to cart PT Brain Busters CPTE Mocks – Part I $450.00 Add to cart PT Brain Busters CPTE Free Resources Enroll Course PT Brain Busters CPTE Mock – Part II $400.00 Add to cart 1 2 Next
- [About me](https://ptbrainbusters.com/about-me/): About Us Hello, We are PT Brain Busters This course is designed by a Registered Physiotherapist in Ontario with experience in orthopedics, women’s health, pediatrics, and sports injuries. As an internationally trained physiotherapist who has successfully navigated the challenges of clearing the Physiotherapy Competency Exam (PCE) and obtaining licensure in Canada, she understands firsthand the
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- [Review](https://ptbrainbusters.com/review/): I met Faiza online through a Facebook group back in 2023 when I was deep into my PCE preparation journey. Like many internationally educated physios, I was overwhelmed and rushing to give the exam — after all, I had been studying for almost a year. But something told me to reach out to her, and
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- [Featured Course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/featured-course/): Photography Masterclass A Complete Guide to Photography $129.99 $129.99 34 h, 45 m Total Hour Beginner Course Level Enroll Now About Course Do you ever scroll through images of beautiful lettering on Instagram and think to yourself that if you could do the same? Use tutor to build custom, fully-functional websites quickly — and without
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## Products

- [1-on-1 Live CPTE Tutoring](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/1-on-1-live-cpte-tutoring/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Mocks - Part I](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Mock - Part II](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course - Mini Mocks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course Bundle](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course (No Mocks)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/)
- [Test_product](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/test_product/)
- [PT Brain Busters Ethics Course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-pce-course/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course (Mock 4, 5, 6)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/pt-brain-busters-pce-course-copy-1/)
- [Brainbuster Special course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product/brainbuster-special-course/)

## Courses

- [1-on-1 Live CPTE Tutoring](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/cpte-mentoring/): Personalized Guidance. Focused Strategy. Real Results.Feeling stuck with certain PT exam topics? Struggling to improve scores despite studying hard? Our personalized 1-on-1 tutoring sessions are designed to help you overcome weaknesses, build confidence, and approach your exam with clarity.At PT Brain Busters, we match you with experienced physiotherapy mentors who understand exactly what it takes
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Mocks - Part I](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Free Resources](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Mock - Part II](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course - Mini Mocks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course Bundle](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/)
- [PT Brain Busters CPTE Course (No Mocks)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/)
- [PT Brain Busters Ethics Course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/)

## Lessons

- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/cpte-blueprint-2-5/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-2-5/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/hillegass-pdf-2-5/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-2-5/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-2-5/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-2-5/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/modalities-3-5/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-2-5/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-2-5/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-2-5/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/pregnancy-2-5/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-2-5/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/burns-2-5/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/cardiovascular-system-3-5/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/lessons/pulmonary-2-5/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/cpte-blueprint-3-2/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-3-2/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/hillegass-pdf-3-2/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-3-2/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-3-2/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-3-2/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/modalities-5-2/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/shoulder-joint-3-2/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/elbow-joint-3-2/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/wrist-joint-3-2/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/hip-joint-3-2/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/knee-joint-3-2/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/ankle-joint-3-2/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/spine-cervical-3-2/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/posture-gait-3-2/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-3-2/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-3-2/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-3-2/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-3-2/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/pregnancy-3-2/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-3-2/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/burns-3-2/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/cardiovascular-system-5-2/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/pulmonary-3-2/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-3-2/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/stroke-3-2/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-3-2/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-3-2/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/parkinsons-disease-3-2/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-3-2/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-3-2/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-3-2/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-3-2/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/cpte-blueprint-2-4/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-2-4/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/hillegass-pdf-2-4/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-2-4/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-2-4/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-2-4/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/modalities-3-4/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/shoulder-joint-2-4/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/elbow-joint-2-4/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/wrist-joint-2-4/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/hip-joint-2-4/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/knee-joint-2-4/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/ankle-joint-2-4/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/spine-cervical-2-4/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/posture-gait-2-4/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-2-4/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-2-4/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-2-4/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-2-4/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-2-4/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/pregnancy-2-4/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-2-4/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/burns-2-4/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/cardiovascular-system-3-4/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/pulmonary-2-4/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/stroke-2-4/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-2-4/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-2-4/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/parkinsons-disease-2-4/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-2-4/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-2-4/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-2-4/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-2-4/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/cpte-blueprint-2-3/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-2-3/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/hillegass-pdf-2-3/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-2-3/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-2-3/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-2-3/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/modalities-3-3/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-2-3/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-2-3/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-2-3/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/pregnancy-2-3/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-2-3/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/burns-2-3/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/cardiovascular-system-3-3/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/pulmonary-2-3/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/stroke-2-3/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-2-3/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-2-3/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/parkinsons-disease-2-3/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-2-3/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-2-3/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-2-3/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-2-3/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/shoulder-joint-2-3/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/elbow-joint-2-3/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/wrist-joint-2-3/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/hip-joint-2-3/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/knee-joint-2-3/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/ankle-joint-2-3/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-2-3/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/spine-cervical-2-3/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/posture-gait-2-3/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-free-resources/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-2-3/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/burns-2-2/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/cardiovascular-system-3-2/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/pulmonary-2-2/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/stroke-2-2/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-2-2/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-2-2/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/parkinsons-disease-2-2/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-2-2/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-2-2/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-2-2/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-2-2/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/cpte-blueprint-2-2/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-2-2/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/hillegass-pdf-2-2/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-2-2/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-2-2/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-2-2/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/modalities-3-2/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/shoulder-joint-2-2/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/elbow-joint-2-2/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/wrist-joint-2-2/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/hip-joint-2-2/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/knee-joint-2-2/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/ankle-joint-2-2/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-2-2/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/spine-cervical-2-2/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/posture-gait-2-2/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-2-2/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-2-2/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-2-2/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-2-2/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/pregnancy-2-2/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-2-2/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/hip-joint-3/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/knee-joint-3/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/ankle-joint-3/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-3/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/spine-cervical-3/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/posture-gait-3/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-3/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-3/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-3/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-3/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/pregnancy-3/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-3/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/burns-3/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/cardiovascular-system-5/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/pulmonary-3/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/stroke-3/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-3/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-3/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/parkinsons-disease-3/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-3/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-3/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-3/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-3/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/cpte-blueprint-3/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-3/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/hillegass-pdf-3/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-3/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-3/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-3/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/modalities-5/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/shoulder-joint-3/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/elbow-joint-3/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/lessons/wrist-joint-3/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/shoulder-joint-2/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/elbow-joint-2/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/wrist-joint-2/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/hip-joint-2/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/knee-joint-2/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/ankle-joint-2/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni-2/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/spine-cervical-2/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/posture-gait-2/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar-2/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema-2/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/skin-gi-disorders-2/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders-2/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/pregnancy-2/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders-2/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/burns-2/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/cardiovascular-system-3/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/pulmonary-2/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/stroke-2/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury-2/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries-2/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/parkinsons-disease-2/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als-2/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis-2/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders-2/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more-2/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/cpte-blueprint-2/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition-2/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/hillegass-pdf-2/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby-2/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean-2/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn-2/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/lessons/modalities-3/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Modalities](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/modalities/): Understanding Electrotherapy Modalities for Clinicians In this video, I discuss the important topic of electrotherapy modalities, which are crucial not only for your exams but also for your daily practice as clinicians. I break down the modalities into three parts: electrical stimulation, thermal, and non-thermal treatments, focusing on techniques like TENS, interferential current, NMES, and ultrasound.
- [Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques - Kisner, Carolyn](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-foundations-and-techniques-kisner-carolyn/): Therapeutic Exercise Foundations and Techniques (VII Ed) - Kisner, Carolyn (1)
- [Kendall Fresh & Clean](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/kendall-fresh-clean/): Kendall Fresh n Clean
- [Therapeutic Exercise by Carol Kisner, Lynn Allen Colby](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/therapeutic-exercise-by-carol-kisner-lynn-allen-colby/): [Carol_Kisner,_Lynn_Allen_Colby]_Therapeutic_Exerc
- [Hillegass.pdf](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/hillegass-pdf/): Hillegass.pdf
- [Reid and Chung - 2nd Edition](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/reid-and-chung-2nd-edition/): Reid and Chung 2 nd edition.pdf
- [CPTE Blueprint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cpte-blueprint/): CPTE-Blueprint-2025
- [PULMONARY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/pulmonary/): PULMONARY – CPTE NOTES SECTION 1 – BASIC RESPIRATORY ANATOMY (ASSESSMENT FOUNDATION) 1.1 Upper and Lower Airway Anatomy The respiratory system is divided into conducting airways and the respiratory zone. Conducting airways include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Their primary role is to warm, humidify, and transport air. • Respiratory zone includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
- [CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cardiovascular-system/): 🫀 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TOPICSBasicsValvular Heart Disease ✅ (Complete)CardiomyopathiesCardiac TamponadeArteriosclerosis & AtherosclerosisAortic StenosisAneurysm & Aortic DissectionMyocardial Ischemia & InfarctionHeart Rhythms & Conduction BlocksCongestive Heart FailureIschemic Heart Disease & AnginaMyocardial InfarctionPeripheral Arterial and Vein DiseaseCardiac Rehabilitation🫀Cardio BasicsBorders of Heart Heart Wall LayersOutermost Layer: PericardiumParietal Pericardium: Tough fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue.Visceral Pericardium: Thin, inner layer that
- [Burns](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/burns/): BURNS: CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY: EPIDERMAL BURN: Damages only epidermis Erythematous pink or red No blisters, dry surface; delayed pain, tender Minimal edema; spontaneous healing; no scars SUPERFICIAL PARTIAL THICKNESS BURN: Damage occurs through the epidermis and into the papillary layer of the dermis ● Bright pink or red in colour Blanching and brisk capillary refill
- [Metabolic and Endocrine disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/metabolic-and-endocrine-disorders/): Understanding Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders: A Comprehensive OverviewIn this video, I discussed important aspects of metabolic and endocrine disorders, focusing on metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and adrenal gland disorders. I highlighted the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, their symptoms, and complications, emphasizing the need for patient education on managing these
- [Cancer and Lymphedema](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cancer-and-lymphedema/): Understanding Cancer and Lymphedema: Key Insights for PatientManagementHello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topics of cancer and lymphedema, focusing on their definitions, types, and management strategies. I emphasized the importance of recognizing red flag symptoms such as unexplained pain and weight loss, which could indicate serious conditions requiring medical referral. We explored
- [Pregnancy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/pregnancy/): Understanding Pregnancy and Reproductive ConditionsIn this video, I discuss pregnancy and various reproductive conditions, focusing on the anatomical and physiological changes that occur throughout the three trimesters, which span a total of 40 weeks from conception to delivery. I highlight key symptoms and changes during each trimester, including fatigue, morning sickness, and increased urination in
- [Peripheral Nervous System Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/peripheral-nervous-system-disorders/): Peripheral Nervous System Disorders: Myasthenia Gravis, Post-Polio Syndrome, and Bell's Palsy In this lecture, I discussed various peripheral nervous system disorders, focusing on myasthenia gravis, post-polio syndrome, and Bell's palsy. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that leads to muscle weakness, particularly affecting respiratory muscles, and requires careful management and education for patients. I highlighted the
- [Skin & GI disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/skin-gi-disorders/): Hello everyone, in this video, I covered skin and gastrointestinal disorders, focusing on conditions like psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and various types of dermatitis, including atopic and contact dermatitis. I emphasized the importance of understanding these conditions, particularly for physical therapy management, and discussed the role of education in patient care. Additionally, I introduced inflammatory bowel disease,
- [Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and More](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/pediatric-conditions-cerebral-palsy-spina-bifida-and-more/): Understanding Pediatric Conditions: Cerebral Palsy, Spina Bifida, and MoreIn this video, I continued our discussion on pediatric conditions, focusing primarily on cerebral palsy, spina bifida, and muscular dystrophy. I highlighted the risk factors, classifications, and clinical presentations of these conditions, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and physical therapy management strategies. I also discussed associated
- [Stroke](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/stroke/): Understanding Stroke: Causes, Symptoms, and Risk Factors Hello everyone, in this video, I discussed the critical topic of stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident, which results from the interruption of blood supply to the brain. I covered the two main types of stroke: ischemic, caused by blood clots, and hemorrhagic, due to ruptured blood
- [Spinal Cord Injuries ](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/spinal-cord-injuries/): CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD INJURIES: Tetraplegia (lesion of cervical cord) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all four extremities and trunk, including the respiratory muscles Paraplegia (lesion of thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or cauda equina) : It refers to motor and/or sensory impairment of all or part of the trunk and both
- [Cerebellar and Non-Cerebellar Disorders](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cerebellar-and-non-cerebellar-disorders/): Hemispheres: Impairments can cause limb ataxia (e.g., dysdiadochokinesia, dysmetria, and kinetic tremor), dysarthria, and hypotonia Posterior:Impairment can affect posture and gait as well as causing eye movement disorders (e.g., nystagmus, vestibulo-ocular reflex disruption). COMMON MOTOR IMPA Asthenia : It is generalized muscle weakness associated with cerebellar lesions. Dysarthria : It involves motor impairment in speech and speech
- [Demyelinating Conditions: Focus on Multiple Sclerosis](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/demyelinating-conditions-focus-on-multiple-sclerosis/): MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS): It is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, selective demyelination, and gliosis. It is of no known cause, most likely viral HLA-DR2 - there may be a genetic link. Typically age onset is 20-40 years. CLINICAL FEATURES (CHARCOT’S TRIAD): Intentional tremor Scanning speech Bystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: In this, an abnormal immune-mediated
- [Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-als/): Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of the corticospinal tracts, neurons in the motor cortex and brainstem, and anterior horn cells in the spinal cord Primary lateral sclerosis : Degeneration of upper motor neurons Progressive bulbar palsy : Degeneration of motor neurons of cranial nerves IX to XII Progressive muscular atrophy: Loss or chromatolysis of motor
- [Parkinson's Disease](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/parkinsons-disease/): PARKINSON’S DISEASE is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the Central nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal ganglia) results in decreased dopamine. When dopamine’s level decreases, excessive acetylcholine (Ach) can accumulate ● The balance of dopamine and acetylcholine is critical for normal movement ● Low levels of dopamine results in akinesia
- [TBI- Traumatic brain Injury.](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/tbi-traumatic-brain-injury/): BRAIN INJURIES: Traumatic brain injuries: It refers to change in functioning of the brain due to external force like falls, collision, motor vehicle accident, drowning injuries etc. It can lead to open or close brain injury. Open Brain Injury: The skull and protective membranes are pierced, causing brain tissue damage. Closed Brain Injury: In this
- [Wrist Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/wrist-joint/): WRIST JOINT Synovial – Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint.Allows biaxial movement DISTAL RADIOULANR JOINT Resting Position: 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: 5 degrees of supination Capsular Pattern: Full ROM, pain at extreme of rotation RADIOCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral with slight ulnar deviation Close Packed Position: Extension with radial deviation Capsular Pattern: Flexion and extension equally limited INTERCARPAL JOINT Resting Position: Neutral OR slight flexion Close Packed Position:
- [Spine (Thoracic & Lumbar)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/spine-thoracic-lumbar/): THORACIC SPINE: The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) and forms the posterior anchor of the rib cage. It is designed primarily for stability and protection, with limited mobility compared to the cervical and lumbar regions. Functions Protects spinal cord and thoracic organs Provides attachment for ribs Supports posture and trunk stability Transfers load between cervical and
- [Spine (cervical)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/spine-cervical/): SPINE CERVICAL SPINE: The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae (C1–C7) and is the most mobile region of the spine. It supports the head, allows movement, and protects the spinal cord and vertebral arteries. Functions Supports head weight Allows neck mobility Protects spinal cord & nerve roots Maintains posture and balance Facilitates visual and vestibular orientation Resting position: Midway between
- [Elbow Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/elbow-joint/): DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT: Ulnohumeral Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supination Close Packed Position: Extension with supination Capsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension Radiohumeral Joint: Resting Position: Full extension and supination Close Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degrees Capsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation Superior Radioulanr Joint: Resting Position: 70 degrees of
- [Shoulder Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/shoulder-joint/): SHOULDER JOINT Glenohumeral joint: Resting Position: 40 to 55 degrees of shoulder abduction, 30 degrees shoulder adduction Close Packed Position: Full abduction, lateral rotation Capsular Pattern: Lateral rotation, abduction and medial rotation Acromioclavicular Joint: Resting Position: Arm resting by side in normal physiological position Close Packed Position: 90 degrees abduction Capsular Pattern: Pain at extreme range of motion, especially horizontal adduction
- [Ankle Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/ankle-joint/): Ankle Joint The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a synovial hinge joint between the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is designed for stability during weight-bearing and efficient gait. Joint of Hindfoot TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT: The tibia and fibula are connected by three structures: Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Distal tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis) Together, they provide leg stability, force transmission, and
- [Peripheral Nerve Injuries (PNI)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/peripheral-nerve-injuries-pni/): Spinal Nerve Plexuses: Cervical plexus (C1-C4) - serves the head, neck and shoulders. Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) - serves the chest, shoulders, arms and hands. 3. Lumbar plexus (T12-L4) - serves the back, abdomen, groin, thighs, knees, and calves. 4. Sacral plexus (L4 - S4) serves the pelvis, buttocks, genitals, thighs, calves, and feet. BRACHIAL
- [Hip Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/hip-joint/): HIP JOINT The hip joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is designed for maximum stability with functional mobility Functions Bears body weight in standing, walking, running Allows multi-directional movement Transfers load between trunk and lower limbs Provides postural stabilityResting position: 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction
- [Posture & Gait](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/posture-gait/): POSTURE: PLUMB LINE: It is a vertical straight line that runs from the top of the head to the floor dividing the patient into two planes. In an ideal posture, the line of gravity (and thus the plumb line) should fall through specific points in the body including the center of gravity. Line of gravity landmarks: BONY LANDMARKS SURFACE
- [Knee Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/knee-joint/): Knee Joint The knee joint is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the body. It is a modified hinge synovial joint designed for stability during weight-bearing and mobility during gait. Tibiofemoral joint: modified hinge joint Resting position: 25 degrees flexion Close packed position: Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia Open packed position: Flexion, extension Stabilizers of
- [CArdio 2](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cardio-2/): rgerg
- [Cardio 1](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/cardio-1/): shfiuhf
- [Lesson 1](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/new-course__trashed-2/lessons/lesson-1-2/)
- [Brainbuster Special course](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/brainbuster-special-course__trashed/lessons/brainbuster-special-course/): Brainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special course Brainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special course Brainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special courseBrainbuster Special course
- [Explore dummy lessons](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/new-course__trashed/lessons/explore-dummy-lessons/): dummy content
- [Lesson Test](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/test-course-1/lessons/lesson-test/): Content TEst
- [Test](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/test-course/lessons/test/): Test
- [LAMINECTOMY](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/laminectomy/): LAMINECTOMY POST OP PRECAUTIONS:Surgery is usually performed to relieve the effects of spinal stenosis.Post-op precautions:● Do not sit for more than 20–30 minutes continuously for the first two weeks aftersurgery.● Maintain a neutral back when moving from supine to sit and vice versa● PT needs to teach proper log roll in and out of bed.●
- [SACROILIAC JOINT DYSFUNCTION](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/sacroiliac-joint-dysfunction/): It is a musculoskeletal condition due to ligament laxity, muscular imbalances and postural adaptations.CLINICAL PRESENTATION:● Deep, dull, undefined pain that tends to be unilateral● Pain can refer to the following areas: Iliac fossa, buttocks and posterior thigh on affected side. Pain can radiate as low as the posterior knee but never into the foot.● Pain
- [LUMBAR SPINE DISC HERNIATION](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/lumbar-spine-disc-herniation/): It occurs when the nucleus pulposus is displaced and protrudes beyond the annulus fibrosus.Causes:Disc dehydration and increased fibrocartilage are age-associated changes to the disc. These changes can cause the deterioration of the annulus fibrosus, which can lead to herniation of the annulus fibrosusCLINICAL PRESENTATION:● Pain worsens with weight bearing activities● Pain with cough/sneeze● The disc
- [SPINAL STENOSIS](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/spinal-stenosis/): It refers to narrowing of the spinal canal. It can be caused by degeneration of the vertebral disc and or lumbar facet joints causing osteophytes which can grow into the spinal canal. This can cause narrowing of the spinal canal around the cauda equina.RISK FACTORS:● Associated with the aging process during which the intervertebral discs
- [MSK CLINICAL CONDITIONS - 1. MECHANICAL LOW BACK PAIN](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/msk-clinical-conditions-1-mechanical-low-back-pain/): It refers to centralised low back pain and unilateral pain with no referral below the knee.Causes:● Muscles (strains) or ligaments sprains● Traumatic injury● The facet joint or sacroiliac joint dysfunctionRisk factors:● Female >males● Obese● Increased driving or sitting time● Anxiety and or depression● Prior low back pain historyClinical Presentation:● It often refers into buttocks and
- [SPINE](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/spine/): CERVICAL SPINE:Resting position: Midway between flexion and extensionClose packed position: Full extensionCapsular pattern: Side flexion and rotation equally limited, extensionTHORACIC SPINE:Resting position: Midway between flexion and extensionClose packed position: Full extensionCapsular pattern: Side flexion and rotation equally limited, extensionLUMBAR SPINE:Resting position: Midway between flexion and extensionClose packed position: Full extensionCapsular pattern: Side flexion and rotation
- [Radial Head Excision/ Arthroplasty](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/radial-head-excision-arthroplasty/): Indication:● Severely comminuted fracture or fracture dislocation of head/ neck of radius● Chronic synovitis associated with osteoarthritis of head of radiusContraindications:● It is contraindicated in growing children.● In case of traumatic instability, displaced fracturePostoperative management:Immobilization:● Elbow may be immobilised in oblong arm orthosis with an extension block for upto 3 weeks● Position: 45 to 90
- [MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/myositis-ossificans/): It refers to formation of bone in atypical location of body.Risk factors:● Elbow fracture● Post burns● Delayed internal fixation● Aggressive stretchingClinical Presentation:● Swelling● Warmth● Pain● Gradual loss of elbow motionManagement:
- [MEDIAL EPICONDYLALGIA (Golfer’s Elbow)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/medial-epicondylalgia-golfers-elbow/): Repetitive use injury. It involves small tearing of collagen fibres of common flexor tendon (pronator teres and the flexor carpi radialis) which attach to medial epicondyle.Causes:Repetitive motions into wrist flexion, such as swinging a golf club, pitching a ball, orwork- related graspingClinical Presentation:● Pain in elbow after using wrist flexors● Pain when muscle is stretched
- [LATERAL EPICONDYLALGIA:](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/lateral-epicondylalgia/): It is an overuse/repetitive use injury of the elbow. It involves 90% of extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB). Remaining other 10% are from common extensor tendon and origin (tenoperiosteal junction) and origin of Extensor carpi radialis longus.Causes:● Repetitive twisting movements● Prolonged gripping activitiesClinical Presentation:● Pain with repetitive gripping activities● Pain with activities involving wrist extensionSpecial
- [DIFFERENT JOINTS OF ELBOW JOINT](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/sample-course/lessons/different-joints-of-elbow-joint/): ● Ulnohumeral Joint:Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 10 degrees supinationClose Packed Position: Extension with supinationCapsular Pattern: Flexion, Extension● Radiohumeral Joint:Resting Position: Full extension and supinationClose Packed Position: 90 degrees elbow flexion, forearm supination 5 degreesCapsular Pattern: Flexion,. Extension, supination, pronation● Superior Radioulanr Joint:Resting Position: 70 degrees of elbow flexion, 35 degrees supinationClose Packed
- [dummy](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks/lessons/dummy/): lesson complete
- [test for quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-pce-course-2/lessons/test-for-quiz/)
- [lesson 1.1 About lesson one](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-pce-course-2/lessons/lesson-1-1-about-lesson-one/): Contents for lesson 1.1
- [lesson 1](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1/): kdsbfksdj lsdnl
- [Phase 3: After 12 Weeks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/phase-3-after-12-weeks/): ROM: Full combined movements allowedExercises: End range stretching, close chain stabilizationADL Precautions: Bilateral lifting limit: 10–15 lbs
- [Phase 2: 4–12 Weeks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/phase-2-4-12-weeks/): ROM Limits: No extension past neutral (4–6 weeks)Exercises:Progress AROM and GH rotationGentle stretching (after 4–6 weeks)Submaximal isometrics, low resistance elbow/wristADL Precautions: Lift ≤3 lbs
- [Phase 1: 0–4 Weeks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/phase-1-0-4-weeks/): Sling: Worn for 4 weeksROM Limits: Elevation
- [Lesson 4.1: Glenohumeral Arthroplasty](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-4-1-glenohumeral-arthroplasty/): Indications: Persistent pain, loss of functionType: Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) – Intact Rotator Cuff
- [Lesson 3.4: Scapular Winging](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-4-scapular-winging/): Types:Inferior: Prominent inferior angle (sagittal tilt)Medial: Medial border prominence (transverse plane)Superior: Early, excessive elevationCauses:Long thoracic nerve palsy → serratus anterior weaknessTrapezius or rhomboid palsyCervical radiculopathySpecial Test: Wall Push-Up Test
- [Lesson 3.3: SLAP Lesion (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-3-slap-lesion-superior-labrum-anterior-to-posterior/): Tear location: 10–2 o’clockCauses: FOOSH, throwing deceleration, traction injury to biceps
- [Lesson 3.2: Hill-Sachs Lesion](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-2-hill-sachs-lesion/): Definition: Compression fracture of humeral head due to anterior dislocationMechanism: Humeral head impacts glenoid rim
- [Lesson 3.1: Bankart Lesion](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-1-bankart-lesion/): Definition: Anteroinferior labrum tear (3–7 o’clock)Cause: Anterior instability/dislocationManagement:Early strengthening of internal rotatorsPendular exercisesAvoid ABD + ER for 6 weeksReturn to sport: 3–4 months
- [Lesson 1.5: Primary Ligaments of Glenohumeral joint:](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1-5-primary-ligaments-of-glenohumeral-joint/): Superior GH Ligament: Limits inferior translation in adductionMiddle GH Ligament: Limits lateral rotation (45–90° abduction)Inferior GH Ligament: Limits superior translation
- [Lesson 1.4: Scapulothoracic Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1-4-scapulothoracic-joint/): Functional joint aiding scapular mobility and shoulder mechanicsIt is an articulation of the scapula with the thorax which depends on the integrity of the anatomic Acromioclavicular (AC) and Sternoclavicular (SC) joints.
- [Lesson 3.4: Rehabilitation](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-4-rehabilitation/): Education, modalitiesJoint mobilizations:Posterior glide → IRInferior glide → ABDAnterior glide → ERPassive stretching, therapeutic exercises
- [Lesson 3.3: Stages](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-3-stages/): STAGES:Freezing: Pain with ROM loss (ER < 5°, ABD < 100°)Frozen: Reduced pain, marked stiffnessThawing: Gradual recovery of motion
- [Lesson 3.2: Risk Factors](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-2-risk-factors/): Diabetes, Dupuytren's disease, age 40–65, more common in females
- [Lesson 3.1: Pathophysiology](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-3-1-pathophysiology/): Inflammation and fibrosis of GH joint capsulePrimary (idiopathic) and secondary (post-trauma/surgery)
- [Lesson 1.3: Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1-3-sternoclavicular-sc-joint/): Resting Position: Arm at sideClose Packed Position: Full elevation and protractionCapsular Pattern: Pain at end ranges
- [Lesson 1.2: Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1-2-acromioclavicular-ac-joint/): Resting Position: Arm at sideClose Packed Position: 90° abductionCapsular Pattern: Pain at end ranges, especially horizontal adduction/elevation
- [Lesson 1.1: Glenohumeral (GH) Joint](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/lessons/lesson-1-1-glenohumeral-gh-joint/): Resting Position: 40–55° abduction, 30° horizontal adductionClose Packed Position: Full abduction and lateral rotationCapsular Pattern: Lateral rotation > abduction > medial rotation

## Quizzes

- [Prep Exam 3](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/mock-exam-100-questions-3/)
- [Prep Exam 2](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/mock-exam100-questions-3/)
- [Prep Exam 1](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/mock-exam-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-5/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-5/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-5/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-5/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-5-5/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-5-5/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-2-5/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-5/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mini-mocks/quizzes/ethics-quiz-2-5/)
- [Mock Exam(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/quizzes/mock-exam100-questions-3-2/)
- [Mock Exam( 100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/quizzes/mock-exam-100-questions-3-2/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/ethics-quiz-3-2/quizzes/ethics-quiz-3-2/)
- [Mock exam](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mock-part-ii/quizzes/mock-exam-4-3/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-3-2/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-3-2/)
- [Mini Mocks (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-3-2/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-3-2/)
- [Mini Mocks (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-4/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-5-4/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-5-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-4/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-4/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-2-4/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-no-mocks/quizzes/ethics-quiz-2-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-3/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-3/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-5-3/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-5-3/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-3/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-3/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-3/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-3/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/ethics-quiz-2-3/quizzes/ethics-quiz-2-3/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-2-3/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-2-3/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4-2-2/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-2/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2-2/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/ethics-quiz-2-2/quizzes/ethics-quiz-2-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-5-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-mocks/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2-2-2/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-2-2/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-2-2/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-3/)
- [Mini Mocks (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-3/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course/quizzes/ethics-quiz-3/)
- [Mini Mocks (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4-2/)
- [Mock exam](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam-7/quizzes/mock-exam-7/)
- [Mock Exam(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam100-questions-2/quizzes/mock-exam100-questions-2/)
- [Mock Exam( 100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam-100-questions-2/quizzes/mock-exam-100-questions-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-5/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-2/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK (50 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk-50-questions-2/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-cpte-course-mock-4-5-6/quizzes/ethics-quiz-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-2/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-2/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-4/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-4/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions-3/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions-3/)
- [Mock Questions(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-questions100-questions/quizzes/mock-questions100-questions/)
- [Mock Exam( 100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam-100-questions/quizzes/mock-exam-100-questions/)
- [Mock Exam(100 Questions)](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam100-questions/quizzes/mock-exam100-questions/)
- [Mock exam](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mock-exam/quizzes/mock-exam/)
- [Test Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-pce-course-2/quizzes/test-quiz-2/)
- [Mini Mocks MSK](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks-msk/quizzes/mini-mocks-msk/)
- [Ethics Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-ethics-course/quizzes/ethics-quiz/)
- [Sampel](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/pt-brain-busters-pce-course-2/quizzes/sampel/)
- [Test Quiz](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/test-quiz/quizzes/test-quiz/): This is test
- [Mini Mocks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/courses/mini-mocks/quizzes/vignette-for-q1-q4/): A 46-year-old male patient presents to an Outpatient Physiotherapy clinic with a history of lung disease. A physiotherapy student assigned under your supervision asks about the basics of the respiratory system to establish a diagnosis.

## Flash Card Sets

- [flashcard 1](https://ptbrainbusters.com/flashcard_set/flashcard-1/)

## Product categories

- [Uncategorized](https://ptbrainbusters.com/product-category/uncategorized/)

## Course Categories

- [Mocks](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-category/mocks/?tutor-course-filter-category=59)
- [Free](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-category/free/?tutor-course-filter-category=60)
- [Tutoring](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-category/tutoring/?tutor-course-filter-category=61)

## Tags

- [3D Modelling](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/3d-modelling/)
- [Accounting](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/accounting/)
- [Adobe XD](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/adobe-xd/)
- [Blender](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/blender/)
- [Business](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/business/)
- [Development](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/development/)
- [Graphic Design](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/graphic-design/)
- [Illustrations](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/illustrations/)
- [Project Management](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/project-management/)
- [UI Design](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/ui-design/)
- [UX Design](https://ptbrainbusters.com/course-tag/ux-design/)