Generated by Rank Math SEO, this is an llms.txt file designed to help LLMs better understand and index this website. # Jainpedia ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://jainpedia.org/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages. ## Pages - [A to Z Index](https://jainpedia.org/resources/a-to-z-index/): Resources A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All - [About](https://jainpedia.org/about/): The JAINpedia project was created by the Institute of Jainology (IoJ) after the successful 2006 publication of the Catalogue of the Jain Collection at the British Library. Launched at Buckingham Palace by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh and the Prime Minister of India, Dr Manmohan Singh, the book was co-authored by Professor Nalini Balbir. - [Contact us](https://jainpedia.org/contact-us/): The vision for JAINpedia is an ambitious one. - [Gallery](https://jainpedia.org/gallery/): search AllPlacesPracticesPeoplePrinciples   1 / 26 - [Manuscripts](https://jainpedia.org/manuscripts/): Royal Asiatic Society. 069.001. Pandit Tilokacanda... - [Timeline](https://jainpedia.org/the-jainpedia-timeline/): CE = Common EraBCE = Before the Common EraVS = Vikrama-saṃvat – the Vikrama era - [All Manuscripts](https://jainpedia.org/all-manuscripts/): All Manuscripts ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ A Abhidhāna-cintāmaṇi with Nāmasāroddhāra commentary (Or. 13806) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (069.001) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (575181i) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1812) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1813) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Add. Or. 1814) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Circ. 91-1970) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (IS 6565) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13294) Aḍhāī-dvīpa (Or. 13937) Ādityavāra-kathā (Or. 14290) Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13550) Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 13786) Āvaśyaka-niryukti (Or. 2105 ms. C) Back to top B Bhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13478) British Library. Or. 13741. Mānatunga. Perhaps 18th to 19th centuriesBhaktāmara-stotra (Or. 13741) British Library. Or. 1386. Śrīcandra. 13th centuryBr̥haccūrṇivyākhyā (Or. 1386) Back to top C Caturviṃśati-stava (Or. 13623) Cosmic man (Or. 13974) Back to top D Ḍholā-Marū and Madhavanala kī copaī (Or. 14687) Back to top F Fragments of Jain manuscripts (Or. 13950) Back to top J Jambū-dvīpa-prajnapti-sūtra (MS. Ind. Inst. Sansk. 109) Jasahara-cariu (Beta 1471) Jina images (Add. 26519) Jnātadharma-kathā (Prakrit d. 4) Jīta-kalpa-sūtra (Or. 1385) Back to top K Kalpa-sūtra (Gamma 453) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 06-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 07-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 08-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 09-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 10-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 11-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 12-1931) Kalpa-sūtra (IM 161-1914) Kalpa-sūtra (IS 46-1959) Kalpa-sūtra (IS 83-1963) Kalpa-sūtra (IS 84-1963) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 11921) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 12744) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13341) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13342) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13700) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 13959) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 14262) Kalpa-sūtra (Or. 5149) Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (I.O. San. 3177) Kalpa-sūtra and Kālakācārya-kathā (Tod MS 34) Kalpa-sūtra with Gujarati commentary (Or. 13701) Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit commentary (Gamma 3) Kalpa-sūtra with Sanskrit glosses (Or. 13455) Karma-kāṇḍa with Persian commentary (MS. Wilson 262) Kālakācārya-kathā (Beta 365) Kālakācārya-kathā (Or. 13475) Back to top L Laghu-kṣetra-samāsa with Gujarāti commentary (Add. 26374) Līlāvatī (Or. 13457) Back to top M Mahāniśītha-sūtra (Prakrit d. 18) Mandala with 24 Jinas (Or. 13472) Manuscript cover (IS 20-1978) Manuscript cover (IS 50-1983) Medicine and karma (Beta 1469) Back to top P Personification of a planet (Circ. 325-1972) Personification of a planet (Circ. 326-1972) Praśnottara or Dharma-ratnākara (Or. 2136 ms. B) Back to top R Ratnākara-panca-viṃśatikā (Or. 15633/197) Back to top S Saṃgrahaṇī and Karma-granthas (Or. 2137 ms. B) Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (IS 2-1984) Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna (Or. 13454) Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna – Dharmameru’s commentary (Or. 13456) Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna or Trailokyadīpikā (IS 35-1971) Saṃgrahaṇī-ratna with Gujarati commentary (Or. 2116 ms. C) Seven Chakras of the Subtle Body (Circ. 321-1972) Siddhāntālāpaka (Or. 2137 ms. A) Snakes and ladders (Circ. 324-1972) Sāmudrika-śāstra (Add. 26,461) Sūri-mantra-paṭa (065.001) Śrāddhavidhi-viniścaya (Or. 2120 ms. B) Śrīpāla-kathā (Or. 2126 ms. A) Śrīpāla-rāsa and Gujarati commentary (Or. 13622) Śālibhadra-caupaī (Or. 13524) Ṣaṣṭiśataka with Sanskrit commentary (Or. 13179) Back to top T Tattva-bodha-prakaraṇa (Or. 2112 ms. B) Triṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritra (Beta 1689) Back to top U Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (IS 2-1972) Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13362) Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Or. 13476) Uttarādhyayana-sūtra (Prakrit c.1) Back to top V Victory banner (IM 89-1936) Vijñapti-patra (Or. 16192) Viveka-vilāsa (Or. 2136 ms. A) Vītarāga-stotra with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 317) Back to top Y Yati-pratikramaṇa with commentary (MS. Sansk. d. 310) Back to top - [E-Library](https://jainpedia.org/e-library/): Search Search Art books For academics and students For children For general readers Institute of Jainology books Jain Spirit magazines L. D. Institute of Indology books All Categories - [Home](https://jainpedia.org/): Discover the Jain faith by reading original articles and exploring beautiful manuscripts in stunning detail. Check out the hundreds of glossary entries, pictures, reading suggestions and our pick of the web plus the e-Library, timeline and even more. If you don't know much about Jainism, select the picture or text to find out more. - [Subscriptions](https://jainpedia.org/subscriptions/): I request JAINpedia.info to contact me by email from time to time, with quick updates on the progress of JAINpedia.Info, and any upcoming JAINpedia events, news and any other JAINpedia related information.I understand that JAINpedia is committed to protecting my privacy and will only use my personal information in the ways described in its Privacy Policy. - [Sitemap](https://jainpedia.org/sitemap/): JAINpedia Home Themes People Jina Ṛṣabha Ajita Saṃbhava Abhinandana Sumati Padmaprabha Supārśva Candraprabha Puṣpadanta or Suvidhi Śītala Śreyāṃsa Vāsupūjya Vimala Ananta Dharma Śānti Kunthu Ara Malli Munisuvrata Nami Nemi Pārśva Mahāvīra Bāhubali Women in the Jain tradition Soḷ satī Añjanāsundarī Brāhmī and Sundarī Candanbālā Marudevī Mayṇāsundarī Subhadrā Sulasā Rājīmatī Studying Jainism Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the Jain tradition Hermann Jacobi Muni Puṇya-vijaya Rājacandra Royal Asiatic Society Principles Jain beliefs Soul Leśyā Karma Scales of Perfection Knowledge Liberation Cycle of rebirth Types of bodies Non-violence Vows Five 'fundamental vows' The 'Three Gems' Jainism and scientific thought Jainism in scientific terms Jain universe The 'Three Worlds' Images of the universe Writings on the universe Mathematics of the universe Cycles of time Sects Digambara Kundakunda Yogīndu Banārasīdās Śvetāmbara Ānandghan Devarddhi-gaṇi Śvetāmbara Mūrti-pūjaka Śvetāmbara Stānaka-vāsīn Śvetāmbara Terāpanthin Non-sectarian movements Aṇuvrat Movement Sacred writings Tattvārtha-sūtra Pūrvas Digambara canon Śvetāmbara canon Aṅgas Story Aṅgas Reference Aṅgas Upāṅgas Cheda-sūtras Mūla-sūtras Cūlika-sūtras Prakīrṇaka-sūtras Other writings Jain epics Jain Rāmāyaṇas Jain Mahābhāratas Jain Universal History Jain Purāṇas Highlights of JAINpedia Karma-prakr̥ti Sūri-mantra-paṭa Story of Śālibhadra Story of Yaśodhara Bhaktāmara-stotra Kalpa-sūtra Holy symbols Dreams Siddhacakra Eight auspicious symbols Emblems of the 24 Jinas Practices Deities Nākoḍā Bhairava Yakṣas and yakṣīs Ambikā or Kuṣmāṇḍinī Cakreśvarī or Apraticakrā Jvālamālinī Padmāvatī Brahmadeva or Brahmayakṣa Songs of devotion Festivals Cycles of time Jain calendar Dīvālī Mahāvīr Jayantī Ahimsa Day Paryuṣaṇ Daśa-lakṣaṇa-parvan Festivals of knowledge Akṣaya-tṛtīyā Varṣītap Āyambil Oḷī Kārttika Pūrṇimā Three Jina festivals Anointing of Bāhubali Monks and nuns The 'Perfect Ascetic' Becoming a monk or nun Mendicant lifestyle Giving alms Monastic equipment Monastic clothing Mendicant orders Places Jain holy places Pilgrimage Mount Śatruñjaya Śravaṇa Beḷgoḷa Jain temples Cave temples Temple-cities Sacred pavilions Maṇḍapa-line temples Jainism and Islam Jains and the Delhi Sultanate Jains and the Mughals Jains and Muslim iconoclasm Manuscripts Browse Gallery Timeline e-Library Art books For academics and students For children For general readers Institute of Jainology Jain Spirit magazines L. D. Institute of Indology books Resources Gallery Chronology Glossary Reading Links Jainism FAQs What is a Jain manuscript? How to read a Jain manuscript Pigments in Jain manuscript art Indian languages Pronunciation Website FAQs A to Z Index About What's new Project partners and funders JAINpedia the website JAINpedia management Contributing scholars Museum curators and librarians Privacy Terms and conditions Accessibility Copyright Editorial approach Technical approach Contact us - [Website FAQs](https://jainpedia.org/resources/website-faqs/): From the first time Europeans journeyed to India in the 16th century, manuscripts attracted their interest whether they were travellers, curious minds or scholars. Manuscripts – handwritten documents – were the first media transmitting the knowledge, laws, literature and religious traditions of Indian people and thus have always been an invaluable source of information. European travellers started acquiring these manuscripts, through donations or purchases, mostly for the royal libraries in their countries of origin. - [Pronunciation](https://jainpedia.org/resources/pronunciation-and-transliteration-guide/): This information and the two tables should help you understand how to pronounce the words from various Indian languages that are used in JAINpedia. - [Indian languages](https://jainpedia.org/resources/indian-languages/): The language of JAINpedia is English, mainly to allow as wide an audience as possible for the website. Concepts and phrases have been translated into English where possible. - [Pigments in Jain manuscript art](https://jainpedia.org/resources/pigments-in-jain-manuscript-art/) - [How to read a Jain manuscript](https://jainpedia.org/resources/how-to-read-a-jain-manuscript/) - [What is a Jain manuscript?](https://jainpedia.org/resources/what-is-a-jain-manuscript/) - [Jainism FAQs](https://jainpedia.org/resources/jainism-faqs/) - [Links](https://jainpedia.org/resources/links/): A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All - [Readings](https://jainpedia.org/resources/resource-readings/): A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All - [Chronology](https://jainpedia.org/resources/chronology/): This table contains all the major events and key periods in the history of Jainism. - [Technical approach](https://jainpedia.org/about/technical-approach/): Technical development - [Editorial approach](https://jainpedia.org/about/editorial-approach/): The website's house style and policies on appropriate language and style, transliteration, translation and general treatment of Indian scripts support the primary values and aims of the JAINpedia project. These are quality, authoritativeness and accessibility. - [Accessibility](https://jainpedia.org/about/accessibility/): Making the website open to as many visitors as possible is a key aim of the JAINpedia project. The website thus follows guidance on technical accessibility and accessibility in terms of editorial approach. - [Terms and conditions](https://jainpedia.org/about/terms-and-conditions/): You are welcome to visit and use the JAINpedia website subject to the terms and conditions set out on this page. Please look at this page regularly to check the latest version of these terms and conditions. You may also like to look at the JAINpedia privacy policy and copyright policy. - [Privacy](https://jainpedia.org/about/privacy/): Any personal information you provide to the JAINpedia management team through the JAINpedia website will be treated in accordance with this privacy policy. - [Museum curators and librarians](https://jainpedia.org/about/museum-curators-and-librarians/): The enthusiasm, patience and persistence of various members of staff at the different partner organisations have greatly contributed to the success of JAINpedia.info and the wider project. The JAINpedia team would especially like to thank the following individuals. - [Contributing scholars](https://jainpedia.org/about/contributing-scholars/): The hard work of many people has produced jainpedia.org and we are grateful to all of them. - [JAINpedia management](https://jainpedia.org/about/jainpedia-management/): The board of directors of the Institute of Jainology (IoJ) manages the JAINpedia project. - [JAINpedia the website](https://jainpedia.org/about/jainpedia-the-website/): JAINpedia’s three principal aims of increasing knowledge among Jains and non-Jains and offering academic resources are met by creating several areas in the website. Each piece is closely integrated with other parts, producing a seamlessly rich online experience. - [Project Partners & Funders](https://jainpedia.org/about/project-partners-funders/): The JAINpedia project is led by the Institute of Jainology (IoJ). The IoJ was established after the first International Jain Conference held in London in 1983, when the need for an organisation to co-ordinate Jain affairs internationally was recognised. - [What’s New](https://jainpedia.org/about/whats-new/): JAINpedia continues to grow, moving towards our goal of being the premier online reference source for the Jain faith.We regularly let you know on this page what’s been added to the website so make sure you check back here to find out what’s new on JAINpedia. - [Copyright](https://jainpedia.org/about/copyright/): All content on JAINpedia is protected by copyright laws. - [Glossary](https://jainpedia.org/resources/glossary/): +AbhavyaAbhinandanaAbhiṣekaĀcāraĀcārāṅga-sūtraĀcāryaAchalbhrataAḍhāī-dvīpaAdharmaAdho-lokaAdhyayanaAdvaita VedāntaĀgamaAghātīyaAghātīya-karmanAgnibhutiAgraĀhāraAhiṃsāAhimsa DayAjitaAjīvaAkampitĀkāśaAkbar the GreatAkṣaya-tṛtīyāAlauddin KhaljiAlbert EinsteinAllahAlmsĀlocanāAloka-ākāśaAmāriAmbikā or KūṣmāṇḍinīAnagāraAnantaAnarthadaṇḍaAnaśanaAnekānta-vādaAṅgaAniconismAnojjāAntarālaAntarāya-karmaAṇuAnukampāAnuprekṣāAnusvāraAṇu-vrataApabhraṃśaAparigrahaAraĀrambhaĀrambhajaĀratīArdhamāgadhī PrākritArhaṃArhatArśana-āvaraṇīya-karmaĀrta-dhyānaĀryikāĀryikā JñānamatiĀśātanāĀścaryaAsceticAsceticismAshramAspirationĀsravaAṣṭa-maṅgalaAṣṭāpadaAstikāyaAstrolabeAsuraAtheismAticāraAtiśayakṣetraAtithisaṃvibhāgavrataĀtmanĀtma-vādaAuṃAurangzebAuspiciousAusterityAvadhānaAvadhi-jñānaĀvaraṇī-yakarmanAvasarpiṇīAvatāraAvidyāAxiomĀyāga-paṭaĀyambilĀyu-karmaĀyurvedaBaburBāhubaliBaladevaBālāvabodhaBandhaBasadiBazaarBhadrankarvijayBhagavantBhaktāmara-stotraBhaktiBhaleBharataBhāṣāBhāṣyaBhaṭṭārakaBhāvaBhāvanāBhavana-vāsinBhāva-pūjāBhavyaBhavyatvaBhayaBhoga-bhūmiBhogopabhogaBodhiBollywoodBrahmāBrahmacārīBrahma-devaBrāhmaṇaBraj BhāṣāBright fortnightBritish RajBuddhaBuddhi-sagarBuddhismBuddhistCaityaCaityavāsinCakravartinCakreśvarīCāmaraCandanāCandraguptaCandraprabhaCanonCāritraCāritramohanīya-karmanCarũrīCasteCaturvidha-saṅghaCaturviṃśati-stavaCāturyāmaCECelibacyChaChadmasthaChastityCheda-sūtraChristianChristianityClergyCloningColophonCommentaryConchConfessionCongregationConsecrationCosmologyCremationCroreCultCūrṇiDādā-guruDalitDānaDaṇḍaDark fortnightDarśanaDarśanamohanī-yakarmanDaśa-lakṣaṇa-parvanDeityDelhi SultanateDerāsarDeśāvakāśika-vrataDetachmentDevanāgarīDevānandāDevarddhi-ganiDevoteeDhamalDhanuṣDhāraDharmaDharma-dhyānaDharma-sāgaraDharmastikayaDhātakīkhaṇḍaDholakDhyānaDiasporaDigambaraDig-vrataDīkṣāDiscipleDīvālīDivya-dhvaniDNADoctrineDogmaDonorDoṣaDravyaDravya-pūjāDroneDuṣamāDuṣamā-duṣamāDuṣamā-suṣamāDveṣaDvīpaEast India CompanyEightfold PathEkānta-vādaEkendriyaElderEldersEschatologyEtc up toFarmānFastFatehpur SikriFestivalFestschriftFiruz ShahFly-WhisksFolioFour Noble TruthsGacchaGaṇaGaṇadharaGanadharavadaGaṇeśaGaṇinGarbaGarbhaGarbha-gṛhaGaruḍaGatiGeneGenomicsGhātīyaGhātī-yakarmanGhaznavidGhiyasuddin TughlaqGhuridGlossGotra-karmaGujarātGujaratiGuṇaGuṇa-sthānaGuṇa-vrataGuptiGuruGuruṇīHagiographyHajjHaṃsaHaribhadraHariṇaigameṣinHastaHeresyHiṃsāHindiHinduHinduismHīravijayaHoroscopeHrīṃHumayunHymnIconoclasmIconographyIdolIndian IndependenceIndologyIndraIndrabhūti GautamaIndriyaInitiationIntercessionInvocationIQIslamIslamicateIṣṭadevatāĪśvaraJagatJahangirJainJaina DevanāgarīJaina-dharmaJainaśāsanaJaina ŚaurasenīJainnessJaisalmerJamāliJambū-dvīpaJames BurgessJanmaJanma-kalyāṇaJarāJātiJinaJina-āgamaJina-bhavanaJina-bimbaJinacandra-sūriJinadattaJina-mātāJinaprabhaJīvaJñānaJñāna-āvaraṇīya-karmaJñāna-āvarṇiyaJñānsundarJyotiṣkaKālaKālakācārya-kathāKālidāsaKalpa-sūtraKalpa-vṛkṣaKalyāṇakaKalyanvijayKamaṇḍaluKamaṭhaKarmaKarma-bhūmiKarma-granthaKarma-prakṛtiKarma-vādaKarmonKarnatakaKaṣāyaKathāKāvyaKāyaKāyotsargaKeśa-locaKetuKevala-jñānaKevalinKhaljiKharatara-gacchaKnowledgeKriyāKriyā-vādaKṛṣṇaKṣamā-śramaṇaKṣapakaśreṇiKṣatriyaKṣullakaKulakaraKundakundaKunthuLabdhiLaityLakhLāñchanaLands of ActionLaukāntikaLavaṇa-samudraLeśyāLiṅgaLinguisticsLokaLoka-ākāśaLoka-puruṣaLoka-vādaLotusLotus lakeMadhya-lokaMahābhārataMahāmastakābhiṣekaMāhārāṣṭraMāhārāṣṭrī PrākritMahattarā YākinīMahā-videhaMahāvīraMahāvīr JayantīMahā-vrataMakāraMakkhali GośālaMalliManaḥ-paryāya-jñānaMāna-stambhaMaṇḍalaMaṇḍapaManditMaṅgalaMantraMantrasManuṣya-lokaMarāṭhīMārgaṇāMartyrMarudevīMaṭhaMati-jñānaMauryaputraMeccaMendicant lineageMetaryaMiracleMithyādṛṣṭiMohandas GandhiMohanīya-karmaMokṣaMonasticismMonastic orderMonkMonotheismMosqueMount MeruMount SammetaMṛgāvatīMughalMuhammadMuhpattīMūlaguṇaMūla-sūtraMumbaīMuniMunisuvrataMurad BakhshMūrti-pūjakaMuslimMysticismNābhiNāga-kalNāgarīNāma-karmaNamaskāra-mantraNamiNandīśvara-dvīpaNandivardhanaNandyāvartaNārakaNārakiNasalisationNāthaNavrātrīNaya-vādaNemiNidānaniggaṃthāṇa vā 2niggaṃtho vā 2NigodaNihnavaNikṣepaNirgranthaNirjarāNirvāṇaNiryuktiNiṣidhiNityaNiyatiNo-kaṣāyaNudityNunOcean of milkOmniscienceOrdinationpa°PadmaprabhaPadmāsanaPadmāvatīPādukāPalanquinPalettePañca-muṣṭiPāṇḍavaPaṇḍitPandit Dalsukh D. MalvaniaPandit SukhlaljiPāṇipātraPāpaParamātmanParameṣṭhinPāraṇāParigrahaPariṇāmaParīṣahaParokṣaPārśvaPārśvanāthaParyāyaParyuṣaṇPaṭaPatanPātraPenancePersianPhalaPhilologyPicchikāPilgrimagePīrPolymathPoṣadhaPossessionPothīPrabhasPradakṣiṇāPradeśaPrākāraPrakīrṇaka-sūtraPrākritPramādaPramukhāPratikramaṇaPratimāPratiṣṭhāPrati-vāsudevaPratyākhyānaPratyakṣaPravacanaPrāyaścittaPrayerPreachPredestinationPre-modernProtestantProvenancePudgalaPūjāPujārīPukharavara-dvīpaPuṇyaPūrvaPuṣkara-dvīpaPuṣpadantaPyreQur’anRāgaRāhuRainy seasonRajasthanRajasthaniRājimatīRajoharaṇaRajputRāmaRāmāyaṇaRangoliRasaRās-garbāRathanemiRatna-trayaRātri-bhojanaRaudra-dhyānaRectoRelicRenunciationRetroflexRevatīṚg-vedaRiteRosaryṚṣabhaṚṣabhanāthaRupeeSaciyā MātāSādhuSādhvīSāgāraSaintŚaivaismŚaka-saṃvatSallekhanāŚalyaSamacatuṣṭhaSamādhimaraṇaSamaṇiSāmarambhaSamavasaraṇaSāmāyikaSaṃbhavaSamitiSaṃjñāSaṃkalpajaSaṃsāraSamudghātaSaṃvaraSaṃvegaSamyak-cāritraSamyak-darśanaSamyak-jñānaSamyaktvaSaṃyamaSanctuarySandalwoodSaṇghaSanskritSanskritSantŚāntiSapta-bhaṅgi-nayaSārambhaSarasvatīSarvajñaŚāsana-devatāSāsan-deviŚāstraSatīSatīmātāṢaṭ-jīvanikāyaSatyaSchismScribeScriptureSectSecularismŚenāīSermonŚeṣavatīSevāSeven fields of donationShah JahanShantidas JhaveriShrineSiddhaSiddhāntaSiddhārthaSiddha-śilāSiddhiSikhSikhismŚikṣā-vrataŚīlaSinSindhŚītalaŚivaSkandhaSomanathaŚraddhāŚramaṇaŚrāvakaŚrāvakācāraŚrāvikāŚreyāṃsaŚrīŚrīvatsaŚruta-jñānaŚruta-pañcamīSthānaka-vāsinSthāpanācāryaSthāvaraSthaviraSthitiStrīmuktiStūpaSubcontinentSudarshanaŚuddhiSudharmaŚūdraSufismSukhaŚukla-dhyānaSulasāSultanSumatiSundarśrīSupārśvaSūriSuṣamāSuṣamā-duṣamāSuṣamā-suṣamāSūtraSvādhyāyaSvāhāSvastikaŚvetāmbaraŚvetāmbarasŚvetāmbara TerāpanthinSwanSyād-vādaTablaTantraTapā-gacchaTapasTāraṇ Svāmī PanthTattvaTattvārtha-sūtraTempleTemple-cityThe EnlightenmentTheologyThree worldsṬīkāTilakaTīrthaTīrthankaraTransliterationTrasaTrasa-nāḍīTriśalāTriṣaṣṭi-śalākā-puruṣa-caritraTti bemiTughlaqTunkUdumbaraUniversal HistoryUpādhyāyaUpāṅgaUpaniṣadsUpāsakaUpasargaUpāśrayaŪrdhva-lokaUtsarpiṇīUttarādhyayana-sūtraVāhanaVaimānikaVairāgyaVaiṣṇavaVaiśramaṇaVaiśyaValabhīVanaspatikāyaVandanaVaṇikVarṇaVāsudevaVāsupūjyaVayubhūtiVedaVedanīya-karmaVegetarianismVehicleVernacularVersoVidyāVidyā-devīVihāraVijñapti-patraVikrama-saṃvatVikṛtiVimalaVinayaVipākaVirji VoraVirodhajaVīryaVisargaViṣṇuVītarāgaVizierVotiveVowVrataVSVyaktaVyantaraVyasanaYakṣaYakṣīYantraYaśodaYaśovijayaYatiYātrāYogaYoginīYojana - [Cookie Policy](https://jainpedia.org/cookie-policy/): Cookies are small text files that web sites often store on the computer hard drives of visitors to their sites. They are widely used in order to make web sites work, or work better, as well as to provide information to the owners of the site. A cookie often contains a unique number, which can be used to recognise your computer when a user of your computer returns to a website that it visited previously. - [Resources](https://jainpedia.org/resources/): Explore all the glossary terms from the entire website ## Glossary - [Tīrthankara](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/tirthankara/): A ‘victor’ in Sanskrit, a Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A synonym for Tīrthaṃkara, which means ‘ford-maker’ or one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience through asceticism. The most famous 24 – Ṛṣabha to Mahāvīra – were born in the Bharata-kṣetra of the middle world, but more are found in other continents. There have been Jinas in the past and there will be some in the future. - [Śvetāmbaras](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/svetambaras/): White-clad’ in Sanskrit, the title of one of the two main divisions of Jainism, in which both male and female mendicants wear white robes. There are some differences of doctrine or belief between these two sects and to some extent their followers consider themselves as belonging to distinct branches. Divisions can be fierce in practical matters, for example, over the ownership of pilgrimage places, but all sects see themselves as Jains. - [Pārśvanātha](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/parsvanatha/): The 23rd Jina of the present age. His symbolic colour is green and his emblem the snake. Historical evidence points to his living around 950 to 850 BC. - [Ṛṣabhanātha](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/%e1%b9%9b%e1%b9%a3abhanatha/): First Jina of the present age. His symbolic colour is gold and his emblem the ox or bull. There is little historical evidence of his existence. Jains believe that he established many social institutions, such as marriage and the caste system, and introduce crafts and agriculture to the people. - [Knowledge](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/knowledge/): Knowledge', of which there are five main types: - [Lands of Action](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/lands-of-action/): Realm of action', used in Jain cosmology for the lands in the Middle World where people must work to live. However, here they can progress on the path of salvation. These lands are Bharata-kṣetra, Airāvata-kṣetra and Mahā-videha. However, Uttara-kuru and Deva-kuru in Mahā-videha are Lands of Pleasure or bhoga-bhūmi. - [Pukharavara-dvīpa](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/pukharavara-dvipa/): Island or, by extension, continent, for instance Jambū-dvīpa, 'Rose-Apple Tree Continent'. - [Vehicle](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vehicle/): The vehicle of a Hindu god or goddess. Usually an animal, the vāhana fulfils one or more roles and may: - [Swan](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/swan/): The Sanskrit term haṃsa is used for a goose or swan. It is associated with the qualities of wisdom, purity, divine knowledge, detachment and the highest spiritual achievements. The haṃsa is the vāhana or mount of the Hindu goddess Sarasvatī, patron of learning, music and the arts. - [Vow](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vow/): Vrata - [Mantras](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/mantras/): Mantra - [VS](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vs/): Vikrama-saṃvat Often abbreviated, Vikrama-saṃvat is the calendar associated with Emperor Vikramāditya. It begins in about 56 BCE so the equivalent date in the Common Era can be calculated by subtracting 57 or 56. Based on Hindu traditions, it is a lunar calendar often used in contemporary India. - [CE](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/ce/): Common Era The period of time starting with the year when Jesus Christ was traditionally believed to have been born. Using CE is a more secular way of dating events in a multinational, multi-religious world. - [Elders](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/elders/): A term used for a man who is one of those listed in early sources as the direct successors of Mahāvīra, the 24th Jina. - [Sanskrit](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/sanskrit-2/): A classical language of India, originally used by priests and nobility. Sanskrit has a rich literary and religious tradition. With only a few thousand native speakers nowadays, it is predominantly used in Hindu religious ceremonies and by scholars. - [Yojana](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yojana/): A measure of distance equal to about 14 kilometres. - [Yoginī](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yogini/): Semi-divine sorceress and shape-changer who can bestow magical powers on her devotees or be malevolent if offended. The yoginīs are often said to number 64 and their cult became popular in north India by around the 10th to 11th centuries. - [Yoga](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yoga/): Spiritual discipline. But Jains also use it to mean an ‘activity’ that produces vibrations. - [Yātrā](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yatra/): A pilgrimage, especially to a sacred place or tīrtha. - [Yati](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yati/): Among the Śvetāmbaras, a spiritually advanced lay man. It may also refer to a Jain monk. - [Yaśovijaya](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yasovijaya/): (1624–1688) Śvetāmbara Tapā-gaccha monk who wrote extensively on Jain philosophy. - [Yaśoda](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yasoda/): Wife of Mahāvīra in Śvetāmbara belief. Bowing to his parents’ wishes, Mahāvīra married and had a daughter, Anojjā or Priyadarśanā. After his parents died, he renounced the householder life to become a wandering monk. Digambara Jains believe that Mahāvīra never married and never had a child. - [Yantra](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yantra/): Sanskrit for 'instrument' or 'machine', a yantra is a mystical diagram used in religious rituals. Yantras are typically formed of symmetrical, concentric circles and may also have the diagram of a lotus in the middle of numerous squares. Containing the names of the Jinas and sacred mantras, such as oṃ, yantras are meditation aids. - [Yakṣī](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yak%e1%b9%a3i/): The female attendant of a Jina, also called yakṣinī. One of the pair of guardian or protector gods for each Jina. The śāsana-devatā protect his teachings – śāsana – and can appease evil powers. The yakṣa and yakṣī's closeness to the Jina and their divine powers mean they are popular subjects of worship. - [Yakṣa](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/yak%e1%b9%a3a/): The male attendant of a Jina, one of the pair of guardian or protector gods for each Jina. The śāsana-devatā protect his teachings – śāsana – and can appease evil powers. The yakṣa and yakṣī's closeness to the Jina and their divine powers mean they are popular subjects of worship. - [Vyasana](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vyasana/): Mostly used for a set of seven vices or types of addiction: - [Vyantara](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vyantara/): A category of deities that lives between the first hell and the earth. There are eight types of Vyantara. They are the second type of gods and are recognisable by their various symbols. - [Vyakta](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vyakta/): A disciple of Mahāvīra and a member of his gaṇadhara, he came from a brahmin family. - [Vrata](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vrata/): Vows are extremely important in Jain religious life. Mendicants take the compulsory Five Great Vows – mahā-vratas – as part of their initiation – dīkṣā.  - [Votive](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/votive/): An object offered for religious purposes to a representation of a holy figure or in a sacred place. - [Vizier](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vizier/): High-ranking minister or adviser to the ruler in an Islamic state. - [Vītarāga](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vitaraga/): Free from passion'. An epithet for an arhat. - [Viṣṇu](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vi%e1%b9%a3%e1%b9%87u/): The chief protective god in Hinduism and one of the triad of major deities, along with Brahmā the creator and Śiva the destroyer or transformer. Viṣṇu is the preserver or protector, and is often shown as dark blue, with four arms, holding a lotus, mace, conch and wheel. He has a thousand names and ten avatārs, the best known being Rāma and blue-skinned Kṛṣṇa. - [Visarga](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/visarga/): A term in the phonetics of Indological languages for the voiceless aspiration, like the letter H in English. It may also be an aspiration with a faint echo of the preceding vowel. It is transliterated from Sanskrit as ḥ - [Vīrya](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/virya/): Energy. - [Virodhaja](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/virodhaja/): Born from aggression'. This term is used for violence committed in defence of oneself or one's family against aggressors. This is permitted when necessary in Jainism, even though non-violence is a key tenet of the faith. - [Virji Vora](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/virji-vora/): Head of the merchant guild and a leading lay Jain in Surat, Gujarat. He was a rich and influential businessman, involved with early English trade in western India. Virji Vora died in 1675. - [Vipāka](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vipaka/): Karmic retribution. - [Vinaya](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vinaya/): Reverence towards the elders, modest behaviour. - [Vimala](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vimala/): The 13th Jina of the present age. His symbolic colour is gold and his emblem the boar. - [Vikṛti](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vik%e1%b9%9bti/): Types of food that are forbidden because they result from modifying the natural state of the food. - [Vikrama-saṃvat](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vikrama-sa%e1%b9%83vat/): Often abbreviated, Vikrama-saṃvat is the calendar associated with Emperor Vikramāditya. It begins in about 56 BCE so the equivalent date in the Common Era can be calculated by subtracting 57 or 56. Based on Hindu traditions, it is a lunar calendar often used in contemporary India. - [Vijñapti-patra](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vijnapti-patra/): A highly decorated formal letter inviting a leading monk of a certain monastic group to spend the next rainy season in a certain place. Sent by lay people, the vijñapti-patra is a speciality of the Śvetāmbara Kharatara-gaccha and Tapā-gaccha communities. - [Vihāra](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vihara/): A Sanskrit term that describes the wandering lifestyle of Jain mendicants. Jain monks and nuns are expected to travel around, not stay in one place as householders do. They wander constantly on foot, never staying more than a few days in one place. They may walk around 30 kilometres a day in small groups. However, every year, during the monsoon, monks and nuns stay in one location to avoid travelling. - [Vidyā-devī](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vidya-devi/): One of the 16 goddesses who personify sciences or types of magical knowledge. The vidyā-devīs live on the slopes of Mount Vaitāḍhya, in the middle world. - [Vidyā](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vidya/): Knowledge, especially magic knowledge or power. - [Verso](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/verso/): Known as a folio, a single sheet of paper or other material has a front and a back side. The recto page is the top side of a sheet of paper and the verso is the underside. - [Vernacular](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vernacular/): The everyday or common language spoken by people in a particular country or region, often contrasting with the literary form or the national or official language. Similarly, vernacular architecture reflects local conditions and conventions more than other considerations, such as national or international design trends, and may be built by non-professional architects. - [Vegetarianism](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vegetarianism/): In line with the key principle of ahiṃsā – non-violence – Jains are traditionally vegetarian. They do not eat meat, fish, eggs or anything that contains potential life, such as onions, potatoes and aubergines. They do generally eat dairy products. - [Vedanīya-karma](https://jainpedia.org/glossary/vedaniya-karma/): Fourth of the four 'non-destructive' or 'neutral' types of karma, which causes feelings of pleasure and displeasure. ## Articles - [The ‘Three Gems’](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/the-three-gems/): The ‘three gems’ or ‘three jewels’ – ratna-traya – is the metaphorical expression often used for the triplet of correct faith, correct knowledge and correct conduct. Together, these form the Jain doctrine and are necessary to reach liberation from the cycle of rebirths, which is the basic purpose of the Jain faith. This is the path taught by the Jinas. - [Vows](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/vows/): A vow is a solemn promise to do something or behave in a certain way. It is often associated with promising to follow certain strict rules of a religion. The vow – vrata in Sanskrit – is a significant part of the Jain religion. The vows Jains take may be described as vows of restraint, meaning that they vow to stop doing a particular thing. But Jain vows also involve actively doing something specific and positive. - [Non-violence](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/non-violence/): One of the fundamental Jain values is ahiṃsā – 'non-violence' or 'non-harm'. It underlies religious practices for both mendicants and lay people and is found throughout Jain doctrine. This explains why for many contemporary Jains their religion can be expressed in a simple maxim, namely: - [Liberation](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/liberation/): The definitive aim of the Jain religion is the final liberation of the soul – mokṣa – from the cycle of birth. Jains believe that the soul is caught in the cycle of rebirth – saṃsāra – and can only attain liberation when it is free of all karma. - [Karma](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/karma/): One of the most important concepts of the Jain religion, karma is closely connected to the other principal Jain theories of the soul – jīva – and the cycle of birth – saṃsāra. - [Jain Beliefs](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/): The fundamental aim of the Jain faith is to perfect the soul, which can be done only by following the teachings of the Jinas. Jains believe that the 24 Jinas revealed the essential truths of the universe and provided guidance to reaching liberation from the cycle of rebirth. - [Places](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/places/): Holy places range from impressive temple-cities drawing thousands of pilgrims to isolated spots and small family shrines at home. The complexities of the past are remembered and reworked by lively communities of contemporary Jains both in India and beyond. Jain thinking has been influential in areas such as peaceful protest and environmental concern. - [Practices](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/practices/): Spiritual development comes partly from applying the teachings of the Jinas in everyday life, demonstrated by monks and nuns. Avoiding violence, fasting, praying and worshipping, keeping vows, meditating, and taking part in festivals are the main ways Jains practise their faith. Hymns of praise are key parts of worship while some Jains may ask deities for help. - [Principles](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/): Notions of time and the universe, the concept of soul, the workings of karma and the cycle of rebirth are tied together in Jain tradition. Progressing spiritually means understanding these ideas and how to live them. Practised differently by various sects, Jain beliefs are found in scriptures and symbols, with fine examples highlighted in JAINpedia manuscripts. - [Themes](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/): Find out about the Jinas or teachers of the Jain faith and the people who have heard their message. Monks and nuns try to live as the Jinas did while lay people support them and aim to follow the Jinas’ teachings in daily life. Discover the history of Jain studies around the world. - [Digambara canon](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sacred-writings/digambara-canon/): As with most religious traditions, Jainism has scriptures that contain its fundamental principles and provides guidance and examples to believers. All Jains believe that their teachings come originally from the Jinas, who each reveals the same eternal truths according to the needs of his era of time. The most recent Jina, Mahāvīra, has given the fullest set of principles and guidance. All Jain sects agree that this teaching was originally passed on orally, but over the centuries elements were lost while other parts changed. They concur that after several centuries Mahāvīra’s teachings were written down, creating the sacred writings. The sects do not agree, however, on which portions of the teachings survived and which were amended. For this reason the Digambara and Śvetāmbara Jains have different sets of scripture. - [Sacred writings](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sacred-writings/): Unlike monotheistic traditions, the Jains do not have a unique holy book that characterises their faith. Instead they have a body of holy writings or scriptures. In India, they share this feature with the Buddhists. Hindus are in a similar position, even though they have the Vedas, which can be considered the ultimate source of teaching. - [Cycles of time](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/cycles-of-time/): The Jain concept of time is one of the most distinctive elements of Jain cosmological thought. It also demonstrates the repetitive and mathematical nature of Jain cosmology. - [Mathematics of the universe](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/mathematics-of-the-universe/): Jain cosmology observes mathematical principles found in calculations and geometry formulae. Mathematics is an intellectual field to which Jain theorists have made valuable contributions. More importantly, it is a way of thinking about and mentally organising details of the universe and time in a coherent manner. Classifying space and time into measurable units and seeing recurring patterns in these units, categories and structure of units is a feature of the Jain approach to cosmology. - [Writings on the universe](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/writings-on-the-universe/): The religious importance of understanding the traditional conception of the universe means that scholars and devotees have made strong efforts to pass on Jain cosmology. This is usually in written texts on cosmology but visual art has also been an important way to spread knowledge. - [Images of the universe](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/images-of-the-universe/): The traditional Jain conception of the universe is extremely important in religious terms. It is a substantial focus of meditation, one of the 12 topics for reflection for Jains. These topics vary for members of the main Jain sects, with Digambaras counting it as the sixth topic while for Śvetāmbaras it is the fourth. For all Jain sects, however, meditating on the structure of the universe and the passage of souls through it in the cycle of births is a key part of spiritual development. - [Jain universe](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/): The universe for Jains is an elaborate system that shares features with other Indian traditions. For instance, the repetition of identical structures is also a characteristic of Buddhist cosmology. - [The ‘Three Worlds’](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-universe/the-three-worlds/): The Jain conception of the universe is very complex, composed of symmetrical, repeating patterns based on mathematical principles. Central religious concepts such as the soul, karma, the cycle of birth and spiritual progression are tied into the structure of the universe and the cycle of time, so understanding cosmology is a key element of the Jain tradition. - [Soul](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/jain-beliefs/soul/): The Jain faith revolves around the notion of the soul – jīva – which can also be understood as sentience or consciousness. The ultimate objective of the Jain religion is for the soul to attain self-realisation, which is liberation – mokṣa – from the cycle of births. - [Bāhubali](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/bahubali/): Though not a Jina, Bāhubali is worshipped as a great saint, especially among Digambaras. He has been considered on a par with the Jinas from at least the seventh to eighth centuries, underlined by his representation in art. He transcends all categories. - [Malli](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/malli/): Mallinātha or Lord Malli is the 19th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. - [Ara](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/ara/): Aranātha or Lord Ara is the 18th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Kunthu](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/kunthu/): Kunthunātha or Lord Kunthu is the 17th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Dharma](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/dharma/): Dharmanātha or Lord Dharma is the 15th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Ananta](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/ananta/): Anantanātha or Lord Ananta is the 14th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Śreyāṃsa](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/sreyamsa/): Śreyāṃsanātha or Lord Śreyāṃsa is the 11th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Śītala](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/sitala/): Śītalanātha or Lord Śītala is the tenth of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Puṣpadanta or Suvidhi](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/puspadanta-or-suvidhi/): The ninth of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time is known under two alternate names of Puṣpadanta and Suvidhi. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Candraprabha](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/candraprabha/): Candraprabhanātha or Lord Candraprabha is also known as Candraprabha-svāmī and Candraprabhu-svāmī. He is the eighth of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Padmaprabha](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/padmaprabha/): Padmaprabhanātha or Lord Padmaprabha is the sixth of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Aṇuvrat Movement](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/non-sectarian-movements/anuvrat-movement/): The Aṇuvrat Movement is a non-sectarian moral movement emphasising character development through self-effort. It was conceived by Ācārya Tulsi (1914–1997), a celebrated monk, the ninth religious leader of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanth sect and a socio-religious reformer. Ācārya Tulsi launched the Aṇuvrat Movement in March 1949 at Sardarshahar, a small Terāpanthi-dominated town in Rajasthan. - [Non-sectarian movements](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/non-sectarian-movements/): The Jain religious movements founded in the 20th century demonstrate novel features. Inspired by the personal example and qualities of an individual man, Jains of all sects began to follow movements with no formal sectarian basis. These new movements were generally established by devout Jains who rejected existing sects in favour of a third path to the truth. - [Śvetāmbara Terāpanthin](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-terapanthin/): The Terāpanthins are the monastic members and lay followers of the Terāpantha, a Śvetāmbara Jain order. Associated with Rajasthan since its foundation in the 18th century, the Terāpantha sect is expanding rapidly among Jains inside and outside India. - [Śvetāmbara Mūrti-pūjaka](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-murti-pujaka/): The Mūrti-pūjak Śvetāmbaras form the largest group within the Śvetāmbaras, one of the two main sects in the Jain faith. Meaning ‘white-clad’ in Sanskrit, the term Śvetāmbara describes the white clothing of monks and nuns in this order. The name Mūrti-pūjaka means ‘worshipper of images’ in Sanskrit, referring to the worship of images of the Jinas. The term arose between the 15th and 17th centuries, chiefly to distinguish members of this sect from Śvetāmbaras who do not worship images, namely the Sthānaka-vāsins and the Terāpanthins. - [Devarddhi-gaṇi](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/svetambara/devarddhi-gani/): Devarddhi-gaṇi is a monk associated with the creation of the Śvetāmbara canon, which is said to have taken place in 453 CE at Valabhī, in Gujarat. - [Yogīndu](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/digambara/yogindu/): Yogīndu is a Digambara teacher, probably from the sixth century. He is the author of two short treatises on the true nature of the self that have acquired great popularity among Jains of all sects. - [Kundakunda](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/digambara/kundakunda/): From the Digambara sect, Kundakunda is a teacher – ācārya – and author of a philosophical work that has deeply influenced a lineage of Jain thinkers and mystical poets. First written for monks, his work acquired great popularity among the religious-minded laity. Kundakunda’s writings focus particularly on the soul and the vital importance of internal spiritual activity. His thought is based on the distinction between two ways of religious activity, namely the: - [Digambara](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/principles/sects/digambara/): Followers of the Jinas can be categorised into various sects or traditions. All religions have developed similar divisions, often disagreeing on elements of belief and practice. All these groupings remain believers in the central doctrines of the religion. Towards the beginning of the Common Era, the Jains started to separate into two main groups. The disputes between these groups revolved around the practices and doctrine surrounding mendicants. The two sects of Digambara and Śvetāmbara Jains take their titles from the clothing practices of their monks. - [Royal Asiatic Society](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/studying-jainism/royal-asiatic-society/): The Royal Asiatic Society is a scholarly body in London, which was set up in 1823 to further the study of Asia. Since its foundation, the society has played a critical role in expanding and deepening the understanding of Asia through its publications, lectures and events. The Royal Asiatic Society (RAS) also has collections of important items from all over Asia, especially South Asia, which were mainly acquired in the 19th century. - [Rājacandra](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/studying-jainism/rajacandra/): Rājacandra (1867–1901) occupies a very special place in Jainism as a mystical poet and reformer. Though a jeweller by trade, he dedicated his short life to the realisation of the self through a deep knowledge of the Jain scriptures and principles, and through a profound direct experience. Rājacandra was gifted with rare powers of concentration but decided to stay a householder instead of becoming a monk. - [Muni Puṇya-vijaya](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/studying-jainism/muni-punya-vijaya/): Known as 'Āgama Prabhākara' or 'Light of the Tradition', Muni Puṇya-vijaya (1895–1971) was one of the leading monastic figures of the 20th century through his scholarly activity. The languages in which he wrote are Gujarati and Hindi. - [Studying Jainism](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/studying-jainism/): Early contact between Jains and Western visitors to India in the early 16th century gradually led to a more scholarly approach to the Jain faith on the part of many Westerners. The academic study of Jainism was born at the end of the 19th century. Since then it has developed in many different ways in several places, both in India and outside. More and more scholars in India and the West are joining this relatively new field of academic research. Beginning with textual and linguistic approaches to Jain holy writings, the study of Jainism in Western universities has branched out more recently into fields such as art, sociology and anthropology. - [Marudevī](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/marudevi/): Marudevī is best known as the mother of the first Jina, Ṛṣabhanatha or Lord Ṛṣabha. Like other mothers of Jinas – Jina-mātās – Marudevī experienced the auspicious dreams that herald the birth of a Jina. - [Candanbālā](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/candanbala/): Candanbālā, also known as Candanā, was the head nun under Mahāvīra and is one of the 16 satīs – soḷ satī. Her story is especially well known because she appears at a key moment in Mahavira's progress to becoming a Jina. For both Digambara and Śvetāmbara Jains, Candanbālā is one of the many Jain satīs whose lives are examples of the ideal path for women. She also demonstrates virtues that should be imitated by both men and women. Her story features the quintessential gift to the worthy recipient – supatra dāna – offering food, clothes and medicine to a Jain mendicant as alms. - [Brāhmī and Sundarī](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/brahmi-and-sundari/): Brāhmī and Sundarī are a pair of Jain satīs best known as the daughters of the first Jina, Ṛṣhabanātha or Lord Ṛṣabha. They are numbered among the 16 satīs or soḷ satī and are in every Jain satī list even though their story is brief. As virtuous women who are role models for Jain women, satīs are characterised by their religious devotion and, often, marital fidelity and patient acceptance of suffering. - [Women in the Jain tradition](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/women-in-the-jain-tradition/): The religious status of women is one of the chief differences between the two principal sects of Digambaras and Śvetāmbaras. It is also a crucial issue in the history of Jainism. - [Vimala](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/vimala/): Vimalanātha or Lord Vimala is the 13th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Vāsupūjya](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/vasupujya/): Vāsupūjyanātha, Vāsupūjya-svāmin or Lord Vāsupūjya is the 12th of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Supārśva](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/suparsva/): Supārśvanātha or Lord Supārśva is the seventh of the 24 Jinas of the present cycle of time. The word Jina means 'victor' in Sanskrit. A Jina is an enlightened human being who has triumphed over karma through practising extreme asceticism and teaches the way to achieve liberation. A Jina is also called a Tīrthaṃkara or 'ford-maker' in Sanskrit – that is, one who has founded a community after reaching omniscience. - [Jina](https://jainpedia.org/article/themes/people/jina/): The term Jina means 'spiritual victor' in Sanskrit and describes a human being who has achieved omniscience and then teaches other people the path to liberation – mokṣa-mārga – from the cycle of rebirth. The term is used interchangeably with Tīrthaṃkara. This is Sanskrit for 'ford-maker' – that is, a person who builds a ford – tīrtha – across the river of rebirth. ## eLibraries - [Making the Case for Jaina Contributions to CriticalThinking Education](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/making-the-case-for-jaina-contributions-to-criticalthinking-education/): Author: Vaidya, Anand Jayprakash - [Ten in One: The Case of Stanza 13 in Samantabhadra’s SixthCentury Āptamīmāṃsā](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/ten-in-one-the-case-of-stanza-13-in-samantabhadras-sixthcentury-aptamima%e1%b9%83sa/): Author: Soni, Jayandra - [Jaina Modes of Dying in Ārādhanā Texts](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jaina-modes-of-dying-in-aradhana-texts/): Author: Soni, Luitgard - [From Anekānta-Vāda to Sarva-Tantra-Sva-Tantra: PluralismAbout Views and Philosophical Systems](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/from-anekanta-vada-to-sarva-tantra-sva-tantra-pluralismabout-views-and-philosophical-systems/): Author: Shevchenko, Dimitry - [In Some Ways: Syādvāda as the Synthesis of Anekāntavāda andNayavāda in Akalaṅka’s Philosophical Treatises](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/in-some-ways-syadvada-as-the-synthesis-of-anekantavada-andnayavada-in-akala%e1%b9%85kas-philosophical-treatises/): Author: Nahata, Shree - [Ecological Dependencies and Resource- and ClimateResponsive Jaina Shrines Along the Malabar Coast in South India](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/ecological-dependencies-and-resource-and-climateresponsive-jaina-shrines-along-the-malabar-coast-in-south-india/): Author: Hegewald, Julia A. B. - [Jaina Philosophy](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jaina-philosophy/): Author: Gorisse, Marie-Hélène - [Jaina Theory of Nayābhāsa](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jaina-theory-of-nayabhasa/): Author: Gokhale, Pradeep P - [The Invention of Jainism: A Short History of Jaina Studies](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/the-invention-of-jainism-a-short-history-of-jaina-studies/): Author: Flügel, Peter - [Bhakti in the Early Jain Tradition: Understanding Devotional Religionin South Asia](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/bhakti-in-the-early-jain-tradition-understanding-devotional-religionin-south-asia/): Author: Cort, John E. - [Putting History into the Study of the Jains and the Study of the Jainsinto the Study of South Asian History: An Appreciation of Paul Dundas](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/putting-history-into-the-study-of-the-jains-and-the-study-of-the-jainsinto-the-study-of-south-asian-history-an-appreciation-of-paul-dundas/): Author: Cort, John E - [Jaina Narrative Refutations of Kumārila: Relative Chronologyand the History of Jaina-Mīmāṃsā Dialogues](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jaina-narrative-refutations-of-kumarila-relative-chronologyand-the-history-of-jaina-mima%e1%b9%83sa-dialogues/): Author: Chauhan, Seema K - [Fasting unto Death According to the Jaina Tradition](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/fasting-unto-death-according-to-the-jaina-tradition/): Author: Caillat, Colette - [Anekāntavāda and Dialogic Identity Construction](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/anekantavada-and-dialogic-identity-construction/): Author: Barbato, Melanie. - [Beginnings of Jaina Ontology and Its Models](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/beginnings-of-jaina-ontology-and-its-models/): Author: Balcerowicz, Piotr. - [Functions of Multiple-Text Manuscripts in India: The Jain Case](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/functions-of-multiple-text-manuscripts-in-india-the-jain-case/): Author: Balbir, Nalini. - [Selfhood, Persistence, and Immortality in Jaina Philosophy](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/selfhood-persistence-and-immortality-in-jaina-philosophy/): Author: Bajželj, Ana - [Jaina Studies in Japan since the 1990s](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jaina-studies-in-japan-since-the-1990s/): Author: Akamatsu, Akihiko - [Catalogue of Jain Manuscripts of British Library Volume I](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/catalogue-of-jain-manuscripts-of-british-library-volume-i/): Published jointly by the British Library and the Institute of Jainology. The Catalogue consists of Three Volumes. - [Catalogue of Jain Manuscripts of British Library Volume II](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/catalogue-of-jain-manuscripts-of-british-library-volume-ii/): Published jointly by the British Library and the Institute of Jainology. The Catalogue consists of Three Volumes. - [Catalogue of Jain Manuscripts of British Library Volume III](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/catalogue-of-jain-manuscripts-of-british-library-volume-iii/): Published jointly by the British Library and the Institute of Jainology. The Catalogue consists of Three Volumes. - [IOJ – Celebrating 25 Years (Coffee Table Book)](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/ioj-celebrating-25-years-coffee-table-book/): The Institute of Jainology (IoJ) was founded in 1986, with the goal to spread awareness of the Jain philosophy and values through the disciplines of art, culture and education. - [Discover Jainism](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/discover-jainism/): Who are the Jains? - [Jain Tales](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-tales/): Jain Tales is the second book in the 'Learn Jainism' series from the Institute of Jainology. - [Jain Spirit 22](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-22/): This is issue 22 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2005. - [Jain Spirit 21](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-21/): This is issue 21 of Jain Spirit, covering December 2004 to February 2005, and includes the Kid Spirit supplement. - [Jain Spirit 20](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-20/): This is issue 20 of Jain Spirit, covering September to November 2004, and includes the Kid Spirit supplement. - [Jain Spirit 19](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-19/): This is issue 19 of Jain Spirit, covering June to August 2004, and includes the Kid Spirit supplement. - [Jain Spirit 18](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-18/): This is issue 18 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2004. - [Jain Spirit 17](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-17/): This is issue 17 of Jain Spirit, covering December 2003 to February 2004. - [Jain Spirit 16](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-16-2/): This is issue 16 of Jain Spirit, covering September to November 2003. - [Jain Spirit 15](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-15/): This is issue 15 of Jain Spirit, covering June to August 2003. - [Jain Spirit 14](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-14/): This is issue 14 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2003. - [Jain Spirit 13](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-13/): This is issue 13 of Jain Spirit, covering December 2002 to February 2003. - [Jain Spirit 12](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-12/): This is issue 12 of Jain Spirit, covering September to November 2002. - [Jain Spirit 11](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-11/): This is issue 11 of Jain Spirit, covering June to August 2002. - [Jain Spirit 10](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-10/): This is issue 10 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2002. - [Jain Spirit 09](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-09/): This is issue 9 of Jain Spirit, covering December 2001 to February 2002. - [Jain Spirit 08](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-08/): This is issue 8 of Jain Spirit, covering June to August 2001. It is a special issue covering the JAINA convention in North America. - [Jain Spirit 07](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-07/): This is issue 7 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2001. - [Jain Spirit 06](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-06/): This is issue 6 of Jain Spirit, covering December 2000 to February 2001. - [Jain Spirit 05](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-05/): This is issue 5 of Jain Spirit, covering September to November 2000. - [Jain Spirit 04](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-04/): This is issue 4 of Jain Spirit, covering June to August 2000. It is a special anniversary promotion issue. - [Jain Spirit 03](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-03/): This is issue 3 of Jain Spirit, covering March to May 2000. - [Jain Spirit 02](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-02/): This is issue 2 of Jain Spirit, covering October to December 1999. - [Jain Spirit 01](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/jain-spirit-01/): This is issue 1 of Jain Spirit, covering July to September 1999. - [Kid Spirit 04](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/kid-spirit-4/): Created especially for children, Kid Spirit was a supplement to the Jain Spirit magazine. It presents information about aspects of Jain faith and practice in a fun, colourful way, and includes puzzles and quizzes. - [Kid Spirit 03](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/kid-spirit-03/): Created especially for children, Kid Spirit was a supplement to the Jain Spirit magazine. It presents information about aspects of Jain faith and practice in a fun, colourful way, and includes puzzles and quizzes. - [Kid Spirit 02](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/kid-spirit-02/): Created especially for children, Kid Spirit was a supplement to the Jain Spirit magazine. It presents information about aspects of Jain faith and practice in a fun, colourful way, and includes puzzles and quizzes. - [Kid Spirit 01](https://jainpedia.org/elibrary/kid-spirit-01/): Created especially for children, Kid Spirit was a supplement to the Jain Spirit magazine. It presents information about aspects of Jain faith and practice in a fun, colourful way, and includes puzzles and quizzes. ## Links - [Group initiation of Digambara monks – part 4](https://jainpedia.org/links/group-initiation-of-digambara-monks-part-4/): At the end of their group ceremony of renunciation – dīkṣā – 25 new Digambara monks are blessed by their teacher Vidyāsāgar. He also consecrates their water pots –kamaṇḍalu – and blesses some newly initated novices – kṣullaka – who are dressed in white. Both groups of mendicants hold their characteristic peacock-feather brooms – piñchī. The new monks have ritually taken off their clothes, which is a sign of advanced spirituality in Digambara Jainism. Then Vidyāsāgar preaches to the assembly of lay Jains. White-clad nuns – āryikā – are at the front of the crowd. Found on YouTube, this collective ceremony in Hindi took place on 21 August 2004 in the so-called Dayoday Tirth, Delwara Ghat, in the town of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh on the bank of the river Narmada. Watch the first part of the ceremony at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txYBw9ke-aU - [Group initiation of Digambara monks – part 3](https://jainpedia.org/links/group-initiation-of-digambara-monks-part-3/): Towards the end of their group ceremony of renunciation – dīkṣā – 25 new Digambara monks have their heads anointed with sandalwood paste. The monk Vidyāsāgar, who is initiating them, traces the auspicious symbols of swastikas and four dots on their heads and palms. Then he blesses the new monks and newly initated novices – kṣullaka – who are dressed in white. He also consecrates their water pots – kamaṇḍalu. Both groups of mendicants hold their characteristic peacock-feather brooms – piñchī. Found on YouTube, this collective ceremony in Hindi took place on 21 August 2004 in the so-called Dayoday Tirth, Delwara Ghat, in the town of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh on the bank of the river Narmada. Watch the final part at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QCfjoyWbLk - [Group initiation of Digambara monks – part 1](https://jainpedia.org/links/group-initiation-of-digambara-monks-part-1/): After studying with him for four years, 25 men are initiated into Digambara monkhood by the monk Vidyāsāgar. At the start of the public renunciation ceremony – dīkṣā – the candidates resemble grooms, wearing jewels and turbans, their eyes outlined in kohl. They are then seen after the rite of keśa-loca. Dressed in orange and saffron robes, lay Jains dance in celebration. Scenes from the life of a Digambara monk are also shown, such as the monk carrying his broom and water pot, making the gesture to signal that he seeks alms. A group of fully nude monks leads the ailaka novices in loincloths, followed by the junior novices wearing white robes. Digambara nuns, wearing the white robe and holding the broom made of peacock feathers, are also shown in this YouTube video. This collective ceremony in Hindi took place on 21 August 2004 in the so-called Dayoday Tirth, Delwara Ghat, in the town of Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh on the bank of the river Narmada. - [Spectacular Jain festival – 2006 anointing of Bāhubali](https://jainpedia.org/links/spectacular-jain-festival-2006-anointing-of-bahubali/): The 2006 ‘great head-anointing ceremony’ – mahā-mastakābhiṣeka – of the immense statue of Bāhubali at Shravana Belgola in Karnataka attracted thousands of Digambara pilgrims, Śvetāmbara Jains and sightseers. Wealthy Jains who have bid for the privilege pour various substances over the head of the 18-metre tall statue in a waterfall of colours and materials. In this BBC News Special Reports on the BBC website, Karoki Lewis presents an audio-slideshow of the joyous celebration. - [Identifying Jainism in Indian Art lecture](https://jainpedia.org/links/identifying-jainism-in-indian-art-lecture/): John Guy, Curator of South and Southeast Asian Art in the Department of Asian Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art gave this lecture in March 2010, available on YouTube. The lecture was staged to accompany the New York museum’s exhibition, ‘Peaceful Conquerors: Jain manuscript painting and sculpture’, which ran from 10 September 2009 to 28 March 2010. - [Dreams of Triśalā](https://jainpedia.org/links/dreams-of-trisala/): Jainworld.com provides pictures and explanations of the dreams of Queen Triśalā. Women carrying babies who grow up to become Jinas all experience auspicious dreams, which signal the great spiritual leadership of their children. The Digambara sect specifies 16 dreams while the Śvetāmbaras have14 dreams. - [Dīvālī lights](https://jainpedia.org/links/divali-lights/): Dīvālī is known as the 'Festival of Lights', taking its name from a corruption of the Sanskrit term dīpa, the traditional clay lamp. Celebrated by the major Indian religions, Dīvālī always features lights on every available surface, arranged both inside and outside buildings, in the streets, around statues and altars. With different meanings for various religions, the festival commemorates the final liberation of the 24th Jina, Mahāvīra, for Jains. This 2008 Flickr photograph shows dīpas in Kolkata, West Bengal. - [Digambara nuns pluck out their hair](https://jainpedia.org/links/digambara-nuns-pluck-out-their-hair/): In the keśa-loca rite, part of the renunciation ceremony of dīkṣā, new monks and nuns pull out their hair, which indicates indifference to worldly concerns, including pain. Ashes are smeared on the roots of the hair, making it easier to pluck out and reducing pain. In the Digambara sects, keśa-loca is a public ceremony. This rite took place among Digambara nuns, as shown by the peacock-feather broom – piñchī – one of them holds in this YouTube video. The dīkṣā was conferred by the nun Gaṇinī Āryikā Viśuddhamati mātājī in Kota, Rajasthan, a few years ago, though the precise date is unknown. The language used is Hindi, with Sanskrit and Prakrit for recitations from the scriptures. - [Digambara monk takes alms from lay women](https://jainpedia.org/links/digambara-monk-takes-alms-from-lay-women/): This video on YouTube shows a Digambara monk eating alms offered by lay women. The women gather round and put spoonfuls of food into his cupped hands. He moves his thumbs quickly through it to ensure it is pure enough to eat. - [Devotional song to Candraprabha](https://jainpedia.org/links/devotional-song-to-candraprabha/): This 2011 video on YouTube features a hymn praising the eighth Jina, Candraprabhanātha or Lord Candraprabha. - [British Museum](https://jainpedia.org/links/british-museum/): One of the most eminent museums in the world, the British Museum in London has a large collection of pieces from Asia. Asian items formed part of the original 18th-century collection, the seed of the present Asia Department. - [Brass statue of Kunthu](https://jainpedia.org/links/brass-statue-of-kunthu/): A 15th-century sculpture featuring the 17th Jina Kunthunātha or Lord Kunthu and other holy figures. A zoomable image of the small metal shrine is provided by the Eastern Art Online: Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art website, a project of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, UK. - [British Library](https://jainpedia.org/links/british-library/): One of the JAINpedia partners, the British Library is the national library of the UK. Based in London, it holds millions of historical and contemporary documents of all kinds, including books, newspapers, magazines, journals, manuscripts, musical scores and political and personal papers and letters. It also has a large collection of sound recordings and illustrations. Its collection of Jain manuscripts is one of the biggest outside India. - [Brass figure of Padmāvatī](https://jainpedia.org/links/brass-figure-of-padmavati/): Metal image of Padmāvatī, the popular Jain goddess. Frequently depicted under a canopy of snakehoods, she is associated with wealth and success and is worshipped by both main Jain sects. She is also the attendant goddess – yakṣī – of the 23rd Jina Pārśvanātha or Lord Pārśva. Atop her seven-headed snake canopy sits a small figure of Pārśva, who also has his characteristic snakehood canopy. The University of Michigan Museum of Modern Art in the USA provides a zoomable photograph of the statue and metadata. - [Bodleian Library](https://jainpedia.org/links/bodleian-library/): The Bodleian Library is part of the University of Oxford, the official university library with various specialist libraries. It boasts extremely extensive collections of books, newspapers, magazines, journals, manuscripts, maps, musical scores, and official and personal papers, both ancient and modern. With large Jain holdings, the Bodleian is a JAINpedia partner. - [Bhubaneshvar caves](https://jainpedia.org/links/bhubaneshvar-caves/): This 2010 YouTube video briefly explores presents the Jain caves at Bhubaneshvar, the capital of Orissa state. Found on top of the twin hills known as Udaya-giri and Khanda-giri, the temples house wall reliefs and sculptures. - [Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology](https://jainpedia.org/links/bhogilal-leherchand-institute-of-indology/): The Bhogilal Leherchand Institute of Indology in New Delhi focuses on scholarly research into Śvetāmbara Jainism. With a library of manuscripts for research, it organises academic seminars and publishes scholarly books. - [Bhaktāmara-stotra – Śvetāmbara text](https://jainpedia.org/links/bhaktamara-stotra-svetambara-text/): The HereNow4U website provides the Sanskrit text of the Śvetāmbara hymn in Nagari, English translation and word-to-word translation, accompanied by modern illustrations. There is also a glossary of Sanskrit terms. - [Bhaktāmara-stotra – Śvetāmbara recitation](https://jainpedia.org/links/bhaktamara-stotra-svetambara-recitation/): The original Sanskrit Bhaktāmara-stotra is recited by the Śvetāmbara monk Param Pujya Vijay Bhuwan Shekhar Surishwarji Maharaj. This 2010 YouTube video contains pages of an illustrated publication of the hymn, which is a masterpiece of Sanskrit poetry. - [Where Will You Go? What Will You Be In Your Next Birth?](https://jainpedia.org/links/where-will-you-go-what-will-you-be-in-your-next-birth/): The text of a lecture delivered by Samani Prasanna Pragya in 2006 is presented on the HereNow4U website. In the lecture Samani Prasanna Pragya outlines the cycle of rebirth, karma and the classes of living beings. - [Yakshas and Yakshinis in Jainism](https://jainpedia.org/links/yakshas-and-yakshinis-in-jainism/): This anonymous article on HereNow4U briefly discusses the origins and history of yakṣas and yakṣīs in the Jain faith. There are some photographs of a few of the popular yakṣas and yakṣīs and other deities. - [Theory Of Karma And Cycle Of Rebirth](https://jainpedia.org/links/theory-of-karma-and-cycle-of-rebirth/): Manubhai Doshi looks at the Jain concepts of karma and the cycle of rebirth in this chapter from Essence of Jainism, first published in 1992. The online version is on the HereNow4U website. - [The Liberation](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-liberation/): In this chapter from his 1992 book Essence of Jainism, Manubhai Doshi goes into the Jain concept of liberation. The 2011 online version is presented on the HereNow4U website. - [The Jaina Doctrine of Karma And The Science Of Genetics](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-jaina-doctrine-of-karma-and-the-science-of-genetics/): This PhD thesis by Sohan Raj Tater examines how the Jain concept of karma relates to the science of genetics. The full text is available on the HereNow4U website. - [The Doctrine](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-doctrine/): Colette Caillat, A. N. Upadhye and Bal Patil outline the central tenets of the Jain religion in this chapter from their 1974 work Jainism, including: - [The Doctrine Of Karma – The Cycle Of Karma](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-doctrine-of-karma-the-cycle-of-karma/): In this chapter from The Quest For Truth: In the context of Anekanta, Ācārya Mahāprajña of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanth sect looks at the relationship between soul and karma. First published in 2003, the book is available online on the HereNow4U website. - [The Doctrine of Karma in Jain Philosophy](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-doctrine-of-karma-in-jain-philosophy/): HereNow4U presents chapter three of Bhagwaan Mahaveer Evam Jain Darshan, which discusses karma in Jainism. Originally written in Hindi by Mahavir Saran Jain in 2013, this book is translated into English by Pradyumna Shah Singh. - [The Art Of Assuring A Fortunate Life In The Next Birth](https://jainpedia.org/links/the-art-of-assuring-a-fortunate-life-in-the-next-birth/): Acharya Mahashraman goes through some practices and attitudes that improve the chances of gaining a better condition – gati – in the next birth in the cycle of rebirths – saṃsāra. This chapter from his 2011 book Let Us Learn To Live is provided on the HereNow4U website. - [Science in Jainism](https://jainpedia.org/links/science-in-jainism/): The Indian scholar M. R. Gelra of the Jain Vishva Bharati Institute in Ladnun, Rajasthan, has written a book called Science and Jainism: Perspectives, Issues and Futuristic Trends. It is available to read online on the HereNow4U website. - [Śankheśvar Dādā](https://jainpedia.org/links/sankhesvar-dada/): This recording of Śankheśvar Dādā on SoundCloud was made by JAINpedia contributor M. Whitney Kelting as part of her fieldwork into Jain devotional practices among Jain women in western India in 2009. - [Science in Jain Canonical Literature](https://jainpedia.org/links/science-in-jain-canonical-literature/): The HereNow4U website presents an essay by Manikant Shah based on the work of Professor L. C. Jain, director of the Vidyasagar Research Institute in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. The 2011 essay points out some connections between Jain beliefs and scientific discoveries. - [Śrī Śankheśvar Pārśvanāth](https://jainpedia.org/links/sri-sankhesvar-parsvanath/): This recording of Śrī Śankheśvar Pārśvanāth on SoundCloud was made by JAINpedia contributor M. Whitney Kelting as part of her fieldwork into Jain devotional practices among Jain women in western India in 2009. - [Taste, Smell and Touch Therapy](https://jainpedia.org/links/taste-smell-and-touch-therapy/): HereNow4U provides an extract from Transmutation Of Personality Through Preksha Meditation that discusses the material nature of the concept of leśyā or soul colour. The excerpt takes the form of an interview with Ācārya Tulsi, the eighth leader of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanthin sect. Although he uses scripture to explain leśyās, Ācārya Tulsi considers the concept partly in the context of the 'insight meditation' – prekṣā dhyāna – of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanthins, which may also be practised by those who do not follow this sect. - [Questions And Answers About The Theory Of Karma](https://jainpedia.org/links/questions-and-answers-about-the-theory-of-karma/): Manubhai Doshi answers some common questions about karma in this chapter from Essence of Jainism, first published in 1992. The online version is on the HereNow4U website. - [Practicability of Ahimsa](https://jainpedia.org/links/practicability-of-ahimsa/): Jainworld provides information from the scriptures about how lay people can put into practice the principal Jain doctrine of ahiṁsā – non-violence or non-harm. Actively engaging in ahiṁsā can take the form of donating to charity, promoting general welfare and encouraging tolerance. - [Path To Liberation: A Prayer](https://jainpedia.org/links/path-to-liberation-a-prayer/): In his 1998 book ABC of Jainism, Shanti Lal Jain presents an English translation of Budhjan's 'Prabhu Patit Paawan' by Shri Girdhar Lal Jain. The reciter of the prayer extols those who have broken free of the cycle of rebirth and resolves to follow their example to reach salvation. The translation is provided by the HereNow4U website. - [Non-Violence And Its Many Facets](https://jainpedia.org/links/non-violence-and-its-many-facets/): HereNow4U provides an online version of the second edition of Non-Violence And Its Many Facets, written by Ācārya Mahāprajña, tenth head of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanth order. - [Nature Of The Soul](https://jainpedia.org/links/nature-of-the-soul/): In this chapter from Philosophical Foundations Of Jainism (An Introduction), Ācārya Mahāprajña of the Śvetāmbara Terāpanth sect discusses the soul. First published under the title of Jain I Darshan ke Mool Sutra, the book was translated by M. P. Lele under the guidance of Muni Mahendra Kumar ji and Muni Dulahraj ji. The translation is available online on the HereNow4U website. - [Moksha (Liberation)](https://jainpedia.org/links/moksha-liberation/): Jainbelief.com provides an overview of the Jain concept of emancipation, outlining the 15 types of liberated souls – siddhas – and the role of the Jinas in guiding human beings towards liberation. - [Microcosmology: Atom In Jain Philosophy & Modern Science](https://jainpedia.org/links/microcosmology-atom-in-jain-philosophy-modern-science/): The third edition of this book by Jethalal S. Zaveri and Muni Shri Mahendra Kumar discusses the relationships of Jain philosophy, modern physics and Western philosophy. The full text is available to read online on the HereNow4U website. - [Look at Śrī Pārśva](https://jainpedia.org/links/look-at-sri-parsva/): This recording of Look at Śrī Pārśva on SoundCloud was made by JAINpedia contributor M. Whitney Kelting as part of her fieldwork into Jain devotional practices among Jain women in western India in 2009. - [Kyā sōvē uṭha jāga bā’u rē](https://jainpedia.org/links/kya-sove-u%e1%b9%adha-jaga-bau-re/): This hymn by Ānandghan is available to listen to on the Tattva Gyan website. Works by this 17th-century mystic poet are very popular today among Jains in India and around the world. Non-Jains also appreciate the non-sectarian nature of the songs, which emphasise inner spirituality. - [Mahavira: Prophet of Non-Violence](https://jainpedia.org/links/mahavira-prophet-of-non-violence/): Bal Patil writes about the doctrine of non-violence – ahiṃsā – in Jainism and the revolutionary teachings of the 24th Jina Māhavīra, who stressed non-violence and individual responsibility for salvation. - [Liberation](https://jainpedia.org/links/liberation/): Samani Bhavit Pragya discusses the concept of salvation in this chapter from her 2000 book Jain View of Life. The online version of the book is available on the HereNow4U website. - [Karmavāda](https://jainpedia.org/links/karmavada/): Sadhvi Vishrut Vibha summarises the Jain concept of karma-vāda or karma in her 2007 book An Introduction to Jainism, provided on the HereNow4U website. - [Karmavād – Causality](https://jainpedia.org/links/karmavad-causality/): In this chapter from his book Jainism: the Eternal and Universal Path for Enlightenment, Narendra Bhandari summarises the Jain theory of karma. HereNow4U provides this online version. - [Jainism and Peace](https://jainpedia.org/links/jainism-and-peace/): Narendra Bhandari emphasises how the key Jain concept of ahiṁsā – non-harm or non-violence – underlies the principle of peace in this chapter from Jainism: the Eternal and Universal Path for Enlightenment. - [Karma](https://jainpedia.org/links/karma/): Chapter 4 of the 2006 book Introduction to Jainism, by Rudi Jansma and Sneh Rani Jain, describes the Jain theory of karma. The online version is presented on the HereNow4U website. - [Jīva and Ajīva](https://jainpedia.org/links/jiva-and-ajiva/): Sadhvi Vishrut Vibha summarises the two central Jain principles of sentient and non-sentient substances in her 2007 book An Introduction to Jainism, provided on the HereNow4U website. - [Jaina Doctrine Of Karma](https://jainpedia.org/links/jaina-doctrine-of-karma/): In this 2005 book, N. L. Kachhara examines how the Jain doctrine of karma can be reconciled with the modern science of biology, especially genetics. The online version is on the HereNow4U website. ## Manuscripts - [Teaching the fourfold community](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-the-fourfold-community/): British Library. Or. 13362. Unknown author. Perhaps 15th century - [Types of living beings](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/types-of-living-beings-1/) - [Teaching scene](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-scene-6/): British Library. Or. 13362. Unknown author. Perhaps 15th century - [Parable of the tree](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/parable-of-the-tree-2/): The painting is divided into two parts of unequal size. - [Illustration for chapter 33](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/illustration-for-chapter-33/) - [Teaching with similes](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-with-similes-1/) - [Teaching scene](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-scene-5/): British Library. Or. 13362. Unknown author. Perhaps 15th century - [Teaching with similes](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-with-similes/) - [Results of good behaviour](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/results-of-good-behaviour/) - [Perfect beings and salvation](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/perfect-beings-and-salvation/) - [Bad bullocks and unruly disciples](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/bad-bullocks-and-unruly-disciples/) - [Universal gathering and fourfold community](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/universal-gathering-and-fourfold-community/) - [A brahmin becomes a monk](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/a-brahmin-becomes-a-monk/) - [Monks in discussion](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/monks-in-discussion/) - [Keśi and Gautama](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/kesi-and-gautama/) - [Nemi renounces – Rājīmatī and Rathanemi](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/nemi-renounces-rajimati-and-rathanemi/): British Library. Or. 5149. Unknown author. 1464 - [Story of Samudrapāla](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/story-of-samudrapala/) - [Monks and their earlier lives](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/monks-and-their-earlier-lives/) - [Mr̥gāputra becomes a monk](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/mrgaputra-becomes-a-monk/) - [The bad monk – Sanjaya](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/the-bad-monk-sanjaya/): These two pictures illustrate separate notions. - [Obstacles to chastity](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/obstacles-to-chastity/) - [Teaching scene – the true monk](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-scene-the-true-monk/) - [Story of Iṣukāra](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/story-of-isukara/) - [Citra and Sambhūta](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/citra-and-sambhuta/) - [Story of Harikeśa](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/story-of-harikesa/) - [Comparisons for a learned man](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/comparisons-for-a-learned-man/) - [Teaching scene](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/teaching-scene-4/): British Library. Or. 13362. Unknown author. Perhaps 15th century - [Indra tests Nami](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/indra-tests-nami/) - [Story of Kapila](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/story-of-kapila/) - [Parable of the ram](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/parable-of-the-ram/): These panels illustrate a moral lesson. In the top-left one a goat-like animal – a ram, according to the text – is having its throat cut while a calf and a cow live happily in the panel below. In the right-hand panels are two richly dressed figures. - [Stories in chapter 6](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/stories-in-chapter-6/) - [Forms of wrong deaths](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/forms-of-wrong-deaths/) - [Illustrating vigilance](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/illustrating-vigilance/) - [Stories on chapter 3](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/stories-on-chapter-3/) - [Preaching on hardships](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/preaching-on-hardships/): British Library. Or. 13362. Unknown author. Perhaps 15th century - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-c211b237fd/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-0aee88b231/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-ea92af033f/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-97209d3719/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-a61a208806/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-d6fb6db3f7/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/jain-117/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/jain-118/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-abfa7e869a/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-fb27cdb28f/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-d1500fd129/) - [Monks](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-57e2da1c62/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-cbaff21e1c/) - [A universal gathering and monks](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/a-universal-gathering-and-monks/) - [Text](https://jainpedia.org/manuscript/text-1f0a9f3850/) ## Readings - [Doctrinal passages of the Jain Rāmāyaṇas](https://jainpedia.org/reading/doctrinal-passages-of-the-jain-ramaya%e1%b9%87as/): One of ten papers on Jain literary topics delivered at the 12th World Sanskrit Conference, held in Helsinki, Finland from 13 to 18 July 2003. The conference was organised by the International association of Sanskrit Studies and the Institute of Asian and African Studies at the University of Helsinki. - [Vāsupūjya-caritra](https://jainpedia.org/reading/vasupujya-caritra/): Vāsupūjya-caritraVardhamāna-sūri edited by A. Ballinivolume 18Jaina Dharma Prasāraka Sabhā; Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India; 1909 - [The Gommaṭeśvara’s Grand Mahāmastakābhiṣeka Ritual: ‘Aisthetics of Religion’ as a New Method of Research of Jaina Ritual](https://jainpedia.org/reading/the-gommatesvaras-grand-mahamastakabhiseka-ritual/): ‘The Gommaṭeśvara’s Grand Mahāmastakābhiṣeka Ritual: 'Aisthetics of Religion' as a New Method of Research of Jaina Ritual’Eva Maria Glasbrenner Svasti – essays in honour of Prof. Hampa Nagarajaiah for his 75th Birthdayedited by Nalini BalbirMuddushree Granthamala series; volume 75K. S. Muddappa Smaraka Trust; Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 2010 - [Twelve Chapters from the ‘Guidebook to Various Pilgrimage Places’, the Vividhatīrthakalpa of Jinaprabha-sūri](https://jainpedia.org/reading/twelve-chapters-from-the-guidebook-to-various-pilgrimage-places-the-vividhatirthakalpa-of-jinapr/): ‘Twelve Chapters from the 'Guidebook to Various Pilgrimage Places', the Vividhatīrthakalpa of Jinaprabha-sūri’John E. Cort The Clever Adulteress and Other Stories: A Treasury of Jain Literatureedited by Phyllis GranoffMosaic Press; Oakville, Ontario, Canada; New York, USA; London, UK; 1990 - [Transmission textuelle et variations dans le canon jaina śvetāmbara: L’exemple de l’Āyārangasutta](https://jainpedia.org/reading/transmission-textuelle-et-variations-dans-le-canon-jaina-svetambara/): ‘Transmission textuelle et variations dans le canon jaina śvetāmbara: L'exemple de l'Āyārangasutta’Colette Caillat Langue, style et structure dans le monde indienedited by Nalini Balbir and Georges-Jean PinaultChampion; Paris, France; 1996 - [The story of Solomon’s Judgment revisited](https://jainpedia.org/reading/the-story-of-solomons-judgment-revisited-2/): ‘The story of Solomon's Judgment revisited’Nalini Balbir Tessitori and Rajasthanedited by Donatella Dolcini and Fausto FreschiTesti e studi seriesSocietà Indologica 'Luigi Pio Tessitori'; Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy; 1999 - [Śrī Ānandaghanajī nāṃ pado](https://jainpedia.org/reading/sri-anandaghanaji-nam-pado/): Śrī Ānandaghanajī nāṃ padoMoticand Girdharlāl Kapadia Mahavir Jain Vidyalaya; Bombay, Maharashtra, India; 1955–1963 - [Stories on ‘Giving’ from the Mūlaśuddhiprakaraṇa](https://jainpedia.org/reading/stories-on-giving-from-the-mulasuddhiprakarana/): ‘Stories on 'Giving' from the Mūlaśuddhiprakaraṇa’Phyllis Granoff The Clever Adulteress and other Stories: A Treasury of Jain Literatureedited by Phyllis GranoffMosaic Press; Oakville, Ontario, Canada; New York, USA; London, UK; 1990 - [Scribal Transmission and Emerging Hindi Canons in the Eighteenth Century: The Case of the Jain Ānandghan’s Bahattarī](https://jainpedia.org/reading/scribal-transmission-and-emerging-hindi-canons-in-the-eighteenth-century/): ‘Scribal Transmission and Emerging Hindi Canons in the Eighteenth Century: The Case of the Jain Ānandghan's Bahattarī’Imre Bangha Annali dell'Istituto Orientale di Napolivolume 68: 1–42008 - [Review of M. Lath: ‘Ardhakathānaka. Half a Tale’](https://jainpedia.org/reading/review-of-m-lath/): ‘Review of M. Lath: 'Ardhakathānaka. Half a Tale'’Nalini Balbir Orientalistische Literaturzeitungvolume 82: 11987 - [On Bhadreśvara’s ‘Kahāvalī’](https://jainpedia.org/reading/on-bhadresvaras-kahavali-2/): ‘On Bhadreśvara’s 'Kahāvalī'’Dalsukh D. Malvania Indologica Taurinensiaedited by Nalini Balbir and Colette Caillatvolume 11International Association of Sanskrit Studies; 1983 - [Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval “Hindu-Muslim” Encounter](https://jainpedia.org/reading/objects-of-translation/): Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval - [Observations sur la secte jaina des Terāpanthin](https://jainpedia.org/reading/observations-sur-la-secte-jaina-des-terapanthin/): ‘Observations sur la secte jaina des Terāpanthin’Nalini Balbir Bulletin d’Études Indiennesvolume 1Association Française pour les Études Indiennes; 1983 - [Notes sur les variantes grammaticales dans la tradition du ‘Dasaveyāliya-Sutta’](https://jainpedia.org/reading/notes-sur-les-variantes-grammaticales-dans-la-tradition-du-dasaveyaliya-sutta/): ‘Notes sur les variantes grammaticales dans la tradition du 'Dasaveyāliya-Sutta'’Colette Caillat Indological and Buddhist Studies – volume in Honour of Professor J. W. de Jong on his Sixtieth Birthday edited by Luise Anna HercusFaculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University; Canberra, Australia; 1982 - [Kundakunda’s concept of Vyavahāra Naya and Niścaya Naya](https://jainpedia.org/reading/kundakundas-concept-of-vyavahara-naya-and-niscaya-naya-3/): ‘Kundakunda's concept of Vyavahāra Naya and Niścaya Naya’S. M. Shah Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institutevolume 56Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Pune, Maharashtra, India; 1975 - [L’Offrande de distique (Dohāpāhuḍa): Traduction de l’Apabhraṃśa](https://jainpedia.org/reading/loffrande-de-distique-dohapahuda/): ‘L'Offrande de distique (Dohāpāhuḍa): Traduction de l'Apabhraṃśa’Colette Caillat Journal Asiatiquevolume 219Société Asiatique; 1976 - [Le genre du conte judiciaire ou l’enseignement de la norme juridique](https://jainpedia.org/reading/le-genre-du-conte-judiciaire-ou-lenseignement-de-la-norme-juridique-2/): ‘Le genre du conte judiciaire ou l'enseignement de la norme juridique’Nalini Balbir La norme et son application dans le monde indienedited by M. L. Barazer-Billoret and J. FezasÉtudes thématiques series; volume 11École Française d’Extrême-Orient; Paris, France; 2000 - [Kundakunda’s concept of Vyavahāra Naya and Niścaya Naya](https://jainpedia.org/reading/kundakundas-concept-of-vyavahara-naya-and-niscaya-naya-2/): ‘Kundakunda's concept of Vyavahāra Naya and Niścaya Naya’S. M. Shah Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institutevolume 56Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute; Pune, Maharashtra, India; 1975 - [Jaina Goddesses in Kannada Literature](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-goddesses-in-kannada-literature/): ‘Jaina Goddesses in Kannada Literature’Robert J. Zydenbos Studies in South Asian Devotional Literature: Research Papers 1988–1991edited by Alan W. Entwistle and Françoise MallisonManohar Publishers and École Française d'Extréme-Orient; New Delhi, India and Paris, France; 1994 - [Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainism-2-2/): Jainism: An Indian Religion of SalvationHelmuth von Glasenapp translated by Shridhar B. ShrotriLala Sundar Lal Jain Research series; volume 14Motilal Banarsidass; New Delhi, India; 1999 - [Jaina Goddesses and their Worship in Karnataka](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-goddesses-and-their-worship-in-karnataka/): ‘Jaina Goddesses and their Worship in Karnataka’Iyengar Vatsala The Jaina Heritage: Distinction, Decline and Resilienceedited by Julia A. B. HegewaldHeidelberg Series in South Asian and Comparative Studies series; volume 2Samskriti Publishers; New Delhi, India; 2011 - [Jainendra Siddhānta Kośa](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainendra-siddhanta-kosa/): Jainendra Siddhānta KośaJinendra Varṇi volume 38Bhāratīya Jñānapītha Publication; New Delhi, India; 2003 - [Jasaharacariu of Puṣpadanta](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jasaharacariu-of-puspadanta/): Jasaharacariu of PuṣpadantaP. L. Vaidya and Hiralal Jain Jñānapītha Murtidevi granthamala: Apabhraṃśa series; volume 11Bhāratīya Jñānapītha Publication; Benares, Uttar Pradesh, India; 1972 - [Jaina Art and Aesthetics](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-art-and-aesthetics/): Jaina Art and AestheticsMaruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari and Shanti Swaroop Sinha Aryan Books International; New Delhi, India; 2011 - [Jaina Sculptures and Paintings in the United Kingdom](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-sculptures-and-paintings-in-the-united-kingdom/): ‘Jaina Sculptures and Paintings in the United Kingdom’Maruti Nandan Prasad Tiwari Kalā: the Journal of Indian Art History Congressvolume III1996 to 1997 - [Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainism-1/): Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-ViolenceKurt Titze Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi, India; 1998 - [Jaina Monuments in and around Hampi](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-monuments-in-and-around-hampi/): ‘Jaina Monuments in and around Hampi’K. M. Suresh The Jaina Heritage: Distinction, Decline and Resilienceedited by Julia A. B. HegewaldHeidelberg Series in South Asian and Comparative Studies series; volume 2Samskriti Publishers; New Delhi, India; 2011 - [Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka c. A.D. 500–1200](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainism-in-early-medieval-karnataka-c-ad-500-1200/): Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka c. A.D. 500–1200Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh Motilal Banarsidass; Delhi, India; 1975 - [Jain tīrthoṃ kā aitihāsik adhyayan](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-tirthom-ka-aitihasik-adhyayan/): Jain tīrthoṃ kā aitihāsik adhyayanShivaprasad Parshvanath Vidyashram Granthamala series; volume 56Parshwanath Vidyapeeth; Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; 1991 - [Jaina-Rūpa-Maṇḍana](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-rupa-mandana/): Jaina-Rūpa-MaṇḍanaUmakant Premanand Shah Abhinav Publications; New Delhi, India; 1987 - [Jītakalpa sabhāṣya](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jitakalpa-sabhasya/): Jītakalpa sabhāṣyaSamaṇi Kusumaprajñā Jain Vishva Bharati; Ladnun, Rajasthan, India; 2010 - [Jain Tantra: Divinatory and Meditative Practices in the Twelfth-Century Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-tantra/): ‘Jain Tantra: Divinatory and Meditative Practices in the Twelfth-Century Yogaśāstra of Hemacandra’Olle Qvarnström Tantra in Practiceedited by David Gordon WhitePrinceton Readings in Religions series; series editor Donald S. Lopez Jr.; volume 8Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey, USA and Oxford, UK; 2000 - [Jain Rāmāyaṇ](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-ramayan/): Jain RāmāyaṇPriyadarśan Śrī Viśvakalyāṇ Prakāśan Trasṭ; Mehasāṇā, Gujarat, India; 1986 - [Jain Concept of Origin and Transmission of Speech (Bhāṣā)](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-concept-of-origin-and-transmission-of-speech-bhasa/): ‘Jain Concept of Origin and Transmission of Speech (Bhāṣā)’Ramprakash P. Poddar Svasti – essays in honour of Prof. Hampa Nagarajaiah for his 75th Birthdayedited by Nalini BalbirMuddushree Granthamala series; volume 75K. S. Muddappa Smaraka Trust; Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 2010 - [Jain Influence at Mughul Court](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-influence-at-mughul-court/): ‘Jain Influence at Mughul Court’Kalipada Mitra Proceedings of the Indian History Congress1939 - [Jinabhadra’s Jītakalpa mit Auszügen aus Siddhasena’s Cūrṇi](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jinabhadras-jitakalpa-mit-auszuegen-aus-siddhasenas-curni/): ‘Jinabhadra’s Jītakalpa mit Auszügen aus Siddhasena’s Cūrṇi’Ernst Leumann Kleine Schriftenedited by Nalini BalbirGlasenapp Stiftung series; volume 37Franz Steiner Verlag; Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; 1998 - [Jain Stories of Miraculous Power](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-stories-of-miraculous-power/): ‘Jain Stories of Miraculous Power’Rosalind Lefeber Religions of India in Practiceedited by Donald S. Lopez JrPrinceton Readings in Religions series; volume 1Princeton University Press; Princeton, New Jersey, USA; 1995 - [Jaina Monks from Mathurā: Literary Evidence for Their Identification on Kuṣāṇa Sculptures](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-monks-from-mathura/): ‘Jaina Monks from Mathurā: Literary Evidence for Their Identification on Kuṣāṇa Sculptures’Padmanabh S. Jaini Collected Papers on Jaina StudiesMotilal Banarsidass; New Delhi, India; 2000 - [Jain Sectarian Debates: Eighty-four Points of Contention (Cauryāṃsī bol) Between Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras (Text and Translation)](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-sectarian-debates/): ‘Jain Sectarian Debates: Eighty-four Points of Contention (Cauryāṃsī bol) Between Śvetāmbaras and Digambaras (Text and Translation)’Padmanabh S. Jaini Journal of Indian Philosophyvolume 362008 - [Jaina Festivals](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-festivals/): ‘Jaina Festivals’Padmanabh S. Jaini Collected Papers on Jaina StudiesMotilal Banarsidass; New Delhi, India ; 2000 - [Jaina Tradition and Reality](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-tradition-and-reality/): ‘Jaina Tradition and Reality’S. M. Jain Jaina Contribution to Varanasiedited by R. C. Sharma and Pranati GhosalJñāna-Pravāha, Centre for Cultural Studies and Research Varanasi & D. K. Printworld; Delhi, India; 2006 - [Jaina Sects and Schools](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-sects-and-schools/): Jaina Sects and SchoolsMuni Uttam Kamal Jain Concept Publishing Company; Delhi, India; 1975 - [Jaina Iconography](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-iconography/): Jaina IconographyJyotindra Jain and Eberhard Fischer Iconography of Religions – Indian Religions series; volume 13: 12 and 13Institute of Religious Iconography, State University of Groningen; E. J. Brill; Leiden, Netherlands; 1978 - [Jala Mandirs, Tīrtha Paṭas and Cosmic Islands: Creating, Replicating and Representing Landscape in Jaina Art and Architecture](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jala-mandirs-tirtha-patas-and-cosmic-islands/): ‘Jala Mandirs, Tīrtha Paṭas and Cosmic Islands: Creating, Replicating and Representing Landscape in Jaina Art and Architecture’Julia A. B. Hegewald Prajñādhara: Essays on Asian Art History, Epigraphy and Culture in Honour of Gouriswar Bhattacharyaedited by Gerd J. R. Mevissen and Arundhati BanerjiKaveri Books; New Delhi, India; 2009 - [Jaina Temple Architecture: A Progression from Images to Shrines and Temple Cities](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-temple-architecture/): ‘Jaina Temple Architecture: A Progression from Images to Shrines and Temple Cities’Julia A. B. Hegewald South Asian Archaeology 1999edited by Ellen M. RavenGonda Indological Studies series; volume 15Egbert Forsten; Gronningen, Netherlands; 2008 - [Jinaprabhasūri and Jinadattasūri: Two Studies from the Śvetāmbara Jain Tradition](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jinaprabhasuri-and-jinadattasuri/): ‘Jinaprabhasūri and Jinadattasūri: Two Studies from the Śvetāmbara Jain Tradition’Phyllis Granoff Speaking of Monks: Religious Biography in India and Chinaedited by Phyllis Granoff and Koichi ShinoharaMosaic Press; Oakville, Ontario, Canada; 1992 - [Jaina Art and Architecture](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jaina-art-and-architecture-1/): Jaina Art and ArchitectureA. Ghosh volume II and IIIBharatiya Jnanpith Publications; Delhi, India; 1975 - [Jain Monastic Life: A Quantitative Study of the Terāpanth Śvetāmbara Mendicant Order](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jain-monastic-life/): ‘Jain Monastic Life: A Quantitative Study of the Terāpanth Śvetāmbara Mendicant Order’Peter Flügel Jaina Studies: Newsletter of the Centre of Jaina Studiesedited by Peter Flügelvolume 4Centre of Jaina Studies, SOAS; 2009 - [Jainism and the Western World: Jinmuktisūri and Georg Bühler and Other Early Encounters](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainism-and-the-western-world/): ‘Jainism and the Western World: Jinmuktisūri and Georg Bühler and Other Early Encounters’Peter Flügel Jain Journalvolume 34: 11999 - [Jainology in Western Publications II](https://jainpedia.org/reading/jainology-in-western-publications-ii/): ‘Jainology in Western Publications II’Colette Caillat Jain Studies in Honour of Jozef Deleuedited by Rudy Smet and Kenji WatanabeHon-no-Tomosha; Tokyo, Japan; 1993