# KTB Europe

> KTB Europe is a family-owned trading company in Hamburg, Germany, founded in 1976. It sources industrial spare parts and MRO materials worldwide, independent of any single manufacturer.

This file summarises the website www.ktb-europe.com for language models and AI assistants. It is generated automatically from the published content and updated whenever new articles, glossary terms or pages are published.

- Legal name: KTB Import-Export Handelsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG (KTB Europe)
- Founded: 1976, family-owned
- Headquarters: Großmoorring 9, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
- Business: manufacturer-independent sourcing of industrial spare parts and MRO materials worldwide, by inquiry
- Contact: Phone +49 40 766189 0 · E-mail ktb@ktb-europe.com · [Contact and inquiry](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/contact/)
- Website languages: German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Chinese
- Group websites: [ktb-europe.com](https://www.ktb-europe.com/) (Germany (headquarters)) · [ktb-usa.com](https://www.ktb-usa.com/) (USA) · [ktb-argentina.com](https://www.ktb-argentina.com/) (Argentina) · [ktb-brasil.com](https://www.ktb-brasil.com/) (Brazil) · [ktb-china.com](https://www.ktb-china.com/) (China) · [ktb-mexico.com](https://www.ktb-mexico.com/) (Mexico) · [ktb-portugal.com](https://www.ktb-portugal.com/) (Portugal)
- Full version with all glossary texts and FAQs: https://www.ktb-europe.com/llms-full.txt

## Services

- [procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/procurement/): MRO procurement from Hamburg: since 1976, KTB Europe has sourced industrial spare parts and MRO items worldwide – reliably, fast and cost-effectively.
- [Procurement Outsourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/procurement-outsourcing/): Outsource indirect procurement to KTB: we source MRO items, spare parts and C-parts, compare suppliers and deliver goods checked in our central warehouse.
- [Discontinued parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/obsolete-parts/): Spare part discontinued? KTB searches its worldwide supplier network for obsolete and hard to find parts and for technically equivalent alternatives.
- [spare parts management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/spare-parts-management/): Spare parts management for maintenance: KTB handles your spare parts procurement, from supplier comparison to goods inspected in our central warehouse.
- [cost optimisation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/cost-optimizations/): Optimize your purchasing processes through strategic supplier consolidation. Reduce material costs & freight costs in technical trade.
- [Financing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/financing/): Professional trade financing & flexible payment terms. Import export financing, factoring & capital commitment for your procurement.
- [inspection](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/inspections/): Professional quality control & technical inspection of industrial parts. Goods inspection according to international standards with export packaging.
- [Consolidation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/consolidation/): Efficient bundling of goods & collective deliveries for optimized procurement processes. Reduction of suppliers through central consolidation.
- [Logistics](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/logistics/)

## How to request a part

Send the manufacturer, part number (or type designation) and quantity via the contact page, by e-mail or by phone. KTB checks availability and alternatives and replies with an offer.

- [Contact and inquiry](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/contact/)
- Phone: +49 40 766189 0
- E-mail: ktb@ktb-europe.com

## Key pages

- [Home](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/)
- [About KTB](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/about/)
- [Locations](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/locations/)
- [Services](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/services/)
- [Glossary](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/)
- [Blog](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/)
- [Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/faq/)
- [Product catalogue](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/)
- [Manufacturer index](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/)

## Glossary

204 terms from procurement, maintenance, spare parts and foreign trade, each with a short definition. Overview: [Glossary](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/)

### MRO & Maintenance

- [CMMS (maintenance management software)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/cmms/): A CMMS (computerised maintenance management system) is maintenance software for planning and documenting servicing, repairs and spare parts.
- [Condition-based maintenance](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/condition-based-maintenance/): Condition-based maintenance is a strategy that monitors equipment using measured condition parameters and only intervenes when limit values are exceeded.
- [Downtime costs](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/downtime-costs/): Downtime costs are all costs a company incurs when a plant unexpectedly stops producing, from lost production to consequential damage.
- [Equipment availability](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/equipment-availability/): Equipment availability is the proportion of planned time during which a plant is actually ready for operation and able to perform its required function.
- [Infrared thermography (maintenance)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/infrared-thermography/): Infrared thermography is a non-contact measuring method that uses a thermal imaging camera to visualise temperature distributions and detect overheating components early.
- [Maintenance](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/maintenance/): Under DIN 31051, maintenance covers all measures that retain or restore the functional condition of a plant or piece of equipment.
- [Maintenance plan (maintenance schedule)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/maintenance-plan/): A maintenance plan specifies for plants and assemblies which servicing and inspection tasks are carried out, at what interval, by whom and with which material.
- [MRO (maintenance, repair and operations)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/mro/): MRO stands for maintenance, repair and operations and covers all goods and services that keep a plant running, serviced and repaired.
- [MTBF (mean time between failures)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/mtbf/): MTBF (mean time between failures) is the average operating time between two failures of a repairable system and a measure of its reliability.
- [MTTR (mean time to repair)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/mttr/): MTTR (mean time to repair) is the average time that elapses between the failure of a plant and the restoration of its functionality.
- [Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/oee/): Overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is a KPI that multiplies a plant's availability, performance and quality to show its real productivity.
- [Predictive maintenance](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/predictive-maintenance/): Predictive maintenance is a maintenance strategy that forecasts failures from condition and operating data and schedules intervention just beforehand.
- [Preventive maintenance](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/preventive-maintenance/): Preventive maintenance is a strategy in which components are serviced or replaced at fixed time or usage intervals before they fail.
- [Reactive maintenance](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/reactive-maintenance/): Reactive maintenance is a strategy in which action is only taken after a failure; components are deliberately run until they break down.
- [Reliability-centred maintenance (RCM)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/reliability-centred-maintenance/): Reliability-centred maintenance (RCM) is a method that determines the appropriate maintenance strategy for each plant function on the basis of its failure consequences.
- [Repair (maintenance)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/maintenance-repair/): Under DIN 31051, repair covers all measures that return a failed or damaged item to a functioning condition.
- [Retrofit](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/retrofit/): Retrofit refers to modernising existing machines with new controls, drives or safety technology instead of replacing them entirely.
- [Root cause analysis (RCA)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/root-cause-analysis/): Root cause analysis (RCA) is a structured approach to finding the actual cause of a failure and preventing it from recurring.
- [Servicing (maintenance)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/servicing/): Under DIN 31051, servicing covers all measures that slow down the depletion of a plant's wear reserve, such as cleaning, lubricating or adjusting.
- [Total productive maintenance (TPM)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/total-productive-maintenance/): Total productive maintenance (TPM) is a concept from Japan that makes operators and maintenance jointly responsible for the availability of equipment.
- [Vibration analysis](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/vibration-analysis/): Vibration analysis is a condition monitoring method that measures machine vibrations in order to detect damage to rotating components early.

### Procurement & Purchasing

- [Bid comparison (quotation comparison)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/bid-comparison/): A bid comparison sets several quotations for the same enquiry against each other in terms of price, scope and terms in order to select the most economical one.
- [C-parts management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/c-parts-management/): C-parts management optimises the procurement and supply of low-value, frequently needed items whose process costs often exceed their value.
- [Call-off order](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/call-off-order/): A call-off order is an order used to draw partial quantities from an existing framework agreement on the terms agreed there.
- [Category management (procurement)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/category-management/): Category management manages procurement by spend category, with its own strategies, suppliers and targets defined for each category.
- [Demand pooling](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/demand-pooling/): Demand pooling combines similar requirements from several sites, departments or periods in order to improve terms and processes.
- [Dual sourcing and multiple sourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/dual-sourcing/): Dual sourcing and multiple sourcing refer to deliberately splitting a requirement between two or more qualified suppliers to reduce risk.
- [E-procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/e-procurement/): E-procurement is the electronic handling of procurement processes, from supplier search and tendering to purchase order and invoice.
- [Framework agreement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/framework-agreement/): A framework agreement sets prices and terms for future deliveries over a defined period; the individual quantities are called off later.
- [Global sourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/global-sourcing/): Global sourcing is the worldwide search for and use of sources of supply to improve costs, availability or access to technology.
- [Indirect procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/indirect-procurement/): Indirect procurement buys goods and services that do not go into the end product, such as MRO materials, services and operating equipment.
- [Industrial distribution (technical trade)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/industrial-distribution/): Industrial distribution refers to the specialist and wholesale trade that supplies industrial companies with rolling bearings, drive technology, seals and fluid power.
- [Make-or-buy decision](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/make-or-buy-decision/): The make-or-buy decision determines whether a company produces a part or service itself or obtains it from an external supplier.
- [Minimum order quantity (MOQ)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/minimum-order-quantity/): The minimum order quantity (MOQ) is the smallest quantity of an item that a supplier accepts per order or delivers on the stated terms.
- [MRO procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/mro-procurement/): MRO procurement is the purchasing of spare parts, wear parts, operating supplies and maintenance materials for ongoing plant operation.
- [Nearshoring](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/nearshoring/): Nearshoring refers to relocating procurement, production or services to nearby countries rather than to distant low-wage regions.
- [Operational purchasing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/operational-purchasing/): Operational purchasing covers the day-to-day processing of orders, from the purchase requisition through the order and goods receipt to invoice verification.
- [Price adjustment clause](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/price-adjustment-clause/): A price adjustment clause links a contractually agreed price to the development of defined cost factors such as material, energy or labour costs.
- [Procurement as a service](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/procurement-as-a-service/): Procurement as a service refers to outsourcing purchasing tasks to an external service provider who takes them on as needed and often by category.
- [Procurement management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/procurement-management/): Procurement management plans, steers and controls all processes through which a company obtains materials, goods and services externally.
- [Procurement outsourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/procurement-outsourcing-definition/): In procurement outsourcing, a company permanently hands over purchasing tasks or entire categories to an external service provider.
- [Purchase requisition](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/purchase-requisition/): A purchase requisition (PR) is an internal request from a department to purchasing to procure a material or service.
- [Purchase-to-pay (P2P)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/purchase-to-pay/): Purchase-to-pay (P2P) refers to the end-to-end procurement process from the requirement notification through ordering and goods receipt to payment of the invoice.
- [Request for quotation (RFQ)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/request-for-quotation/): A request for quotation (RFQ) asks suppliers to submit a binding price offer for clearly specified items or services.
- [Single sourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/single-sourcing/): Single sourcing is the deliberate decision to obtain a material or part from just one supplier, even though alternatives exist.
- [Spend analysis](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spend-analysis/): Spend analysis is the systematic evaluation of purchasing expenditure by supplier, category and business unit in order to identify potential and risks.
- [Strategic procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/strategic-procurement/): Strategic procurement defines in the long term where, how and on what terms a company covers its requirements for materials and services.
- [Supplier consolidation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supplier-consolidation/): Supplier consolidation deliberately reduces the number of suppliers in order to cut process costs, pool volumes and simplify management.
- [Supplier evaluation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supplier-evaluation/): Supplier evaluation is the systematic assessment of suppliers against fixed criteria such as quality, delivery reliability, response time, price and compliance.
- [Supplier management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supplier-management/): Supplier management covers the selection, evaluation, development and steering of suppliers throughout the entire business relationship.
- [Supplier relationship management (SRM)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supplier-relationship-management/): Supplier relationship management (SRM) is the systematic shaping of relationships with suppliers, from selection and evaluation to targeted development.
- [Tail spend management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/tail-spend-management/): Tail spend management steers the share of procurement spend spread across many small, irregular orders with numerous suppliers.
- [Total cost of ownership (TCO)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/total-cost-of-ownership/): Total cost of ownership (TCO) captures all costs of an asset over its life cycle, from purchase price through operation and failures to disposal.

### Spare Parts & Obsolescence

- [ABC analysis](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/abc-analysis/): ABC analysis is a method that divides items into A, B and C classes according to their share of consumption value in order to target effort.
- [Alternative part (equivalent part)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/alternative-part/): An alternative part is a component from another manufacturer or of another type that can replace an original part equivalently in form, fit and function.
- [Bill of materials (BOM)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/bill-of-materials/): A bill of materials (BOM) is a structured list of all assemblies, components and quantities that make up a product or a machine.
- [Consignment stock](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/consignment-stock/): Consignment stock is held at the customer's site and remains the supplier's property until it is withdrawn, only then being invoiced.
- [Critical spare parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/critical-spare-parts/): Critical spare parts are parts whose absence causes plant downtime or a safety risk and which cannot be procured at short notice.
- [End of life (EOL)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/end-of-life/): End of life (EOL) refers to the final phase in a product's life cycle, in which the manufacturer gradually ends production, sales and support.
- [Form, fit and function (FFF)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/form-fit-function/): Form, fit and function (FFF) describes the interchangeability of a spare part that matches the original part in geometry, mounting interfaces and function.
- [Inventory management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/inventory-management/): Inventory management covers the planning, control and monitoring of stock in order to ensure availability and keep tied-up capital low.
- [Inventory turnover](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/inventory-turnover/): Inventory turnover indicates how often the average stock is consumed and replaced within a period, usually a year.
- [Last time buy (LTB)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/last-time-buy/): A last time buy is the final chance to order a discontinued product, buying the remaining demand for the rest of its service life.
- [Manufacturer part number (MPN)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/manufacturer-part-number/): The manufacturer part number (MPN) is the identifier assigned by the manufacturer that uniquely designates a component in a specific version.
- [Obsolescence](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/obsolescence/): Obsolescence is the state in which a component, material or software is no longer offered by the manufacturer although it is still needed.
- [Obsolescence management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/obsolescence-management/): Obsolescence management detects component discontinuations early and plans measures so that plants stay operational without original parts.
- [OEM (original equipment manufacturer)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/oem/): OEM (original equipment manufacturer) refers to the original manufacturer of a machine, plant or component that sells the product under its own name.
- [Overhaul (refurbishment)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/overhaul/): An overhaul is the complete dismantling, inspection and reconditioning of a machine or assembly to an almost as-new condition.
- [Product discontinuation (PCN/PDN)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/product-discontinuation/): A product discontinuation is a manufacturer's notice that a product is being phased out, usually with dates for last orders and deliveries.
- [Reorder point](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/reorder-point/): The reorder point is the stock level at which a replenishment order is triggered so that stock lasts until the goods are received.
- [Replenishment lead time](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/replenishment-lead-time/): Replenishment lead time is the period from identifying a requirement until the material is available in stock or at the point of use.
- [Reverse engineering (spare parts)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/reverse-engineering/): For spare parts, reverse engineering is the redesign of a component from an existing sample when the original is no longer available.
- [Safety stock](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-stock/): Safety stock is an inventory buffer that absorbs fluctuations in consumption and replenishment lead time and is intended to prevent stockouts.
- [Second source](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/second-source/): A second source is a second, equivalent source of supply for a component that secures supply if the main supplier fails or faces a shortage.
- [Spare parts list](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spare-parts-list/): A spare parts list records the replaceable parts of a machine with designation, part number and quantity and serves as the basis for ordering and stockholding.
- [Spare parts management](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spare-parts-management-definition/): Spare parts management plans, procures, stores and controls spare parts so that plants stay available and stock levels remain economical.
- [Spare parts procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spare-parts-procurement/): Spare parts procurement is the purchasing process for spare parts, from identifying the part through source and quotation to delivery.
- [Spare parts supply](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spare-parts-supply/): Spare parts supply means ensuring that required spare parts are available at the right time, in the right quality and in the right quantity.
- [Supply shortage](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supply-shortage/): A supply shortage exists when a material is not available in the required quantity or by the required date, putting supply at risk.
- [Vendor managed inventory (VMI)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/vendor-managed-inventory/): Vendor managed inventory (VMI) is a model in which the supplier monitors stock at the customer's site and replenishes it independently.
- [Wear parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/wear-parts/): Wear parts are components that wear out in normal operation through friction, load or ageing and are replaced at regular intervals.
- [XYZ analysis](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/xyz-analysis/): XYZ analysis divides materials into three classes according to the regularity of their consumption: X for constant, Y for fluctuating and Z for irregular.

### Quality & Inspection

- [AQL (acceptance quality limit)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/aql/): AQL (acceptance quality limit) is the quality level used in sampling inspection to decide whether a lot is accepted or rejected.
- [Calibration](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/calibration/): Calibration is determining and documenting the deviation of a measuring instrument from a traceable reference standard under specified conditions.
- [Complaint management (supplier claims)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/complaint-management/): Complaint management is the structured process by which companies record, assess, clarify with the supplier and eliminate defects in delivered goods.
- [Counterfeit parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/counterfeit-parts/): Counterfeit parts are parts with misrepresented origin, condition or specification, such as copies, relabelled parts or used parts sold as new.
- [EN 10204 (inspection documents)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/en-10204/): EN 10204 defines the types of inspection documents with which manufacturers of metallic products demonstrate compliance with the order.
- [EU declaration of conformity](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/eu-declaration-of-conformity/): The EU declaration of conformity is the manufacturer's declaration that its product meets all applicable EU harmonisation legislation.
- [FMEA (failure mode and effects analysis)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/fmea/): FMEA (failure mode and effects analysis) is a preventive method for systematically assessing the potential failures of a product or process.
- [Grey market (spare parts)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/grey-market/): The grey market is trade in genuine goods outside the distribution channels authorised by the manufacturer, for example through independent dealers or surplus stock.
- [Incoming inspection](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/incoming-inspection/): Incoming inspection checks delivered goods for quantity, identity, external damage, documents and agreed quality characteristics.
- [Inspection certificate 3.1 (EN 10204)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/inspection-certificate-3-1/): The inspection certificate 3.1 to DIN EN 10204 confirms test results on the delivered product, signed by an inspector independent of production.
- [Non-destructive testing (NDT)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/non-destructive-testing/): Non-destructive testing (NDT) covers methods used to examine components for defects such as cracks or porosity without damaging them.
- [Pre-shipment inspection (PSI)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pre-shipment-inspection/): Pre-shipment inspection (PSI) is an inspection of goods at the supplier's site before dispatch so that deviations are detected before delivery.
- [Quality inspection](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/quality-inspection/): A quality inspection determines whether a product meets the specified requirements for dimensions, material, function, marking and documentation.
- [Supplier audit](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/supplier-audit/): A supplier audit is a systematic on-site examination at a supplier, in which a customer assesses quality capability, processes and reliability.
- [Traceability](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/traceability/): Traceability is the ability to follow the origin, processing and whereabouts of a part or material completely by means of unique identification.

### Foreign Trade & Customs

- [Certificate of origin](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/certificate-of-origin/): A certificate of origin proves the country in which goods were produced under non-preferential origin rules; in Germany it is issued by the IHK.
- [Customs tariff number (HS code)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/customs-tariff-number/): The customs tariff number assigns goods to a heading in the customs tariff and determines the duty rate, import charges and possible restrictions.
- [Dual-use goods](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/dual-use-goods/): Dual-use goods are goods, software and technology that can be used for both civil and military purposes and are therefore subject to export control.
- [ECCN (Export Control Classification Number)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/eccn/): The ECCN (Export Control Classification Number) is the five-character US export control number that assigns an item to an entry on the Commerce Control List.
- [End-use certificate (end-user statement)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/end-use-certificate/): An end-use certificate is the recipient’s confirmation of the end user, intended use and final destination of goods, usually in the context of export control.
- [EORI number](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/eori-number/): The EORI number is an EU-wide identification number that companies must state in all customs declarations and customs-related procedures.
- [Export control](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/export-control/): Export control comprises government rules and in-house checks used to screen exports for licensing requirements, embargoes and sanctions.
- [Export declaration](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/export-declaration/): The export declaration is the customs declaration with which goods are placed under the export procedure to leave the customs territory of the European Union.
- [Incoterms](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/incoterms/): Incoterms are delivery terms issued by the International Chamber of Commerce that define obligations, costs and transfer of risk between seller and buyer.
- [Proof of preferential origin (EUR.1)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/proof-of-preferential-origin/): A proof of preferential origin certifies the preferential origin of goods and allows reduced or zero import duties under trade agreements.
- [Sanctions list screening](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/sanctions-list-screening/): Sanctions list screening is checking business partners against official sanctions lists in order to rule out prohibited transactions with listed persons.
- [Supplier’s declaration (preferential origin)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/suppliers-declaration/): A supplier’s declaration is a statement by the supplier on the preferential or non-preferential origin of goods within the supply chain.

### Automation & Drive Technology

- [Ball bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ball-bearing/): A ball bearing is a rolling bearing in which balls roll between the inner and outer rings, supporting shafts so that they can rotate with low friction.
- [Ball screw](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ball-screw/): A ball screw converts rotary motion into precise linear motion with low friction by means of recirculating balls between the screw shaft and nut.
- [Cable gland](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/cable-gland/): A cable gland brings a cable into an enclosure with a seal and strain relief, protecting the entry against dust, water and the cable being pulled out.
- [Capacitive sensor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/capacitive-sensor/): A capacitive sensor detects objects and fill levels without contact by evaluating the change in an electric field between its electrodes.
- [Circuit breaker](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/circuit-breaker/): A circuit breaker is a switching device that switches operating currents and automatically and safely interrupts overload and short-circuit currents.
- [Contactor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/contactor/): A contactor is an electromagnetically operated switch that uses a small control voltage to switch large load currents on and off.
- [Control cabinet](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/control-cabinet/): A control cabinet is an enclosure that houses and protects the electrical equipment of a machine or plant, such as controllers, drives and protective devices.
- [Cylindrical roller bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/cylindrical-roller-bearing/): A cylindrical roller bearing is a rolling bearing with cylindrical rollers that carries very high radial loads and permits high speeds.
- [Deep groove ball bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/deep-groove-ball-bearing/): A deep groove ball bearing is the most widely used type of rolling bearing; it carries radial loads and limited axial loads in both directions.
- [Electric motor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/electric-motor/): An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical rotation via magnetic fields and drives machinery.
- [Fieldbus](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/fieldbus/): A fieldbus is an industrial communication system that digitally connects sensors, actuators and drives to the controller via a shared cable.
- [Flow meter](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/flow-meter/): A flow meter measures how much liquid, gas or steam flows through a pipe per unit of time, either as volume or as mass.
- [Frequency inverter (VFD)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/frequency-inverter/): A frequency inverter is an electronic device that converts the frequency and voltage of the mains supply to control the speed of three-phase motors steplessly.
- [Geared motor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/geared-motor/): A geared motor is a drive unit consisting of an electric motor and an attached gearbox that reduces speed and increases torque at the output shaft.
- [Helical gearbox (spur gear unit)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/helical-gearbox/): A helical gearbox transmits torque via externally toothed gears on parallel shafts and is considered a robust, highly efficient type of gearbox.
- [HMI (human-machine interface)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hmi/): An HMI (human-machine interface) is the operator interface of a machine, usually a touch panel, through which operators monitor and control processes.
- [Induction motor (three-phase asynchronous motor)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/induction-motor/): An induction motor is a three-phase motor whose rotor turns slightly slower than the rotating field; it is the most widely used industrial drive.
- [Inductive proximity sensor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/inductive-proximity-sensor/): An inductive proximity sensor is a non-contact proximity switch that detects metal objects by means of a high-frequency alternating electromagnetic field.
- [Industrial automation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/industrial-automation/): Industrial automation covers devices, software and methods used to control, regulate and monitor machines and processes automatically.
- [Industrial connector](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/industrial-connector/): An industrial connector is a robust, detachable electrical connection for power, signals or data in machines, plants and control cabinets.
- [Industrial gearbox](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/industrial-gearbox/): An industrial gearbox is a gearbox for machinery and plants that adapts the speed and torque of a drive to the needs of the driven machine.
- [Industrial PC](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/industrial-pc/): An industrial PC is a computer designed for harsh production environments that handles control, visualisation and data tasks on machines.
- [Linear guide](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/linear-guide/): A linear guide is a machine element that guides moving assemblies precisely along a straight axis while absorbing forces and moments.
- [Motor protection circuit breaker](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/motor-protection-circuit-breaker/): A motor protection circuit breaker is a switching device that disconnects motors on overload, phase failure and short circuit and can also be switched manually.
- [Photoelectric sensor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/photoelectric-sensor/): A photoelectric sensor is an optical sensor that detects objects as soon as they interrupt or reflect a light beam between emitter and receiver.
- [Plain bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/plain-bearing/): A plain bearing is a bearing in which the shaft and bearing surface slide on one another, separated by a lubricating film or a low-friction material.
- [Planetary gearbox](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/planetary-gearbox/): A planetary gearbox is an epicyclic gear unit with sun gear, planet gears, ring gear and carrier that transmits high torques in a small space.
- [Pressure gauge (manometer)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pressure-gauge/): A pressure gauge is an instrument that displays the pressure of gases or liquids, in industry usually as a mechanical local dial instrument.
- [Pressure sensor (pressure transmitter)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pressure-sensor/): A pressure sensor, also called a pressure transmitter, detects the pressure of gases or liquids and converts it into an electrical measuring signal.
- [Programmable logic controller (PLC)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/programmable-logic-controller/): A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a digital control device that controls machines and plants cyclically on the basis of a stored program.
- [Relay](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/relay/): A relay is an electrically operated switch in which a small control current, via a coil or electronics, switches a separate circuit.
- [Rolling bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/rolling-bearing/): Rolling bearings are bearings in which balls or rollers roll between inner and outer rings, guiding and supporting shafts with low friction.
- [Rotary encoder](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/rotary-encoder/): A rotary encoder is a sensor that converts the rotation of a shaft into electrical signals for position, angle or speed.
- [Safety controller (safety PLC)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-controller/): A safety controller is a programmable controller that processes a machine’s safety functions in a fail-safe manner and shuts down in the event of faults.
- [Safety light curtain](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-light-curtain/): A safety light curtain is an electro-sensitive protective device that safeguards a hazardous area with parallel light beams.
- [Safety relay](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-relay/): A safety relay is a switching device that evaluates safety functions such as emergency stop or guard door monitoring redundantly and safely shuts down hazards.
- [Safety switch (interlock switch)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-switch/): A safety switch monitors the position of guard doors or covers and positively signals any opening to the machine’s safety evaluation unit.
- [Servo motor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/servo-motor/): A servo motor is a closed-loop controlled electric motor that uses a feedback system and servo drive to set position, speed and torque precisely.
- [Soft starter](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/soft-starter/): A soft starter limits starting current and torque surge when a three-phase motor is switched on by increasing the voltage gradually.
- [Spherical roller bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/spherical-roller-bearing/): A spherical roller bearing is a double-row, self-aligning rolling bearing with barrel-shaped rollers for very high loads and shaft misalignment.
- [Stepper motor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/stepper-motor/): A stepper motor is an electric motor whose rotor turns in fixed angular steps driven by controlled current pulses, positioning without an encoder.
- [Tapered roller bearing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/tapered-roller-bearing/): A tapered roller bearing is a rolling bearing with conical rollers that can carry high radial loads and axial loads in one direction at the same time.
- [Temperature sensor (Pt100)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/temperature-sensor/): A temperature sensor detects the temperature of media or components; in industry, the Pt100 resistance thermometer is the most widely used type.
- [Terminal block](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/terminal-block/): A terminal block is a connecting element mounted on a DIN rail that securely and detachably connects conductors in a control cabinet.
- [Thermocouple](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/thermocouple/): A thermocouple is a temperature sensor made of two joined metals that generates a temperature-dependent thermoelectric voltage through the Seebeck effect.
- [Transmitter (signal converter)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/measuring-transmitter/): A transmitter converts a sensor signal into a standardised, interference-resistant output signal such as 4–20 mA that control systems can process directly.
- [Ultrasonic sensor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ultrasonic-sensor/): An ultrasonic sensor measures distances or detects objects by emitting sound pulses above the audible range and evaluating the travel time of the echo.
- [Worm gearbox](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/worm-gearbox/): A worm gearbox is a right-angle gearbox in which a worm shaft drives a worm wheel, achieving high ratios in a single stage.

### Hydraulics, Pneumatics & Sealing

- [Air preparation unit (FRL)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/air-preparation-unit/): An air preparation unit treats compressed air upstream of consumers, usually by filtering, regulating and, if required, lubricating it, protecting pneumatic components.
- [Axial piston pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/axial-piston-pump/): An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump in which pistons arranged parallel to the drive shaft deliver hydraulic oil at high pressure.
- [Ball valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ball-valve/): A ball valve is a shut-off valve whose bored ball fully opens or tightly closes the flow with a quarter turn.
- [Butterfly valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/butterfly-valve/): A butterfly valve is a pipeline valve that opens or shuts off the flow with a rotatable disc by means of a quarter turn.
- [Centrifugal pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/centrifugal-pump/): A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic machine that accelerates liquids with a rotating impeller, thereby generating pressure and flow.
- [Check valve (non-return valve)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/check-valve/): A check valve is a self-acting valve that lets a medium pass in one direction only and prevents backflow by closing.
- [Control valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/control-valve/): A control valve is a final control element that continuously influences flow, pressure or temperature in a plant by means of a variable opening area.
- [Diaphragm pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/diaphragm-pump/): A diaphragm pump is a positive displacement pump in which an oscillating diaphragm separates the pumped medium from the drive and draws it in and expels it via valves.
- [Flat gasket](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/flat-gasket/): A flat gasket is a flat, static seal that is compressed between two flat surfaces, such as pipe flanges or housing covers.
- [Fluid power](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/fluid-power/): Fluid power is the umbrella term for hydraulics and pneumatics, i.e. the transmission of energy and signals by means of pressurised liquids or gases.
- [Gear pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/gear-pump/): A gear pump is a positive displacement pump in which two meshing gears carry liquid in the tooth gaps from the suction side to the discharge side.
- [Hydraulic cylinder](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-cylinder-definition/): A hydraulic cylinder is an actuator that converts hydraulic pressure into linear motion with high force, for example in presses or rolling mills.
- [Hydraulic filter](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-filter/): A hydraulic filter retains particles from the hydraulic fluid, protecting pumps, valves and cylinders against wear and malfunctions.
- [Hydraulic hose](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-hose/): A hydraulic hose is a flexible pressure line consisting of inner tube, reinforcement and cover that carries hydraulic fluid between moving components.
- [Hydraulic motor](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-motor-definition/): A hydraulic motor converts the pressure and flow of a hydraulic fluid into a rotary motion with high torque, often at low speed.
- [Hydraulic power unit](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-power-unit/): A hydraulic power unit is a compact assembly of tank, pump, drive motor and valves that supplies a machine with pressurised hydraulic oil.
- [Hydraulic pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/hydraulic-pump/): A hydraulic pump converts mechanical drive energy into hydraulic energy by delivering pressurised fluid into a hydraulic circuit.
- [Mechanical seal](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/mechanical-seal/): A mechanical seal seals rotating shafts, for example in pumps and agitators, by means of two sealing faces that slide axially against each other.
- [Metering pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/metering-pump/): A metering pump delivers a precisely adjustable volume of liquid per stroke or unit of time and is used to add chemicals and additives to processes accurately.
- [O-ring](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/o-ring/): An O-ring is an annular sealing element with a round cross-section that is compressed in a groove and seals static or dynamic joints.
- [Pneumatic cylinder](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pneumatic-cylinder/): A pneumatic cylinder converts the energy of compressed air into linear motion and serves as an actuator in automation and mechanical engineering.
- [Pressure regulator](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pressure-regulator/): A pressure regulator, also called a pressure reducing valve, lowers a fluctuating inlet pressure to an adjustable outlet pressure that is kept as constant as possible.
- [Pressure relief valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pressure-relief-valve/): A pressure relief valve opens as soon as the system pressure reaches a set value, thereby protecting pumps, lines and consumers against overload.
- [Progressive cavity pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/progressive-cavity-pump/): A progressive cavity pump is a positive displacement pump in which a helical rotor turning in an elastic stator forms cavities that travel along the pump.
- [Proportional valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/proportional-valve/): A proportional valve adjusts pressure, flow or direction continuously and in proportion to an electrical setpoint, usually by means of a proportional solenoid.
- [Radial shaft seal](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/radial-shaft-seal/): A radial shaft seal is a seal for rotating shafts whose spring-loaded lip runs radially on the shaft and keeps lubricant inside the housing.
- [Safety valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-valve/): A safety valve is a self-acting valve that opens when a set pressure is exceeded and protects vessels or pipelines against overpressure.
- [Solenoid valve](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/solenoid-valve/): A solenoid valve is a valve actuated by an electric coil that opens, closes or switches the flow of liquids or gases.
- [Vacuum pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/vacuum-pump/): A vacuum pump draws gases or vapours out of an enclosed space and creates a pressure there below atmospheric pressure.
- [Valve actuator](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/valve-actuator/): A valve actuator is an electric, pneumatic or hydraulic drive that automatically operates valves such as butterfly valves, ball valves or globe valves.
- [Valve terminal (valve manifold)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/valve-terminal/): A valve terminal combines several pneumatic valves on a common base plate with a central compressed air supply and grouped electrical control.
- [Vane pump](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/vane-pump/): A vane pump is a positive displacement pump in which radially movable vanes in an eccentric cam ring form pumping chambers of varying size.

### Standards & Marking

- [ATEX (explosion protection)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/atex/): ATEX refers to the EU explosion protection rules governing equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres and the protection of workers there.
- [CE marking](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ce-marking/): With CE marking, the manufacturer declares that a product meets all applicable EU harmonisation legislation; it is not a quality seal.
- [Conformity assessment](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/conformity-assessment/): Conformity assessment is the procedure used to demonstrate that a product meets the requirements of the EU legislation applicable to it.
- [EMC Directive](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/emc-directive/): The EMC Directive 2014/30/EU ensures that electrical equipment does not cause undue interference to other equipment and is itself sufficiently immune to interference.
- [IP rating (IP code)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ip-rating/): The IP rating to IEC/EN 60529 indicates how well an enclosure is protected against contact, ingress of foreign objects and water.
- [Low Voltage Directive (LVD)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/low-voltage-directive/): The Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU governs the safety of electrical equipment rated at 50 to 1000 V AC or 75 to 1500 V DC.
- [Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/machinery-regulation/): The Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 governs the safety of machinery in the EU single market and applies from 20 January 2027 in place of the Machinery Directive.
- [Nameplate (rating plate)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/nameplate/): The nameplate is a plate permanently attached to a product, showing the manufacturer, type designation, serial number and the most important technical rating data.
- [Performance level (EN ISO 13849)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/performance-level/): The performance level (PL) under EN ISO 13849-1 describes, in five levels from a to e, how reliably a control system performs a safety function.
- [Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/pressure-equipment-directive/): The Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU governs the design, manufacture and conformity assessment of pressure equipment above 0.5 bar maximum allowable pressure.
- [REACH Regulation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/reach/): The REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 governs the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemical substances in the European Union.
- [RoHS](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/rohs/): RoHS refers to EU Directive 2011/65/EU, which restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.
- [SIL (safety integrity level)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/safety-integrity-level/): Under IEC 61508, SIL (safety integrity level) is a four-level measure of the reliability with which a safety function reduces a risk.
- [UKCA marking](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/ukca-marking/): The UKCA marking is the British conformity mark for products placed on the market in Great Britain, comparable to the CE marking.
- [WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment)](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/glossary/weee/): WEEE refers to waste electrical and electronic equipment and to EU Directive 2012/19/EU, which governs its take-back, recovery and producer responsibility.

## Blog articles

- [Packaging Machine from Italy: How to Get Spare Parts Faster](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/italian-packaging-machine-spare-parts/): Packaging machine from Italy down? How to find spare parts faster: identify machine number, bill of materials, change parts and bought-in parts reliably.
- [NEMA or IEC? How to Replace a US Motor in Your Plant](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/nema-vs-iec-motor-replacement/): NEMA or IEC? Frame sizes, inch shafts, 60 Hz, service factor, enclosure and efficiency compared – how to replace a US motor in your plant safely.
- [How to Create a Maintenance Plan: 8 Steps to a Plan That Actually Gets Used](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/create-maintenance-plan-steps-template/): Create a maintenance plan in 8 steps: record equipment, assess criticality, define tasks and intervals. Includes a ready-to-use template in table form.
- [Calibration of Measuring Equipment: How Often, by Whom, with What Proof?](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/calibration-measuring-equipment-intervals/): Calibration of measuring equipment: how it differs from legal verification and adjustment, sensible intervals, DAkkS certificates and ISO 9001 rules.
- [FMEA in Maintenance: Find Failures Before Your Plant Stops](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/fmea-in-maintenance/): FMEA in maintenance: the process in 7 steps, rating with RPN or action priority, a worked example on a pump and the most common mistakes made by teams.
- [MTBF and MTTR Explained Simply: How to Measure Your Plant’s Reliability](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/mtbf-mttr-explained/): MTBF and MTTR explained simply: formulas, a fictitious worked example, the link to availability and OEE, and typical mistakes that distort your metrics.
- [Siemens S7-300 Discontinued: What It Means for Your Plant](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/siemens-s7-300-discontinued/): S7-300 discontinued: which modules are affected, what status PM410 means and how to decide between stocking spare parts and migrating to the S7-1500.
- [Control Cabinet: 10 Spare Parts You Should Always Keep in Stock](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/control-cabinet-spare-parts-checklist/): Control cabinet checklist: 10 spare parts, from interface relays to safety relays, that prevent downtime – plus the data you need to stock them right.
- [Planetary Gearbox or Helical Gearbox? When Each One Pays Off](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/planetary-gearbox-vs-helical-gearbox/): Planetary gearbox or helical gearbox? How they work, benefits and limits compared – and what you must check when replacing a gearbox in your plant.
- [Plain Bearing or Rolling Bearing? Differences, Benefits, Uses](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/plain-bearing-vs-rolling-bearing/): Plain bearing or rolling bearing? Principle, types, benefits and limits compared – plus what to specify when you need a replacement bearing.
- [Buying a pressure gauge: these 7 details must be right](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/buying-pressure-gauge-checklist/): Buy the right pressure gauge first time: measuring range, nominal size, accuracy class, connection, materials, filling and safety. A checklist to EN 837.
- [Industrial vacuum pump: which type suits your process?](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/industrial-vacuum-pump-types/): Choosing an industrial vacuum pump: rotary vane, claw, screw and liquid ring pumps compared, with pressure ranges, typical applications and common faults.
- [Leaking hydraulic cylinder? Reseal, repair or replace](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/leaking-hydraulic-cylinder-reseal-repair/): Leaking hydraulic cylinder? How to tell an external from an internal leak, find the cause and choose between a seal kit, a repair or a new cylinder.
- [Ball valve vs butterfly valve: how to make the right choice](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/ball-valve-vs-butterfly-valve/): Ball valve vs butterfly valve: design, pros and cons, and clear criteria on nominal size, pressure, medium and actuator. With a table and replacement tips.
- [Check valve: how it works, types and the most common faults](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/check-valve-function-types/): Check valve explained: how it works, types such as the swing check valve, correct installation and how to spot slamming, chattering and leaks.
- [Solenoid valve not working? 8 causes and how to find them](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/solenoid-valve-not-working-causes/): Solenoid valve not working? 8 typical causes, from voltage and pressure to dirt, with practical checks and the data you need to order a replacement.
- [Faulty frequency inverter: repair or replace?](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/frequency-inverter-repair-or-replace/): Frequency inverter faulty? How to check whether the unit is really broken, and how to decide between repair and a new unit using clear, practical criteria.
- [Motor protection circuit breaker setting: how to find the right value](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/motor-protection-circuit-breaker-setting/): Motor protection circuit breaker setting in 7 steps: read the current off the nameplate, check the connection, handle star-delta and avoid common errors.
- [Contactor vs relay: the difference simply explained](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/contactor-vs-relay-difference/): Contactor vs relay compared: how each one works, what they are built for, how to tell them apart and what you must specify when ordering a replacement.
- [Ball bearing failing? 7 signs of bearing failure](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/bearing-failure-signs-ball-bearing/): Spot bearing failure early: 7 warning signs on a ball bearing, simple checks, typical damage patterns and the details you need to order a replacement.
- [End-user statement: why your supplier asks so much when you buy spare parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/end-user-statement-origin-eori-export/): End-user statement, dual use, certificate of origin and EORI explained: why suppliers ask questions when exporting and what buyers can prepare.
- [Rolling stock spare parts: what to do when parts are no longer made](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/rolling-stock-spare-parts/): Rolling stock spare parts: how manufacturers and depots deal with long service life, obsolescence, fire protection and documentation requirements.
- [Printing press spare parts: 5 ways to keep older presses running](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/printing-press-spare-parts/): Printing press spare parts: why older offset, web and flexo presses are hard to keep supplied, and which strategies help print shops keep them running.
- [Turnaround in the Gulf: how to plan spare parts for a major shutdown](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/turnaround-gulf-spare-parts-planning/): Turnaround in the Gulf region: how cement plants and process plants plan spare parts for major shutdowns, considering heat, dust, deadlines and documents.
- [Ordering ship spare parts: 5 details that prevent wrong orders](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/ship-spare-parts-identification/): Sourcing ship spare parts: why manufacturer, type, serial number, drawing and item number all matter, and how you can avoid costly wrong orders.
- [Plant in Brazil: why spare parts need more lead time there](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/plant-in-brazil-spare-parts-planning/): Spare parts for a plant in Brazil: why imports need lead time, what NCM, INMETRO and Ex-Tarifário mean, and how to plan stock and sourcing channels.
- [Steel mill spare parts: why heat and huge components need their own planning](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/steel-mill-spare-parts/): Steel mill spare parts: why heat, large components and ageing equipment call for their own strategy, and how maintenance teams can plan ahead.
- [European machines in the US: 60 Hz, UL, inches – what it means for spare parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/european-machines-us-plants-spare-parts/): European machines in US plants: what 60 Hz, 480 V, UL, NEMA and imperial sizes mean for spare parts, and how to organise reliable supply for your plant.
- [Strategic procurement: 7 spare parts misconceptions that cost money](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/strategic-procurement-spare-parts-misconceptions/): Strategic procurement and spare parts: 7 misconceptions that cost purchasing teams money and availability, and what a real MRO strategy looks like.
- [Indirect procurement: where companies quietly lose money on small items](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/indirect-procurement-mro/): Indirect procurement explained simply: what it covers, why process costs are often higher than the value of goods and how to manage MRO and C-parts better.
- [New plant in Mexico: how to plan spare parts before production starts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/plant-in-mexico-spare-parts-start-up/): New plant in Mexico? How to plan spare parts for start-up: initial spares, 60 Hz, local standards, sourcing from Europe and the USA, language and data.
- [Single sourcing: just one supplier – when it saves money and when it gets risky](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/single-sourcing-advantages-risks/): Single sourcing, dual sourcing or multiple sourcing? Advantages, risks and a clear decision guide for procurement and maintenance teams buying MRO parts.
- [Bought used equipment? How to secure your spare parts supply](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/used-equipment-spare-parts-supply/): Bought used equipment or relocating a plant? How to secure the spare parts supply: documentation, nameplates, discontinuations and initial spares.
- [C-parts management: 7 mistakes that make screws and other small parts expensive](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/c-parts-management-mistakes/): C-parts management in industry: 7 typical mistakes that drive up process costs, and how to procure C-parts reliably and with far less internal effort.
- [Spare parts management: have the right part ready – without a full warehouse](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/spare-parts-management-maintenance/): Practical spare parts management: assess criticality, use ABC/XYZ analysis, set stock levels and keep parts available without tying up too much capital.
- [Supplier management: 10 questions that reveal a good spare parts supplier](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/supplier-management-evaluate-mro-suppliers/): Supplier management for MRO: 10 questions that help procurement and maintenance evaluate, compare and further develop their spare parts suppliers.
- [Spare part no longer available? Obsolescence management prevents downtime](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/obsolescence-management-discontinued-spare-parts/): Obsolescence management for maintenance: spot discontinuations early, plan a last time buy properly and find alternatives for discontinued components.
- [Spare parts enquiry: 12 details that get you the right quote faster](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/spare-parts-enquiry-checklist/): Checklist for your spare parts enquiry: the 12 details every MRO supplier needs for a fast, accurate quote. Includes a template you can copy.
- [Machine down, part missing: emergency spare parts procurement done right](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/emergency-spare-parts-procurement-scenario/): Emergency spare parts procurement: a typical scenario shows step by step which details and decisions count. With a checklist for your maintenance team.
- [What is MRO? The parts you only notice when they are missing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/what-is-mro/): What is MRO? The meaning of maintenance, repair and operations, typical MRO parts, how it differs from direct materials and tips for lean procurement.
- [50 years of KTB - More than an anniversary. An attitude.](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/50-years-of-ktb-more-than-an-anniversary-an-attitude/): Since 1976, KTB Europe has stood for international MRO procurement, stable supply chains and supply chain solutions based on partnership. 50 years of experience worldwide.
- [Mastering Mexican MRO Procurement: The key to nearshoring success](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/mastering-mexican-mro-procurement-the-key-to-nearshoring-success/): Perfect Mexican MRO Procurement. Nearshoring advantages, consolidated industrial parts procurement, customs expertise.
- [Putting an end to chaos: Modern MRO sourcing strategies for industrial parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/put-an-end-to-the-chaos-modern-mro-sourcing-strategies-for-industrial-parts/): Modern MRO sourcing strategies for industrial parts. Consolidated suppliers, optimized processes, measurable cost reduction.
- [The real reason why Top MRO Suppliers do not show prices online](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/the-real-reason-why-top-mro-suppliers-dont-show-prices-online/): Why Top MRO Suppliers do not show prices online. Industrial MRO Suppliers rely on advice instead of Automation Parts price lists.
- [Space boom: How space projects are creating new MRO USA markets](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/space-boom-how-space-projects-create-new-mro-usa-markets/): Space boom creates new MRO USA markets. American Industrial Suppliers supply industrial parts for space projects and satellites.
- [Brazil's industrial awakening: Why MRO Brazil 2025 is exploding](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/brazils-industrial-awakening-why-mro-brazil-will-explode-in-2025/): MRO Brazil explodes in 2025 due to industry upheaval. Industrial Parts and International Procurement Companies rediscover Brazil.
- [Return of production: Why factories are returning to Europe](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/return-of-production-why-factories-are-returning-to-europe/): Factories return to Europe. European MRO Services and Industrial MRO Suppliers benefit from the reshoring and automation parts boom.
- [Extreme weather consequences: How climate change is transforming MRO services](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/extreme-weather-consequences-as-climate-change-alters-mro-services/): Extreme weather fundamentally changes MRO services. Industrial MRO Suppliers adapt Automation Parts to the consequences of climate change.
- [Industrial Automation Parts: The future of manufacturing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/industrial-automation-parts-the-future-of-manufacturing/): Industrial Automation Parts revolutionize manufacturing. Automation Parts Suppliers deliver intelligent components for Industry 4.0 production.
- [Self-learning factories: When machines order their own Industrial MRO Suppliers](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/self-learning-factories-when-machines-order-their-own-industrial-mro-suppliers/): Self-learning factories order automatically from Industrial MRO Suppliers. AI revolutionizes MRO sourcing and automation parts procurement.
- [Saudi Arabia's rise to global procurement hub](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/saudi-arabias-rise-as-a-global-procurement-hub/): Saudi Arabia's rise to a global procurement hub. MRO services and industrial parts sourcing between Europe, Asia and Africa.
- [International MRO Compliance: Customs, standards, certificates](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/international-mro-compliance-customs-standards-certificates/): International MRO Compliance Guide: Customs, Standards, Certificates for Industrial Parts. International Procurement Companies Compliance successfully.
- [MRO distributor vs. direct sourcing: which is better?](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/mro-distributor-vs-direct-sourcing-which-is-better/): MRO Distributor vs. direct sourcing comparison. Which strategy is better for Industrial Parts and MRO Suppliers? Advantages and disadvantages.
- [The 5 most expensive mistakes when changing automation parts suppliers](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/the-5-most-expensive-mistakes-when-changing-automation-parts-suppliers/): Avoid the 5 most expensive mistakes when changing automation parts suppliers. Tips for successful industrial MRO supplier partnerships.
- [China's new Silk Road: game changer for MRO China Sourcing](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/chinas-new-silk-road-game-changer-for-mro-china-sourcing/): China's new Silk Road revolutionizes MRO China Sourcing. Shorter delivery times for industrial parts and MRO companies thanks to better logistics.
- [Predictive maintenance: How AI is revolutionizing your MRO supply chain](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/predictive-maintenance-how-ki-is-revolutionizing-your-mro-supply-chain/): AI revolutionizes MRO supply chain through predictive maintenance. Top MRO suppliers optimize procurement with artificial intelligence.
- [Why American automation parts dominate the European market](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/why-american-automation-parts-dominate-the-european-market/): Why American automation parts are conquering the European market. Innovation, scaling and technology from US Industrial Suppliers.
- [Trusted MRO companies in the USA and how KTB Europe is building the global bridge](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/trusted-mro-companies-in-usa-and-how-ktb-europe-is-building-the-global-bridge/): Looking for trusted MRO Companies in USA? KTB Europe connects you with top American Suppliers and simplifies international sourcing for industrial needs.
- [MRO sourcing that actually works - without the guesswork](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/reliable-mro-sourcing-for-the-industry-ktb-europe/): Problems with MRO sourcing? KTB Europe takes the stress out of finding the right parts-on time, every time, across global supply chains.
- [MRO Procurement doesn't have to be complicated](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/mro-procurement-without-headaches-ktb-europe/): Tired of chasing parts? KTB Europe makes MRO Procurement simple, reliable and fast - so your operations never miss a beat.
- [How KTB Europe keeps Europe's MRO operations running smoothly](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/europe-mro-support-industrial-procurement-ktb-europe/): Do you need MRO support throughout Europe? KTB Europe connects you with the right parts, fast service and expert sourcing in all major industries.
- [The changing automotive industry: flexibility in spare parts supply](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/automotive-industry-in-transition-flexibility-in-the-supply-of-spare-parts/): How the transformation of the automotive industry is changing spare parts logistics: From classic components to e-mobility.
- [Industrial pumps: From specification to delivery](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/industrial-pumps-from-specification-to-delivery/): From technical specification to final delivery: How industrial pumps are optimally procured and delivered on time.
- [Managing Asian suppliers correctly: a practical guide](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/managing-asian-suppliers-correctly-a-practical-guide/): From partner selection to long-term cooperation: discover the success factors for effective management of Asian suppliers.
- [Import compliance: What you need to know about certificates](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/import-compliance-what-you-need-to-know-about-certificates/): From the certificate of origin to the declaration of conformity: get to know the most important certificates for compliant imports.
- [Saudi Arabia: Local expertise for global procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/saudi-arabia-local-expertise-for-global-sourcing/): Discover the special features of spare parts procurement in Saudi Arabia and how local expertise ensures business success in the region.
- [Containers, customs and co: The crash course for international spare parts logistics](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/container-customs-and-co-the-fast-course-for-international-spare-parts-logistics/): From container loading to customs clearance: learn the key basics for successful international spare parts logistics.
- [Overseas transportation: What to consider for heavy machine parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/overseas-transportation-what-to-consider-for-heavy-machine-parts/): From packaging to customs clearance: find out what really matters when transporting heavy machine parts overseas.
- [Conveyor belts: Precision in modern industrial production](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/conveyor-belt-precision-in-modern-industrial-production/): From automotive manufacturing to the packaging industry: How modern conveyor systems optimize production processes and increase efficiency.
- [Food grades: standardizing specifications internationally](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/standardize-food-grade-specifications-internationally/): From FDA to EG1935: How the global food industry is harmonizing its technical standards and making MRO procurement safer.
- [Hot iron: Spare parts procurement for high-temperature applications](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/high-temperature-spare-parts-solutions-for-extreme-conditions/): From industrial furnaces to steel mills: Discover the challenges and solutions in the procurement of spare parts for high-temperature applications.
- [Understanding Latin America: Successful MRO procurement in the emerging market](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/understanding-latin-america-successful-mro-procurement-in-the-emerging-market/): Discover the special features of MRO procurement in Latin America - from local market specifics to successful procurement strategies.
- [Paper industry under pressure: Fast solutions for critical parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/paper-industry-under-pressure-fast-solutions-for-critical-parts/): When every minute counts: Learn how the paper industry uses innovative MRO strategies to minimize downtime and safeguard production.
- [From São Paulo to Shanghai: a screw on a world tour](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/from-sao-paulo-to-shanghai-a-screw-on-a-world-tour/): Follow the amazing journey of a special screw from São Paulo to Shanghai and experience the complexity of global spare parts procurement.
- [Ten misconceptions about import-export in spare parts procurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/ten-mistakes-about-import-export-in-spare-parts-procurement/): From customs clearance to quality assurance: Find out the truth about widespread assumptions in the international spare parts trade.
- [Global machine tool manufacturing: spare parts supply without borders](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/machine-tool-manufacturing-global-spare-parts-supply-without-limits/): From CNC controls to special spindles: How the international machine tool industry secures its spare parts supply worldwide.
- [From the port to the world: Hamburg's role in global spare parts logistics](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/from-the-port-to-the-world-hamburgs-role-in-global-spare-parts-logistics/): Discover how the Port of Hamburg is revolutionizing global MRO supply as a logistics hub and intelligently networking global flows of goods.
- [MRO in the chemical industry: When spare parts are critical](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/mro-in-the-chemical-industry-when-spare-parts-are-critical/): From acid-resistant seals to explosion-proof drives: How the chemical industry secures its critical MRO supply.
- [Consolidation in concrete terms: How 100 suppliers become one solution](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/consolidation-how-100-suppliers-become-one-solution/): Find out how professional supplier consolidation in the MRO sector can simplify your procurement processes and reduce costs in the long term.
- [The spare parts detective: How we find impossible parts after all](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/the-spare-parts-detective-how-we-can-still-find-the-impossible-parts/): Find out how even the most difficult spare parts are tracked down worldwide - from obsolete components to exotic custom-made parts in the MRO sector.
- [Expanding Horizons: Opening New Doors in the Middle East – KTB Establishes Presence in the Region](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/expanding-horizons-opening-new-doors-in-the-middle-east-ktb/): Expand your business prospects in the Middle East with KTB! Discover our new presence and be inspired by first-class products and services.
- [Avoiding problems in logistics - strategies for procuring individual parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/avoiding-problems-in-logistics-strategies-for-the-procurement-of-individual-parts/): Avoid problems in logistics: which strategies secure the procurement of individual parts and keep your supply chains running reliably.
- [ISO standards for containers - These types of containers exist](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/iso-standards-for-containers-these-container-types-are-available/): ISO container standards explained: which container types exist and how they make the global transport of MRO goods and spare parts safe and reliable.
- [TIR Carnet simply explained - Simplifying transit with TIR](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/carnet-tir-simply-explained-simplify-shipping-with-tir/): A Carnet TIR simplifies cross-border shipping – here's how the procedure works and why it speeds up the supply of MRO goods and spare parts.
- [Incoterms explained quickly - What are International Commercial Terms?](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/blog/incoterms-quickly-explained-what-are-international-commercial-terms/): Incoterms explained simply: what the International Commercial Terms regulate and what manufacturers and dealers must consider when buying internationally.

## Products and manufacturers

The online catalogue lists 49,393 product pages from 5,637 manufacturers. Parts that are not listed can also be requested.

- [Product catalogue](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/)
- [Manufacturer index](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/)
- [Product categories](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/)
  - [Pumps](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/pumps/): 2,245 products
  - [Pneumatics & Vacuum](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/pneumatics-vacuum/): 2,044 products
  - [Hydraulics & Fluid Power](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/hydraulics-fluid-power/): 1,572 products
  - [Valves & Fittings](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/valves-fittings/): 3,679 products
  - [Seals](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/seals/): 2,643 products
  - [Bearings & Linear Motion](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/bearings-linear-motion/): 2,171 products
  - [Couplings & Brakes](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/couplings-brakes/): 941 products
  - [Drives & Motors](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/drives-motors/): 5,621 products
  - [Sensors & Measurement](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/sensors-measurement/): 6,246 products
  - [Lubrication & Consumables](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/lubrication-consumables/): 526 products
  - [Control & Automation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/control-automation/): 2,444 products
  - [Electrical Engineering & Switchgear](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/electrical-engineering-switchgear/): 4,202 products
  - [Cables & Connectors](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/cables-connectors/): 2,454 products
  - [Filtration](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/filtration/): 1,117 products
  - [Fasteners](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/fasteners/): 1,118 products
  - [Tools & Clamping](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/tools-clamping/): 2,108 products
  - [Welding](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/welding/): 384 products
  - [Safety Technology](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/safety-technology/): 731 products
  - [Conveying & Lifting](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/conveying-lifting/): 841 products
  - [Cooling, HVAC & Ventilation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/cooling-hvac-ventilation/): 838 products
  - [Lighting & Signalling](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/lighting-signalling/): 598 products
  - [Machine Elements & Spare Parts](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/products/category/machine-elements-spare-parts/): 4,870 products

Manufacturers with the most product pages:

- [SIEMENS](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/siemens/): 2,531 product pages
- [Bosch Rexroth](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/bosch-rexroth/): 1,141 product pages
- [Festo](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/festo/): 1,038 product pages
- [Rockwell Automation](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/rockwell-automation/): 791 product pages
- [ABB](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/abb/): 645 product pages
- [SKF](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/skf/): 601 product pages
- [Parker Hannifin](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/parker-hannifin/): 572 product pages
- [Schneider Electric](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/schneider-electric/): 506 product pages
- [SEW-EURODRIVE](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/sew-eurodrive/): 498 product pages
- [TÜNKERS](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/tuenkers/): 443 product pages
- [Balluff](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/balluff/): 350 product pages
- [DEMAG](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/demag/): 343 product pages
- [Atlas Copco](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/atlas-copco/): 341 product pages
- [SICK](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/sick/): 319 product pages
- [HYDAC](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/hydac/): 314 product pages
- [KSB](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/ksb/): 306 product pages
- [Phoenix Contact](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/phoenix-contact/): 281 product pages
- [Emerson](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/emerson/): 268 product pages
- [Norgren](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/norgren/): 259 product pages
- [Heidenhain](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/heidenhain/): 245 product pages
- [Endress+Hauser](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/endresshauser/): 243 product pages
- [Eaton](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/eaton/): 242 product pages
- [Tucker](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/tucker/): 216 product pages
- [Trelleborg](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/trelleborg/): 215 product pages
- [Turck](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/turck/): 202 product pages
- [Sandvik](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/sandvik/): 196 product pages
- [Danfoss](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/danfoss/): 195 product pages
- [INA](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/ina/): 192 product pages
- [FAG](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/fag/): 191 product pages
- [SMC](https://www.ktb-europe.com/en/manufacturer/smc/): 184 product pages

## Language versions

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## Optional

- [Full version with all glossary texts and FAQs](https://www.ktb-europe.com/llms-full.txt)
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_Generated: 2026-10-24_