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# Data Collaborative for Justice

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [The Three Numbers Your Mayor Doesn't Want You Asking About](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-three-numbers-your-mayor-doesnt-want-you-asking-about/)
- [Opinion: The smartest public safety investment New York can make](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/opinion-the-smartest-public-safety-investment-new-york-can-make/)
- [Why the Brooklyn courtroom birth was the last straw for public defenders](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/why-the-brooklyn-courtroom-birth-was-the-last-straw-for-public-defenders/)
- [The Story of the Woman Who Gave Birth in Brooklyn Arraignment Court Is Worse Than You’ve Heard](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-story-of-the-woman-who-gave-birth-in-brooklyn-arraignment-court-is-worse-than-youve-heard/)
- [Borough Contrast: Prosecution and Court Outcomes Across New York City, 2021-2024](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/borough-contrast-prosecution-and-court-outcomes-across-new-york-city-2021-2024/)
- [NYC Criminal Legal System Shows Uneven Administration, Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-criminal-legal-system-shows-uneven-administration-report-finds/)
- [Bail Rates Rose Steeply in Queens, Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-rates-rose-steeply-in-queens-report-finds/)
- [BLOOM ROC taps legacy market to lead cannabis legalization](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bloom-roc-taps-legacy-market-to-lead-cannabis-legalization/)
- [Rockefeller Drug Law reforms drove problem-solving court enrollment, new report finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rockefeller-drug-law-reforms-drove-problem-solving-court-enrollment-new-report-finds/)
- [Rockefeller reforms linked to growth in problem-solving courts, but trend began earlier, report says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rockefeller-reforms-linked-to-growth-in-problem-solving-courts-but-trend-began-earlier-report-says/)
- [Report: New York Cuts Drug Arrests, but Racial Inequities Remain](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-new-york-cuts-drug-arrests-but-racial-inequities-remain/)
- [A year of data reveals continuing racial disparities in NYPD encounters](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-year-of-data-reveals-continuing-racial-disparities-in-nypd-encounters/)
- [Racial Disparities Persist in New York’s Bail System Despite Reform Efforts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/racial-disparities-persist-in-new-yorks-bail-system-despite-reform-efforts/)
- [New York bail reform at 5: Detentions down, but bail is less affordable and disparities persist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-bail-reform-at-5-detentions-down-but-bail-is-less-affordable-and-disparities-persist/)
- [Op-Ed: | Felony defendants who skip court appearances warrant more attention](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/op-ed-felony-defendants-who-skip-court-appearances-warrant-more-attention/)
- [Missing the Point About Heredity](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/missing-the-point-about-heredity/)
- [The incoming mayor and his police commissioner disagree over bail reform. Now a report sheds light on results.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-incoming-mayor-and-his-police-commissioner-disagree-over-bail-reform-now-a-report-sheds-light-on-results/)
- [How Long Island's Shoplifting Hotspots are Fighting Theft](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/how-long-islands-shoplifting-hotspots-are-fighting-theft/)
- [Rikers inmates increasingly need mental health help. New jails won’t fix that, report says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rikers-inmates-increasingly-need-mental-health-help-new-jails-wont-fix-that-report-says/)
- [Rising Jail Population and Mental Health Crisis Threaten Rikers Closure Plan](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rising-jail-population-and-mental-health-crisis-threaten-rikers-closure-plan/)
- [Bail reform research shows mixed results outside city and in NYC suburbs](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform-research-shows-mixed-results-outside-city-and-in-nyc-suburbs/)
- [Bail reform: Long-term data shows recidivism rates in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform-long-term-data-shows-recidivism-rates-in-new-york/)
- [John Jay College releases latest bail reform analysis, with 2023 changes factored in](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/john-jay-college-releases-latest-bail-reform-analysis-with-2023-changes-factored-in/)
- [The Weekly Wrap: Bail Reform Is Making NYC Safer, Actually](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-weekly-wrap-bail-reform-is-making-nyc-safer-actually/)
- [Quality Policing Podcast - Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/quality-policing-podcast-bail-reform/)
- [New York Bail Reform Did Not Increase Recidivism, Study Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-bail-reform-did-not-increase-recidivism-study-finds/)
- [The Impact of Bail Reform in US States: How Service Providers Are Adjusting](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-impact-of-bail-reform-in-us-states-how-service-providers-are-adjusting/)
- [No, New York’s Bail Reform Has Not Made Us Safer](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/no-new-yorks-bail-reform-has-not-made-us-safer/)
- [Bail Reform Has Made NYC Safer, Yet Another Study Confirms](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform-has-made-nyc-safer-yet-another-study-confirms/)
- [Urine trouble: NYPD tickets for public peeing flow faster under Mayor Adams](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/urine-trouble-nypd-tickets-for-public-peeing-flow-faster-under-mayor-adams/)
- [Family of woman murdered in Buffalo joins lawmakers calling for bail reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/family-of-woman-murdered-in-buffalo-joins-lawmakers-calling-for-bail-reform/)
- [The Seen and the Unseen in Criminal Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-seen-and-the-unseen-in-criminal-justice/)
- [Under Eric Adams, the NYPD Sharply Increases Tickets for Low-Level Infractions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/under-eric-adams-the-nypd-sharply-increases-tickets-for-low-level-infractions/)
- [New York Bail Reform Reduces Recidivism, Study Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-bail-reform-reduces-recidivism-study-finds/)
- [Rikers officer suspended after death of detainee who was due for upstate prison the next day](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rikers-officer-suspended-after-death-of-detainee-who-was-due-for-upstate-prison-the-next-day/)
- [NYC Judges Have a Tool to Help Them Rule on Pretrial Detention. Why Are They Ignoring It to Make Racially Skewed Decisions?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-judges-have-a-tool-to-help-them-rule-on-pretrial-detention-why-are-they-ignoring-it-to-make-racially-skewed-decisions/)
- [Crime Victims Can Help Point the Way Forward](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/crime-victims-can-help-point-the-way-forward/)
- [Judges in NYC Overrule Pretrial Release Recommendations, Study Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/judges-in-nyc-overrule-pretrial-release-recommendations-study-finds/)
- [What can Data Tell us About New York's Discovery Reform? w/Michael Rempel and Anna Stenkamp](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-can-data-tell-us-about-new-yorks-discovery-reform-w-michael-rempel-and-anna-stenkamp/)
- [Tisch blames bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tisch-blames-bail/)
- [The ‘Process Is the Punishment’: New York City’s Criminal Summons System](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-process-is-the-punishment-new-york-citys-criminal-summons-system/)
- [Over 90 percent of court summons were dismissed without conviction, new report shows](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/over-90-percent-of-court-summons-were-dismissed-without-conviction-new-report-shows/)
- [Most Criminal Summonses In NYC Get Tossed, Study Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/most-criminal-summonses-in-nyc-get-tossed-study-finds/)
- [New York State bail reform blame game continues](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-state-bail-reform-blame-game-continues/)
- [4 things to know about cashless bail after Trump’s executive orders](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/4-things-to-know-about-cashless-bail-after-trumps-executive-orders/)
- [Prison Staffing Woes Leave Thousands Stuck in County Jails](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/prison-staffing-woes-leave-thousands-stuck-in-county-jails/)
- [As Bail Reform rhetoric ramps up (again), a look at the data gathered thus far](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/as-bail-reform-rhetoric-ramps-up-again-a-look-at-the-data-gathered-thus-far/)
- [Trump seeks to end cashless bail. What is it and which states might be affected?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-seeks-to-end-cashless-bail-what-is-it-and-which-states-might-be-affected-2/)
- [Trump seeks to end cashless bail. What is it and which states might be affected?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-seeks-to-end-cashless-bail-what-is-it-and-which-states-might-be-affected/)
- [The damning cost of cashless bail from one California county that tried it: ‘Imminent danger to communities’](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-damning-cost-of-cashless-bail-from-one-california-county-that-tried-it-imminent-danger-to-communities/)
- [What is cashless bail that Trump says he is about to introduce and has everyone talking?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-is-cashless-bail-that-trump-says-he-is-about-to-introduce-and-has-everyone-talking/)
- [Trump to sign executive order to eliminate no-cash bail for DC suspects](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-to-sign-executive-order-to-eliminate-no-cash-bail-for-dc-suspects/)
- [How Trump’s cashless bail executive order could affect New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/how-trumps-cashless-bail-executive-order-could-affect-new-york/)
- [Trump signs orders aimed at requiring criminal suspects to pay cash bonds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-signs-orders-aimed-at-requiring-criminal-suspects-to-pay-cash-bonds/)
- [Trump Targets Bail Reform in Latest Threat to New York’s Federal Funding](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-targets-bail-reform-in-latest-threat-to-new-yorks-federal-funding/)
- [President Trump’s order ends cashless bail; why it may not happen](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/president-trumps-order-ends-cashless-bail-why-it-may-not-happen/)
- [NY City Jails: Data Highlights Racial Inequities and Over-Detention](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ny-city-jails-data-highlights-racial-inequities-and-over-detention/)
- [Why Has New York City Defied the Great American Crime Decline?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/why-has-new-york-city-defied-the-great-american-crime-decline/)
- [Advocates call on courts to cut back on the number of New Yorkers they send to Rikers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/advocates-call-on-courts-to-cut-back-on-the-number-of-new-yorkers-they-send-to-rikers/)
- [Disparities in Crime Enforcement Persist in NYC Despite Progress](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/disparities-in-crime-enforcement-persist-in-nyc-despite-progress/)
- [Spotlight: Talking budgets: Understanding discovery reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/spotlight-talking-budgets-understanding-discovery-reform/)
- [4 charts that explain how discovery reform has affected New York’s criminal cases](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/4-charts-that-explain-how-discovery-reform-has-affected-new-yorks-criminal-cases/)
- [OPINION: Managing public safety in NYC: Two new studies offer guidance](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/managing-public-safety-in-nyc-two-new-studies-offer-guidance/)
- [NYPD used outdated form to jail person who should have been released, records show](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-used-outdated-form-to-jail-person-who-should-have-been-released-records-show/)
- [OP-ED: Now is the time to push forward on criminal justice reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/op-ed-now-is-the-time-to-push-forward-on-criminal-justice-reform/)
- [Man who died in NYPD custody was jailed for low-level offense amid citywide trend, records show](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/man-who-died-in-nypd-custody-was-jailed-for-low-level-offense-amid-citywide-trend-records-show/)
- [State Bail Reform Law Reduced Recidivism in NYC, New Study Says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/state-bail-reform-law-reduced-recidivism-in-nyc-new-study-says/)
- [Lawmakers reject gov's key budget priorities but Hochul to get last say](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/lawmakers-reject-govs-key-budget-priorities-but-hochul-to-get-last-say/)
- [Major arrests in New York City at highest point since Giuliani](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/4855-2/)
- [State’s Top Judge Says Some Minor Offenses Should be Decriminalized](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/states-top-judge-says-some-minor-offenses-should-be-decriminalized/) - State’s Top Judge Says Some Minor Offenses Should be Decriminalized This article on the New York Daily News referenced our work on summonses. "The negotiations went on as John Jay College of Criminal Justice released a report that analyzed summons activity from 2003 to 2013. It found only 21% of the summonses resulted in a
- [NY State's Chief Judge Supports Major "Broken Windows" Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ny-states-chief-judge-supports-major-broken-windows-reform/) - NY State's Chief Judge Supports Major "Broken Windows" Reform Our summons work was cited in the Gothamist. "A John Jay College report [PDF] released at today's event examined criminal summonses issued from 2003 through 2013, and found that while the number of overall summonses issued each day has declined from a high of 1,600 in
- [Summonses for Minor Crimes Keep Falling, Report Says, but Many Still Lead to Arrest Warrants](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/summonses-for-minor-crimes-keep-falling-report-says-but-many-still-lead-to-arrest-warrants/) - Summonses for Minor Crimes Keep Falling, Report Says, but Many Still Lead to Arrest Warrants In 2003, police officers in New York City issued 557,570 summonses for the lowest-level offenses, like drinking in public or riding a bike on the sidewalk. A decade later, in 2013, the annual total fell to 439,029, and it continued
- [Bratton: Council Plan Would Limit Police Effectiveness](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bratton-council-plan-would-limit-police-effectiveness/) - Bratton: Council Plan Would Limit Police Effectiveness This article on Politico referenced Jeremy Travis and our summons report. "As proof of his position, Bratton pointed to two reports being issued next week. Next Thursday, Bratton said, he’ll release what he called a Quality of Life report, and Jeremy Travis, head of John Jay College of
- [City Council Power over Broken Windows Policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/city-council-power-over-broken-windows-policing/) - City Council Power Over Broken Windows Policing Our work was cited in this article on the Gotham Gazette. "In the early 1990s, along with a huge rise in misdemeanor arrests (recently detailed in a John Jay College report) there was a concomitant rise in summonses, which refer to behaviors, typically, that do not rise to
- [What Bratton isn't Telling You about Broken Windows](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-bratton-isnt-telling-you-about-broken-windows/) - What Bratton Isn't Telling You About Broken Windows According to a recent report by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice [PDF], 38.5% of all misdemeanor arrests in New York City are dismissed at arraignment. The DAs decline to prosecute another 7.6% of them. Bratton and Kelling fail to mention that close to half of
- [Bratton Explains Rise in Misdemeanor Arrests](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bratton-explains-rise-in-misdemeanor-arrests/) - Bratton Explains Rise in Misdemeanor Arrests At a summit on criminal justice on Monday, New Yorker writer Jeffrey Toobin asked police commissioner Bill Bratton to respond to a report from John Jay College last month that showed a dramatic increase in misdemeanor arrests over the last 30 years, even as felony crime rates were falling.
- [The Real Scandal at 1 Police Plaza](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-real-scandal-at-1-police-plaza/) - The Real Scandal at 1 Police Plaza The Huffington post mentioned and cited our Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests report. "The real scandal is that the NYPD, under Broken Windows champ Bill Bratton, continues to dole out its racist brand of policing without being accountable to anyone. A recent report by CUNY’s John Jay College outlining
- [NYPD's "Broken Windows" Strategy has Led to Nearly 200% Increase in Misdemeanor Arrests Since 1980](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypds-broken-windows-strategy-has-led-to-nearly-200-increase-in-misdemeanor-arrests-since-1980/) - NYPD's "Broken Windows" Strategy Has Led To Nearly 200% Increase In Misdemeanor Arrests Since 1980 As crime in New York City has plummeted since the early 1980s, the NYPD has arrested an increasing number of black and Hispanic New Yorkers for petty offenses. A new report released by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice
- [Resignation of Highest Ranked Black NYPD Officer Raises Diversity Concerns](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/resignation-of-highest-ranked-black-nypd-officer-raises-diversity-concerns/) - Resignation of Highest Ranked Black NYPD Officer Raises Diversity Concerns John Jay College of Criminal Justice released a study this week which showed that young, minority men have seen the largest increase in misdemeanor arrests over the last three decades.
- [Study: In NYC, Police Disproportionately Focused on Arresting Blacks and Hispanics for Petty Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-in-nyc-police-disproportionately-focused-on-arresting-blacks-and-hispanics-for-petty-offenses/) - Study: In NYC, Police Disproportionately Focused on Arresting Blacks and Hispanics for Petty Offenses Researchers from the city’s John Jay College for Criminal Justice conducted a study looking at the arrests for misdemeanors since 1980, discovering that the percentage of New Yorkers arrested for misdemeanors has tripled over that time. But the brunt of those
- [Minor Crime Arrests Across City have Shot Up in Last Three Decades: Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/minor-crime-arrests-across-city-have-shot-up-in-last-three-decades-report/) - Minor Crime Arrests Across City Have Shot Up in Last Three Decades: Report Arrests for minor crimes across the city have skyrocketed over the last three decades, a report conducted by John Jay College of Criminal Justice shows. "Crime is down to historic lows," John Jay President Jeremy Travis said about the study. "Felony arrests
- [New law reveals NYPD stops more Black NYers using low-level encounters](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-law-reveals-nypd-stops-more-black-nyers-using-low-level-encounters/)
- [Opinion: Despite undeniable obstacles, Rikers Island can still be closed](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/opinion-despite-undeniable-obstacles-rikers-island-can-still-be-closed/)
- [Man charged with fatally stabbing 14-year-old boy in the Bronx, police say](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/man-charged-with-fatally-stabbing-14-year-old-boy-in-the-bronx-police-say/)
- [Love it or hate it, New York’s hotly debated bail reform law just turned 5](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/love-it-or-hate-it-new-yorks-hotly-debated-bail-reform-law-just-turned-5/)
- [Eric Adams Blames Politicians Like Eric Adams for Decriminalizing Low-Level Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/eric-adams-blames-politicians-like-eric-adams-for-decriminalizing-low-level-offenses/)
- [Clean Slate Act, which will seal convictions for formerly incarcerated New Yorkers, now in effect](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/clean-slate-act-which-will-seal-convictions-for-formerly-incarcerated-new-yorkers-now-in-effect/)
- [NY law automatically sealing some criminal records takes effect Saturday: What to know](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ny-law-automatically-sealing-some-criminal-records-takes-effect-saturday-what-to-know/)
- [Opinion: NYC Must Live Up To Its Decarceration Promises](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/opinion-nyc-must-live-up-to-its-decarceration-promises/)
- [Face it progressives: NYC crime is down because police enforcement is up](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/face-it-progressives-nyc-crime-is-down-because-police-enforcement-is-up/)
- [Fifth person dies at Rikers Island](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/fifth-person-dies-at-rikers-island/)
- [Study finds seriousness of crime does not predict likelihood defendant will return to court](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-finds-seriousness-of-crime-does-not-predict-likelihood-defendant-will-return-to-court/)
- [Advocates Renew Call for Poll Sites in NYC Jails](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/advocates-renew-call-for-poll-sites-in-nyc-jails/)
- [John Jay College’s Data Collaborative for Justice Reveals Bail Decision Gaps between Judges and Risk of Failure to Appear](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/john-jay-colleges-data-collaborative-for-justice-reveals-bail-decision-gaps-between-judges-and-risk-of-failure-to-appear/)
- [Locking it Up: Retailers Limit Access to Items and Self-Checkout as Shoplifting Spikes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/locking-it-up-retailers-limit-access-to-items-and-self-checkout-as-shoplifting-spikes/)
- [The Pretrial Fairness Act: Why It Is Needed and How It Will Improve Pretrial Safety and Justice in Illinois](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-pretrial-fairness-act-why-it-is-needed-and-how-it-will-improve-pretrial-safety-and-justice-in-illinois/)
- [Council calls on mayor to reverse Queens jail expansion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/council-calls-on-mayor-to-reverse-queens-jail-expansion/)
- [DESK APPEARANCE DISPARITY: Black New Yorkers likelier to end up in a holding cell for same crime](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/desk-appearance-disparity-black-new-yorkers-likelier-to-end-up-in-a-holding-cell-for-same-crime-2/)
- [New York Study Discovers Criminal Summons Issuances Are Disproportionate by Place, Race and Income – Leading to Distrust of Police](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-study-discovers-criminal-summons-issuances-are-disproportionate-by-place-race-and-income-leading-to-distrust-of-police/)
- [Gov. Kathy Hochul blames judges for misunderstanding bail laws; critics say governor doesn't understand her own law](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/gov-kathy-hochul-blames-judges-for-misunderstanding-bail-laws-critics-say-governor-doesnt-understand-her-own-law/)
- [NYPD officer's death provokes talks of more bail reform rollbacks](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-officers-death-provokes-talks-of-more-bail-reform-rollbacks/)
- [New York City subway system reeling after 3 violent attacks on Monday](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-city-subway-system-reeling-after-3-violent-attacks-on-monday/)
- [Report: Under Eric Adams, the NYPD Is Giving Out Even More Bullshit Criminal Summonses to Black and Brown New Yorkers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-under-eric-adams-the-nypd-is-giving-out-even-more-bullshit-criminal-summonses-to-black-and-brown-new-yorkers/)
- [Letting More People Await Trial Outside Jail: New York City can refine the services it provides defendants to get them back to court and keep neighborhoods safe.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/letting-more-people-await-trial-outside-jail/)
- [A Jail Population of 3,700 or Lower is Achievable: How interlocking reforms can yield many fewer incarcerated New Yorkers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-jail-population-of-3700-or-lower-is-achievable-how-interlocking-reforms-can-yield-many-fewer-incarcerated-new-yorkers/)
- [Summonses skyrocket under Adams administration, report finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/summonses-skyrocket-under-adams-administration-report-finds/)
- [John Jay College’s Data Collaborative for Justice expands on findings for racial disparities in NYPD criminal summons issuance](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/john-jay-colleges-data-collaborative-for-justice-expands-on-findings-for-racial-disparities-in-nypd-criminal-summons-issuance/)
- [Manhattan Tries New Approach to Avoid Court for Low-Level Crimes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/manhattan-tries-new-approach-to-avoid-court-for-low-level-crimes/)
- [With police stops back up in New York City, more people of color are targeted](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/with-police-stops-back-up-in-new-york-city-more-people-of-color-are-targeted/)
- [NYC Policing by the Numbers: Yep, Still Racist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-policing-by-the-numbers-yep-still-racist/)
- [Gov. Kathy Hochul, critics pointing fingers over state bail laws](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/gov-kathy-hochul-critics-pointing-fingers-over-state-bail-laws/)
- [DESK APPEARANCE DISPARITY: Black New Yorkers likelier to end up in a holding cell for same crime](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/desk-appearance-disparity-black-new-yorkers-likelier-to-end-up-in-a-holding-cell-for-same-crime/)
- [Researchers Say Implementation of Appearance Ticket Reform Varies Greatly Across NY](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/researchers-say-implementation-of-appearance-ticket-reform-varies-greatly-across-ny/)
- [Study: Bail reforms mixed bag](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-bail-reforms-mixed-bag/)
- [REPORT: The Impact of Bail Reform on Recidivism in New York City ‘Minimal’](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-the-impact-of-bail-reform-on-recidivism-in-new-york-city-minimal/)
- [Repeated violent arrests, lengthy waits before trial: Is Baton Rouge's bail system working?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/repeated-violent-arrests-lengthy-waits-before-trial-is-baton-rouges-bail-system-working/)
- [Texas bill requiring 10-year prison sentences for gun felonies faces opposition from criminal justice and firearm advocates](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/texas-bill-requiring-10-year-prison-sentences-for-gun-felonies-faces-opposition-from-criminal-justice-and-firearm-advocates/)
- [DR-NY Hopes to Re-Establish Visits to Dominican Prisoners](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/dr-ny-hopes-to-re-establish-visits-to-dominican-prisoners/)
- [Criminal summons are up and overwhelmingly issued to Black and brown New Yorkers, research finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/criminal-summons-are-up-and-overwhelmingly-issued-to-black-and-brown-new-yorkers-research-finds/)
- [NYPD says proactive approach has led to a drop in many major crimes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-says-proactive-approach-has-led-to-a-drop-in-many-major-crimes/)
- [NYPD Quality-of-Life Crackdown Sends Thousands to Criminal Court, Undoing Landmark Reforms](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-quality-of-life-crackdown-sends-thousands-to-criminal-court-undoing-landmark-reforms/)
- [‘From a jail cell to the runway:’ NYFW closes with show starring formerly incarcerated women](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/from-a-jail-cell-to-the-runway-nyfw-closes-with-show-starring-formerly-incarcerated-women/)
- [Claims of violence, dysfunction plague Atlanta jail under state and federal investigation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/claims-of-violence-dysfunction-plague-atlanta-jail-under-state-and-federal-investigation/)
- [Study: Village and Town Judges Outpaced City Courts in No Bail Releases](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-village-and-town-judges-outpaced-city-courts-in-no-bail-releases/)
- [New Research Shows an Alarmingly High Rate of Arrests for Outstanding Bench Warrants](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-research-shows-an-alarmingly-high-rate-of-arrests-for-outstanding-bench-warrants/)
- [Are more than half of felony charges in Manhattan downgraded? Yes, but its common elsewhere, too](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/are-more-than-half-of-felony-charges-in-manhattan-downgraded-yes-but-its-common-elsewhere-too/)
- [What is Happening to De Blasio's NYPD?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-is-happening-to-de-blasios-nypd/) - What is Happening to De Blasio's NYPD? A report from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice recently noted that marijuana arrests made up 15.4% of all the NYPD's misdemeanor arrests in 2013. But the vast majority of those arrests are for simple possession; statewide since 1980, there have been four times as many misdemeanor
- [What's in, what's out as emboldened New York State Legislature counters Hochul's budget proposal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/whats-in-whats-out-as-emboldened-new-york-state-legislature-counters-hochuls-budget-proposal/)
- [Reducing Jail: A New York Story](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/reducing-jail-a-new-york-story/) - Reducing Jail: A New York Story One of the hidden truths of the justice system is that minor cases are much more voluminous than serious offenses. As John Jay College recently documented, nearly 75 percent of the arrests that the police make in New York City are for misdemeanor crimes – more than 235,000 in
- [Proposed Rollback to Bail Reform Debated in NY Capitol](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/proposed-rollback-to-bail-reform-debated-in-ny-capitol/)
- [Hochul looks to tweak NY bail laws, again. Is bail reform working as intended?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hochul-looks-to-tweak-ny-bail-laws-again-is-bail-reform-working-as-intended/)
- [New York Will Toughen Contentious Bail Law to Give Judges More Discretion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-will-toughen-contentious-bail-law-to-give-judges-more-discretion/)
- [Police Stops Significantly Up: Highlights from 2022 NYC Stop, Question, & Frisk Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/police-stops-significantly-up-highlights-from-2022-nyc-stop-question-frisk-data/)
- [Stop-And-Frisk Is Declining, but Advocates Say the NYPD’s Real Problem hasn’t Changed](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/stop-and-frisk-is-declining-but-advocates-say-the-nypds-real-problem-hasnt-changed/) - Stop-And-Frisk Is Declining, But Advocates Say The NYPD’s Real Problem Hasn’t Changed A study released last month by John Jay College showed that the number of misdemeanor arrests in New York City has tripled since the early 1980s. There were over 225,000 total misdemeanor arrests in 2013, the study found, compared to over 110,000 in
- [Chief Judge Declares Support for Summons Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/chief-judge-declares-support-for-summons-reform/) - Chief Judge Declares Support for Summons Reform Our work was referenced in this article on Politico. "Lippman’s speech came on the same day the John Jay College of Criminal Justice released a report about enforcement of quality of life crimes from 2003 to 2013 which found a “need to reexamine the role of government in
- [Killed over a counterfeit bill: Data on misdemeanors can lead to racial justice in policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/killed-over-a-counterfeit-bill-data-on-misdemeanors-can-lead-to-racial-justice-in-policing/)
- [Trump’s claim linking crime rates to bail reform lacks evidence](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trumps-claim-linking-crime-rates-to-bail-reform-lacks-evidence/) - Trump’s claim linking crime rates to bail reform lacks evidence DCJ's policy director Erica Bond spoke with Politifact NY, explaining that there is no data or research to support President Trump's claim that NY bail reform caused crime to go up.
- [Contentious City Council hearing on Rikers focuses on safety, treatment of women](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/contentious-city-council-hearing-on-rikers-focuses-on-safety-treatment-of-women/)
- [Rikers Island: A Jail Population of People Presumed Innocent](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rikers-island-a-jail-population-of-people-presumed-innocent/)
- [Bail Overhaul Set to Take Effect in New Year](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-overhaul-set-to-take-effect-in-new-year/) - Bail Overhaul Set to Take Effect in New Year DCJ’s findings on the New York’s latest bail reforms were cited in an article in Politico on the new laws that took effect January 1, 2020.
- [Ray Kelly Accuses Bratton of Fudging ‘Record Low’ Crime Stats](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ray-kelly-accuses-bratton-of-fudging-record-low-crime-stats/) - Ray Kelly Accuses Bratton of Fudging ‘Record Low’ Crime Stats Our work is referenced in this New York Post article. "The increase in murders comes as a study revealed this month that the NYPD took more than 800,000 fewer “enforcement actions” during de Blasio’s first year in office in 2014 than in Mike Bloomberg’s last
- [Manhattan district attorney to release years of racial data as part of nationwide accountability push](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/manhattan-district-attorney-to-release-years-of-racial-data-as-part-of-nationwide-accountability-push/)
- [Police are the Problem](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/police-are-the-problem/) - Police Are the Problem A new report from John Jay College of Criminal Justice shows that since 1980, arrests for misdemeanors in New York City have increased from 60,000 a year to almost 250,000. Most of these arrests are for “low-level drug enforcement, especially of marijuana, prohibitions against commercial sex work, the many disorderly activities
- [NYC Police Commissioner Defends 'Broken Windows' Policing but Will Compromise](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/3050-2/) - NYC Police Commissioner Defends 'Broken Windows' Policing But Will Compromise Our work was mentioned in this article on Reuters. "The NYPD issued almost 450,000 summonses in 2013, the most recent year studied, according to a report released this week by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. On average for the past decade, only one
- [More Proof NYPD's Beloved "Broken Windows" Policy is a Racist Mess](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/more-proof-nypds-beloved-broken-windows-policy-is-a-racist-mess/) - More Proof NYPD's Beloved "Broken Windows" Policy is a Racist Mess The “Broken Windows” theory of policing has been around for a while now, but as the American political mainstream has begun to pay greater attention to the crisis of mass incarceration and the ways American law enforcement still looks warily at people of color,
- [New Report Proves Broken Windows is a Failed Policy, NYPD Refuses to Accept the Truth Calling Study ‘Deeply Flawed’](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-report-proves-broken-windows-is-a-failed-policy-nypd-refuses-to-accept-the-truth-calling-study-deeply-flawed/) - New Report Proves Broken Windows is a Failed Policy, NYPD Refuses to Accept the Truth Calling Study ‘Deeply Flawed’ Our work is cited in this article by the Atlanta Black Star. "And an October 2014 study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice found that 25 percent of the misdemeanor arrests in the last
- [About 160,000 People in New York to See Their Marijuana Convictions Disappear](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/about-160000-people-in-new-york-to-see-their-marijuana-convictions-disappear/) - About 160,000 People in New York to See Their Marijuana Convictions Disappear DCJ’s findings on the New York’s latest marijuana policy changes were cited in an article in the New York Times.
- [New Yorkers witnessed more homelessness, encampments during Mayor Adams’ first year: 311 data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-yorkers-witnessed-more-homelessness-encampments-during-mayor-adams-first-year-311-data/)
- [African-Americans and Hispanics made up 90% of those incarcerated in New York in 2021](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/african-americans-and-hispanics-made-up-90-of-those-incarcerated-in-new-york-in-2021/)
- [New York City Murders on Track to Fall for Third Year](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-city-murders-on-track-to-fall-for-third-year/) - New York City Murders On Track to Fall for Third Year Our report, Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York, 1980-2017, is referenced in this article on falling crime rates in New York City.
- [George Floyd's death started with an arrest for a misdemeanor. Petty crime needs a rethink.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/george-floyds-death-started-with-an-arrest-for-a-misdemeanor-petty-crime-needs-a-rethink/)
- [The real reason to legalize marijuana in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-real-reason-to-legalize-marijuana-in-new-york/)
- [Misdemeanor Arrests in NYC Rise Sharply in Past 30 Years](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/misdemeanor-arrests-in-nyc-rise-sharply-in-past-30-years/) - Misdemeanor Arrests in NYC Rise Sharply in Past 30 Years The number of misdemeanor arrests in New York City has sharply risen in the past three decades, in contrast to the steady decline seen in more serious felony apprehensions, according to a report released Tuesday by researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The
- [New York Bail Reform Study Notes No Increase in Recidivism Generally – Though Certain ‘High Risk’ Individuals Showed Increase](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-bail-reform-study-notes-no-increase-in-recidivism-generally-though-certain-high-risk-individuals-showed-increase/)
- [The Price of Freedom Part 3: Freedom from Fear of Crime](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-price-of-freedom-part-3-freedom-from-fear-of-crime/)
- [The Price of Freedom Part 2: Why Bail Reform Was Needed](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-price-of-freedom-part-2-why-bail-reform-was-needed/)
- [Dem Lawmaker Wants Repeat Offenders Bail Eligible](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/dem-lawmaker-wants-repeat-offenders-bail-eligible/)
- [NY to automatically seal most criminal convictions. Here’s how the Clean Slate Act works.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ny-to-automatically-seal-most-criminal-convictions-heres-how-the-clean-slate-act-works/)
- [Old criminal records in New York would be automatically sealed under bill passed by lawmakers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/old-criminal-records-in-new-york-would-be-automatically-sealed-under-bill-passed-by-lawmakers/)
- [Old convictions will be automatically expunged from New Yorkers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/old-convictions-will-be-automatically-expunged-from-new-yorkers/)
- [REPORT: 2023 Amendments to New York Bail Reform Provides Judges More Discretion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-2023-amendments-to-new-york-bail-reform-provides-judges-more-discretion/)
- [N.Y. needs criminal justice reform: Mandatory minimum sentences are unjust](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/n-y-needs-criminal-justice-reform-mandatory-minimum-sentences-are-unjust/)
- [Texas Riding Growing Wave Of Bail Reform Rollbacks](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/texas-riding-growing-wave-of-bail-reform-rollbacks/)
- [New York Criminal Conviction Statistics Reveal Racial Inequality](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-criminal-conviction-statistics-reveal-racial-inequality/)
- [Lawmakers cannot agree on how fast criminal records should be sealed in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/lawmakers-cannot-agree-on-how-fast-criminal-records-should-be-sealed-in-new-york/)
- [Debate over sealing criminal records in New York may hinge on time](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/debate-over-sealing-criminal-records-in-new-york-may-hinge-on-time/)
- [Conviction inconsistency data takes center stage as Clean Slate Act aims to seal records](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/conviction-inconsistency-data-takes-center-stage-as-clean-slate-act-aims-to-seal-records/)
- [Report examines scope of criminal convictions in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-examines-scope-of-criminal-convictions-in-new-york/)
- [New York rolls back bail reforms that gave judges more discretion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-rolls-back-bail-reforms-that-gave-judges-more-discretion/)
- [Here’s What the Budget Would Do About Bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/heres-what-the-budget-would-do-about-bail/)
- [A Bail Change That Changes Little](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-bail-change-that-changes-little/)
- [Organizers push for holistic improvements to Louisville jail conditions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/organizers-push-for-holistic-improvements-to-louisville-jail-conditions/)
- [Bail Reform’s Discontents in NY](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reforms-discontents-in-ny/)
- [New York State Budget Talks in Limbo Over Bail Law Proposal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-state-budget-talks-in-limbo-over-bail-law-proposal/)
- [Progressive lawmakers visit Rikers Island & fight Hochul on bid to tighten bail rules](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/progressive-lawmakers-visit-rikers-island-fight-hochul-on-bid-to-tighten-bail-rules/)
- [New York state budget stalled over bail reform changes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-state-budget-stalled-over-bail-reform-changes/)
- [GOP Senator Seeks Bail Reform Middle Ground](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/gop-senator-seeks-bail-reform-middle-ground/)
- [Researcher says removing ‘least restrictive’ standard in NY’s bail law wouldn’t have impact on public safety](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/researcher-says-removing-least-restrictive-standard-in-nys-bail-law-wouldnt-have-impact-on-public-safety/)
- [Hochul Has a New Bail Proposal. It’s a Lot Like Her Old One.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hochul-has-a-new-bail-proposal-its-a-lot-like-her-old-one/)
- [WABC-770am Senator Gianaris Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wabc-770am-senator-gianaris-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [PIX11 with Mayor Adams Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/pix11-with-mayor-adams-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [Now is New York's Time to Pass the Clean Slate Act](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/now-is-new-yorks-time-to-pass-the-clean-slate-act/)
- [Bail and a billionaire at issue in Albany budget talks](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-and-a-billionaire-at-issue-in-albany-budget-talks/)
- [Quality Policing Podcast - René Ropac and NY Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/quality-policing-podcast-rene-ropac-and-ny-bail-reform/)
- [WNLO News Buffalo](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wnlo-news-buffalo/)
- [WUTQ News Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wutq-news-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [WTEN 10 Albany Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wten-10-albany-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [Rolling back bail reform won't solve NY's problems with crime. Here's why | Opinion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/rolling-back-bail-reform-wont-solve-nys-problems-with-crime-heres-why-opinion/)
- [With quality of life and some violent crime up, Hochul continues push on bail revisions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/with-quality-of-life-and-some-violent-crime-up-hochul-continues-push-on-bail-revisions/)
- [WIVB News Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wivb-news-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [Letters to the Editor - New York State’s bail reform is a success](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/letters-to-the-editor-new-york-states-bail-reform-is-a-success/)
- [Capital Tonight with Susan Arbetter](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/capital-tonight-with-susan-arbetter/)
- [FWD.us Statement: Data in DCJ Study Makes Clear that Bail Reform is Working & Keeping New York Safe](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/fwd-us-statement-data-in-dcj-study-makes-clear-that-bail-reform-is-working-keeping-new-york-safe/)
- [Drug court enrollment has plummeted after changes to criminal justice laws](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/drug-court-enrollment-has-plummeted-after-changes-to-criminal-justice-laws/)
- [Governor Hochul Cites Bail Report - Spectrum News 1](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/governor-hochul-cites-bail-report-spectrum-news-1/)
- [Capital Tonight with Susan Arbetter and Speaker Carl Heastie](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/capital-tonight-with-susan-arbetter-and-carl-heastie/)
- [Report Findings Suggest New York’s Reform Law Impacts Recidivism](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-findings-suggest-new-yorks-reform-law-impacts-recidivism/)
- [1010 WINS 92.3FM Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/1010-wins-92-3fm-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [Hochul’s Agenda A Loser In One-House Budgets](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hochuls-agenda-a-loser-in-one-house-budgets/)
- [NYC suspects busted in serious crimes more likely to be re-arrested under bail reform: study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-suspects-busted-in-serious-crimes-more-likely-to-be-re-arrested-under-bail-reform-study/)
- [WUTR Coverage of Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wutr-coverage-of-bail-report/)
- [WGY Coverage on Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wgy-coverage-on-bail-report/)
- [WUTQ Coverage on Bail Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wutq-coverage-on-bail-report/)
- [Study shows those released under NY's bail reform laws are less likely to get rearrested](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-shows-those-released-under-nys-bail-reform-laws-are-less-likely-to-get-rearrested/)
- [Racial gap in city jails has only gotten worse, John Jay study finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/racial-gap-in-city-jails-has-only-gotten-worse-john-jay-study-finds-2/)
- [Blacks and Hispanics account for 90% of New York's incarcerated in one year](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/blacks-and-hispanics-account-for-90-of-new-yorks-incarcerated-in-one-year/)
- [Study Denounces Racial Disparities in New York Prisons](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-denounces-racial-disparities-in-new-york-prisons/)
- [Hochul’s New Bail Reform Plan Would Reverse Decades-Old Protections](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hochuls-new-bail-reform-plan-would-reverse-decades-old-protections/)
- [New York’s Bill to Decriminalize Low-Level Drug Possession](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-yorks-bill-to-decriminalize-low-level-drug-possession/)
- [What would the end of cash bail mean for Illinois? New Jersey offers a preview](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-would-the-end-of-cash-bail-mean-for-illinois-new-jersey-offers-a-preview/)
- [NBC3 News at 6 Coverage on Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nbc3-news-at-6-coverage-on-bail-reform/)
- [CBS5 News at 6 Coverage on Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/cbs5-news-at-6-coverage-on-bail-reform/)
- [City Watch with Melinda Katz and Michael Rempel](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/city-watch-with-melinda-katz-and-michael-rempel/)
- [FINDINGS: Promise of Reduction of NYC Rikers Island Population Unfulfilled, Especially for Black Incarcerated](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/findings-promise-of-reduction-of-nyc-rikers-island-population-unfulfilled-especially-for-black-incarcerated/)
- [Bail Reform Report: Volume of Arraignments in New York Increased by 32,000 in 2021](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform-report-volume-of-arraignments-in-new-york-increased-by-32000-in-2021/)
- [Dem Dysfunction, Tabloid Hellscapes, Crime: How New York Almost Went Red](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/dem-dysfunction-tabloid-hellscapes-crime-how-new-york-almost-went-red/)
- ['Visionary Leader' Needed to Restore Speedy Trials, Ensure Racial Equity, Says Report on Next Chief Judge's Priorities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/visionary-leader-needed-to-restore-speedy-trials-ensure-racial-equity-says-report-on-next-chief-judges-priorities/)
- [Bail Reform in NY: what the data does and doesn't say ahead of election day](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/campaigns-remain-focused-on-bail-reform/)
- [Meet the Woman Leading the Charge Against Bail Reform in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/meet-the-woman-leading-the-charge-against-bail-reform-in-new-york/)
- [Study: Bail reform is working just as it was intended](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/4675-2/)
- [The data on ending cash bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-data-on-ending-cash-bail/)
- ['That's Not True': New Report Is Good News for Defense Bar, Public Defenders](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/thats-not-true-new-report-is-good-news-for-defense-bar-public-defenders/)
- [City Council Progressive Caucus Announces 2023 Legislative Agenda Focused on Solitary Confinement, Affordable Housing, Police Accountability & More](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/city-council-progressive-caucus-announces-2023-legislative-agenda-focused-on-solitary-confinement-affordable-housing-police-accountability-more/)
- [Lee Zeldin’s plan to tackle crime in New York not driven by data and lacks substance: Democrats](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/lee-zeldins-plan-to-tackle-crime-in-new-york-not-driven-by-data-and-lacks-substance-democrats/)
- [Fact-checking claims in the Hochul-Zeldin debate](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/fact-checking-claims-in-the-hochul-zeldin-debate/)
- [Criminal justice reform panel addresses challenges facing Rikers closure](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/criminal-justice-reform-panel-addresses-challenges-facing-rikers-closure/)
- [Symposium on Progress in Shuttering Rikers Island](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/symposium-on-progress-in-shuttering-rikers-island/)
- [Marion County Jail adding beds, staff to the tune of $2 million annually](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/marion-county-jail-adding-beds-staff-to-the-tune-of-2-million-annually/)
- [How Did a Two-Time Killer Get Out to Be Charged Again at Age 83?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/how-did-a-two-time-killer-get-out-to-be-charged-again-at-age-83/)
- [In the Current Debate on New York’s Bail Laws, Data and Justice Lose](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/opinion-in-the-current-debate-on-new-yorks-bail-laws-data-and-justice-lose/)
- [Prosecutors and the ‘Moral Imperative’ for Transparency](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/prosecutors-and-the-moral-imperative-for-transparency/)
- [People deserve clean slates: Criminal records impede post-COVID economic recovery in Black and Brown communities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/people-deserve-clean-slates-criminal-records-impede-post-covid-economic-recovery-in-black-and-brown-communities/)
- [To close Rikers, unstick the justice system](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/to-close-rikers-unstick-the-justice-system/)
- [WCBS 880 Interview](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/wcbs-880-interview/)
- [FOX 5 Interview](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/fox-5-interview/)
- [Debating the impacts of bail reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/debating-the-impacts-of-bail-reform-2/)
- [Opponents of Bail Reform Rely on ‘Fear Tactics,’ Conference Told](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/opponents-of-bail-reform-rely-on-fear-tactics-conference-told/)
- [Nearly 70% of detainees at Rikers women’s jail can be safely released: advocates](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nearly-70-of-detainees-at-rikers-womens-jail-can-be-safely-released-advocates/)
- [Increased Pretrial Release, Less Reliance on Cash Bail: An Eye on New York Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/increased-pretrial-release-less-reliance-on-cash-bail-an-eye-on-new-york-bail-reform/)
- [Hate crimes and antisemitism are rising in NYC. The governor’s plan will make things worse](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hate-crimes-and-antisemitism-are-rising-in-nyc-the-governors-plan-will-make-things-worse/)
- [How New York State Just Rolled Back Criminal Justice Reforms](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/how-new-york-state-just-rolled-back-criminal-justice-reforms/)
- [Break the chain: Repeat offenders to rehabilitation of the incarcerated](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/break-the-chain-repeat-offenders-to-rehabilitation-of-the-incarcerated/)
- [BNC Truth Prime with Charles Blow](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bnc-truth-prime-with-charles-blow/) - See full interview here
- [Study: Louisville jail continues to be overcrowded despite drop in admissions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-louisville-jail-continues-to-be-overcrowded-despite-drop-in-admissions/)
- [Study: Fewer people jailed in Durham, but time spent in jail is up](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-fewer-people-jailed-in-durham-but-time-spent-in-jail-is-up/)
- [Fewer people sent to Durham County jail, but they’re staying longer, NCCU report finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/fewer-people-sent-to-durham-county-jail-but-theyre-staying-longer-nccu-report-finds/)
- [St. Louis County jail sees fewer inmates but longer stays, study finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/st-louis-county-jail-sees-fewer-inmates-but-longer-stays-study-finds/)
- [New report from UMSL criminologists shows lengths of stay at St. Louis County jail increasing even as admissions decline](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-report-from-umsl-criminologists-shows-lengths-of-stay-at-st-louis-county-jail-increasing-even-as-admissions-decline/)
- [Perpetual punishment? Study looks at how past criminal convictions affect housing, work chances](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/perpetual-punishment-study-looks-at-how-past-criminal-convictions-affect-housing-work-chances/)
- [Boston police interactions known as FIOs decreased by 30 percent, but racial disparities persist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/boston-police-interactions-known-as-fios-decreased-by-30-percent-but-racial-disparities-persist/)
- [We Need Criminal Justice Data That Doesn’t Exist. Here’s How the Biden Administration Can Fix It.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/4336-2/)
- [Illinois Becomes First State to Eliminate Cash Bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/illinois-becomes-first-state-to-eliminate-cash-bail/)
- [NYC Jail Admissions Drop 46.9% over Two Decades](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-jail-admissions-drop-46-9-over-two-decades/) - NYC Jail Admissions Drop 46.9% Over Two Decades During a period when jail admissions have doubled nationwide, New York City jail admissions dropped by nearly half, the Misdemeanor Justice Project at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported today. This dramatic decline in jail admissions occurred during a simultaneous decrease in reported crime of more
- [In New York City, Racial Disparities in Cannabis Law Enforcement Persist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/men-of-color-were-most-often-issued-criminal-summonses-for-cannabis-possession-in-2019-according-to-a-new-report-from-data-collaborative-for-justice/)
- [Racial Disparities Found in Police Enforcement of Warrants](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/racial-disparities-found-in-police-enforcement-of-warrants/)
- [A criminal defense for poverty, behavioral health? Seattle officials to weigh controversial proposal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-criminal-defense-for-poverty-behavioral-health-seattle-officials-to-weigh-controversial-proposal/)
- [Study: Misdemeanor arrests decline while racial disparities persist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-misdemeanor-arrests-decline-while-racial-disparities-persist/)
- [National Report Shows Declines in Misdemeanor Enforcement, but Racial Disparities Persist](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/national-report-shows-declines-in-misdemeanor-enforcement-but-racial-disparities-persist/)
- [Bratton: ‘Shame On’ Former Comm. Kelly For Accusations Of Fudging Crime Statistics](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bratton-shame-on-former-comm-kelly-for-accusations-of-fudging-crime-statistics/)
- [Report: City’s Criminal Justice Reform Act has been a success](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-citys-criminal-justice-reform-act-has-been-a-success/)
- [After months of negotiations, Council to consider low-level offense reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/after-months-of-negotiations-council-to-consider-low-level-offense-reform/)
- [Court Observers Learn Stories Behind New York's Jaywalkers and Subway Scufflers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/court-observers-learn-stories-behind-new-yorks-jaywalkers-and-subway-scufflers/)
- [Bail Reform: Law Enforcement Officials Voice Concerns over New York’s Criminal Justice Changes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform-law-enforcement-officials-voice-concerns-over-new-yorks-criminal-justice-changes/) - Bail Reform: Law Enforcement Officials Voice Concerns Over New York’s Criminal Justice Changes In a larger feature on upcoming criminal justice reforms in New York City, DCJ Director Preeti Chauhan’s interview with CBSN New York from earlier this month is highlighted. Her interview cites findings from DCJ’s research brief, Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020 Bail
- [NY Bail Reform Called ‘Most Dramatic’ in Nation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ny-bail-reform-called-most-dramatic-in-nation/) - NY Bail Reform Called ‘Most Dramatic’ in Nation. DCJ's policy director Erica Bond contributed to a webinar, Bail Reform in New York: What Happens Next?, consisting of experts discussing the importance of data collection, interpretation and dissemination when evaluating reform policies. Specifically, the panel discussed the recent Bail Elimination Act which became law in January 2020.
- [Misdemeanor Arrests In New York City Are Down. Those Arrested Are Still Disproportionately People Of Color.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/misdemeanor-arrests-in-new-york-city-are-down-those-arrested-are-still-disproportionately-people-of-color/) - DCJ's policy director Erica Bond discusses the findings from our most recent report, which demonstrates that a disproportionate number of misdemeanor arrests are still people of color.
- [Black people are arrested for misdemeanors at disproportionately higher rates, study shows](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/black-people-are-arrested-for-misdemeanors-at-disproportionately-higher-rates-study-shows/) - The Washington Post covers our recent report on trends in misdemeanor arrests across seven U.S. jurisdictions.
- [‘Overpolicing’ Still Common in NYC Black Neighborhoods, Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/overpolicing-still-common-in-nyc-black-neighborhoods-report-finds/) - ‘Overpolicing’ Still Common in NYC Black Neighborhoods, Report Finds DCJ released recent research tracking enforcement trends in NYC. The Crime Report cites the key findings in our report, emphasizing the disproportionate impact enforcement has on communities of color. Despite decreases in enforcement over the last two decades, significant racial disparities persist.
- [Misdemeanor Arrests Disproportionately Affect Young Black Males: Study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/misdemeanor-arrests-disproportionately-affect-young-black-males-study/)
- [Black New Yorkers Are Twice as Likely to Be Stopped by the Police, Data Shows](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/black-new-yorkers-are-twice-as-likely-to-be-stopped-by-the-police-data-shows/) - Black New Yorkers Are Twice as Likely to Be Stopped by the Police, Data Shows Our research on enforcement trends in NYC was covered in an article by the New York Times, highlighting the persistent racial disparities reflected in the enforcement data in NYC for the past two decades. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/23/nyregion/nypd-arrests-race.html?auth=login-google&referringSource=articleShare
- [Desk appearance tickets improve public safety in Yonkers during pandemic](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/desk-appearance-tickets-improve-public-safety-in-yonkers-during-pandemic/) - Desk appearance tickets improve public safety in Yonkers during pandemic | Opinion "In my experience, most people who receive DATs do show up to court. The data backs this up. A recent research brief from the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) at John Jay College shows that in 2018, before New York State’s criminal justice reforms went into effect,
- [Report Spanning Over A Decade Highlights Racial Disparity In NYC Policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-spanning-over-a-decade-highlights-racial-disparity-in-nyc-policing/) - Report Spanning Over A Decade Highlights Racial Disparity In NYC Policing CBSN New York cite DCJ's report during their televised news coverage. Our report reflects enforcement trends from 2003-2018, highlighting that, although overall enforcement has declined, Black New Yorkers are still being arrested at a higher rate than White New Yorkers.
- [Trump Says Crime Is Rampant in N.Y.C. Here Are the Facts.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/trump-says-crime-is-rampant-in-n-y-c-here-are-the-facts/) - Trump Says Crime Is Rampant in N.Y.C. Here Are the Facts. DCJ's findings on the 2020 New York bail reforms were cited in an article in the New York Times, utilizing data in an attempt to set the record straight about crime rates in NYC. Read full DCJ report here: Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020
- [Data Collaborative for Justice Releases New Research on Desk Appearance Tickets in NY State in 2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/data-collaborative-for-justice-releases-new-research-on-desk-appearance-tickets-in-ny-state-in-2018/)
- [Study: Police are Less Active on Misdemeanors](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-police-are-less-active-on-misdemeanors/) - Study: Police Are Less Active on Misdemeanors Data from our recent report, Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York City, 1993-2016, is highlighted in this article from The Chief about the significant shift in misdemeanor arrests between 1993 and 2016.
- [Criminal Justice Policy Review to Release an Online Special Issue Dedicated to the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) of John Jay College of Criminal Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/criminal-justice-policy-review-to-release-online-special-issue-dedicated-to-the-misdemeanor-justice-project-mjp-of-john-jay-college-of-criminal-justice/) - Criminal Justice Policy Review to Release an Online Special Issue Dedicated to the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) of John Jay College of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Policy Review will release an online special issue on May 11 dedicated to the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) of John Jay College of Criminal Justice. A printed version of
- [Louisville's Jail Policy Committee Supports Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/louisvilles-jail-policy-committee-supports-bail-reform/) - Louisville's Jail Policy Committee Supports Bail Reform Louisville’s Jail Policy Committee met to review preliminary data collected by the Louisville Research Network site.
- [Report Shows Historical Impact of Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-shows-historical-impact-of-misdemeanor-marijuana-arrests/) - Report Shows Historical Impact of Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests The Albany Times Union uses data from our latest report on misdemeanor marijuana enforcement to discuss past trends and the potential for future legislation.
- [WHEC Rochester Reports on our Trends in Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/whec-rochester-reports-on-our-trends-in-misdemeanor-marijuana-arrests-report/) - WHEC Rochester Reports on our Trends in Misdemeanor Marijuana Arrests Report
- [City Expands Award-Winning, Nationally Recognized Supervised Released Program in Response to State Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/city-expands-award-winning-nationally-recognized-supervised-released-program-in-response-to-state-bail-reform/) - City Expands Award-Winning, Nationally Recognized Supervised Released Program in Response to State Bail Reform In anticipation of new State bail reform measures, New York City will launch an expansion of its existing Supervised Release program to provide judges with an alternative to money bail in cases where additional support is required to ensure an individual
- [Cash Bail will Mostly End in NY in 2020. Here's what that Could Look Like.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/cash-bail-will-mostly-end-in-ny-in-2020-heres-what-that-could-look-like-2/) - Cash Bail Will Mostly End in NY in 2020. Here's What That Could Look Like. Our report was mentioned in this article and news clip from New York 1. "Earlier this year, the state legislature eliminated cash bail for most misdemeanor and non-violent felony offenses. Cash bail and detention will still be allowed in some
- [Study Finds Bail Reforms would have Released 20,000 People from Jail in 2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-finds-bail-reforms-would-have-released-20000-people-from-jail-in-2018-2/) - Study Finds Bail Reforms Would Have Released 20,000 People From Jail in 2018 Nearly 20,000 more people would have been released from jail without bail before trial in 2018 if New York’s statewide bail reforms had been in place then, according to a study published Monday by John Jay College’s Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Inside City Hall Feature with DCJ Director Preeti Chauhan](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/inside-city-hall-feature-with-dcj-director-preeti-chauhan/) - Inside City Hall Feature with DCJ Director Preeti Chauhan Following the release of our latest brief, Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020 Bail Reforms in New York City, DCJ's Director Preeti Chauhan sat down with Errol Louis on Inside CIty Hall to discuss our findings.
- [The Misdemeanor Justice Project: Using Data to Guide Criminal Justice Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-misdemeanor-justice-project-using-data-to-guide-criminal-justice-reform/) - The Misdemeanor Justice Project: Using Data to Guide Criminal Justice Reform The latest issue of Translational Criminology features the MJP article The Misdemeanor Justice Project: Using Data to Guide Criminal Justice Reform. Translational Criminology is published by the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy out of George Mason University. MJP Advisory Board member, Cynthia Lum, is
- [A Surprising Portrait of the Misdemeanor Criminal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-surprising-portrait-of-the-misdemeanor-criminal/) - A Surprising Portrait of the Misdemeanor Criminal The John Jay College of Criminal Justice released a report at the end of October documenting the rise of misdemeanor arrests in New York City since the 1980s. The timing of the report was fortuitous. The city’s policy makers, academics and advocacy groups are in the midst of
- [Minor Crimes, Major Challenges](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/minor-crimes-major-challenges/) - Minor Crimes, Major Challenges Responding to minor crimes is arguably one of the most critical activities of any police department. The resource demands are certainly substantial. These enforcement actions also provide opportunities to reduce crime and enhance public trust. In addition, they pose considerable safety risks to the responding officers. Given that low-level arrests also
- [Impact of Bail Reform Must Focus on the Facts and Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/impact-of-bail-reform-must-focus-on-the-facts-and-data/)
- [NYPD’s ‘Aggressive Policing’](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypds-aggressive-policing/) - NYPD’s ‘Aggressive Policing’ John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York produced a massive study of misdemeanor arrests in New York City (and four other cities in New York state) from 1980 to 2013. The Drug Policy Alliance, which urges reforms in drug-related policies and usage, issued a report on
- [Misdemeanor Arrests for Young Black Men in NYC Soared until 2010, Then Fell: Study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/misdemeanor-arrests-for-young-black-men-in-nyc-soared-until-2010-then-fell-study/) - Misdemeanor Arrests for Young Black Men in NYC Soared Until 2010, Then Fell: Study Young black men have been arrested for misdemeanor offenses at a far greater rate in New York City over the past three decades even as more-serious felony arrests have dropped to record lows, according to a study of police and state
- [Crime Dips in New York as Misdemeanor Arrests Rise, Report Says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/crime-dips-in-new-york-as-misdemeanor-arrests-rise-report-says/) - Crime Dips in New York as Misdemeanor Arrests Rise, Report Says Two decades ago, New Yorkers were more likely to be arrested in the middle of Manhattan for a misdemeanor than in any other neighborhood. Then, as crime fell, minor arrests in the heart of the city went down too. But almost everywhere else, they
- [Capital Playbook: Cuomo Rigs Storm Report](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/capital-playbook-cuomo-rigs-storm-report/) - Capital Playbook: Cuomo Rigs Storm Report NYPD’S MISDEMEANOR RECORD -- Alex Vitale for Gotham Gazette: “This week's report on the frequency and distribution of misdemeanor arrests from 1980 to today from John Jay College of Criminal Justice provides clear evidence of what many have known for years. The NYPD is engaged in a wide-ranging social
- [Report Shows Extent of Racialized Criminalization over Last 30 Years](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-shows-extent-of-racialized-criminalization-over-last-30-years/) - Report Shows Extent of Racialized Criminalization Over Last 30 Years This week's report on the frequency and distribution of misdemeanor arrests from 1980 to today from John Jay College of Criminal Justice provides clear evidence of what many have known for years. The NYPD is engaged in a wide-ranging social experiment in the mass criminalization
- [Top Officials at New York City’s Rikers Island Prison Resign Amid Brutality Scandal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/top-officials-at-new-york-citys-rikers-island-prison-resign-amid-brutality-scandal/) - Top Officials at New York City’s Rikers Island Prison Resign Amid Brutality Scandal The revelations of the brutality of New York’s prison system have come during the posting of cell-phone videos and a series of reports that have exposed the New York Police Department’s daily violence and widespread harassment especially of minority working class youth.
- [Will Pot Pack New York’s Courts?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/will-pot-pack-new-yorks-courts/) - Will Pot Pack New York’s Courts? The high number of petty offense tickets naturally invites scrutiny. Are they being issued in a fair manner? A recent report by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice found that between 1980 and 2013, young minority men accounted for the greatest increases in misdemeanor arrests in New York
- [Incarceration’s Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/incarcerations-front-door-the-misuse-of-jails-in-america/) - Incarceration’s Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America Our Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests report analyses were referenced and cited on page 23 of this report by the Vera Institute of Justice.
- [Black Lives Matter: Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/black-lives-matter-eliminating-racial-inequity-in-the-criminal-justice-system/) - Black Lives Matter: Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System Our work was cited in The Sentencing Project's report "Black Lives Matter: Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System". "Policing in New York City took a dramatic turn in the 1990s under mayor Rudy Giuliani, with the launch of order-maintenance strategies known as
- [Bratton Pushes Back Against Council Speaker's Proposal to Decriminalize Some Minor Violations](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bratton-pushes-back-against-council-speakers-proposal-to-decriminalize-some-minor-violations/) - Bratton Pushes Back Against Council Speaker's Proposal to Decriminalize Some Minor Violations Our work was referenced in this article and news clip by New York 1. "Two reports will be issued next week on the NYPD's summons activity, one by John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the other by the NYPD. Bratton says his
- [New Study Indicates New York Might be Better Off Cooling it with Petty Ticketing of Citizens](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-study-indicates-new-york-might-be-better-off-cooling-it-with-petty-ticketing-of-citizens/) - New Study Indicates New York Might be Better Off Cooling it With Petty Ticketing of Citizens Our report and research on summonses was covered in this opinion piece by Brian Doherty.
- [Officials Debate Decriminalizing Minor Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/officials-debate-decriminalizing-minor-offenses/) - Officials Debate Decriminalizing Minor Offenses A New York City Council plan to decriminalize certain low-level violations—such as public urination or drinking alcohol in public from an open container—has sparked intense debate among state and city officials about how these so-called quality-of-life offenses should be treated by police and the courts.
- [Low-Level Offenses Clog Courts, Lippman Says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/low-level-offenses-clog-courts-lippman-says/) - Low-Level Offenses Clog Courts, Lippman Says Chief Judge Jonathan Lippman called on state and New York City leaders Monday to consider decriminalizing some lower-level offenses, for which approximately 360,000 summonses were issued in the city last year, saying they could be better dealt with administratively rather than through the courts.
- [NYC Cops Issue 1,000+ “Quality of Life” Summonses Per Day](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-cops-issue-1000-quality-of-life-summonses-per-day/) - NYC Cops Issue 1,000+ “Quality of Life” Summonses Per Day New York City police officers issued between 1,200 and 1,600 summonses per day between 2003 and 2013, for “quality of life” violations of various municipal codes, according to a new study from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. The college's president, Jeremy Travis, presented
- [Bratton Explores Giving Warnings in Lieu of Arrests for Minor Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bratton-explores-giving-warnings-in-lieu-of-arrests-for-minor-offenses/) - Bratton Explores Giving Warnings in Lieu of Arrests for Minor Offenses Our report was referenced in this New York Times article. "The release of the Police Department report comes days after an independent study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice found that a large percentage of such summonses resulted in arrest warrants after
- [Bratton: Broken Windows is Broken, but Trust Me to Fix It](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/3053-2/) - Bratton: Broken Windows Is Broken, But Trust Me To Fix It Our report was referenced and cited in this article on the Gothamist "Here is where things get a little Twilight Zone. During the presentation, Taffe touted the fact that only 29 percent of misdemeanor arrests resulted in the subject being found guilty in 2013.
- [NYPD Commissioner William Bratton Defends ‘Broken Windows’ Policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-commissioner-william-bratton-defends-broken-windows-policing/) - NYPD Commissioner William Bratton Defends ‘Broken Windows’ Policing Police Commissioner William Bratton said Thursday he was “doubling down” on his defense of the New York Police Department’s quality-of-life policing, but he also opened the door to softening consequences for first-time offenders.
- [Council Seeks Deal with NYPD by Year's End to Expand Use of Summonses for Minor Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/council-seeks-deal-with-nypd-by-years-end-to-expand-use-of-summonses-for-minor-offenses/) - Council Seeks Deal with NYPD by Year's End to Expand Use of Summonses for Minor Offenses Our work is cited in this article by silive.com. "Staten Island consistently has the lowest number of summonses issued of all five boroughs, from a high of 17,251 in 2004 to a low of 13,628 in 2007, according to
- [A Millennial’s Guide to ‘Broken Windows’](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-millennials-guide-to-broken-windows/) - A Millennial’s Guide to ‘Broken Windows’ Our work was referenced in this article in Yale's Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS) news section. "Since the 1990s, Bratton has applied that academic scholarship to real-world policing. In two separate stints as New York City’s police commissioner, he has crusaded against low- level criminal acts, tripling
- [Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Jails: Recommendations for Local Practice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/reducing-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-jails-recommendations-for-local-practice/) - Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Jails: Recommendations for Local Practice A report by the Brennan Center for Justice featured our research on page 10 of their report. "Another study of misdemeanor arrest rates in New York City indicated that African Americans were more than five times more likely to be arrested as whites, and
- [Darker Than Blue: Policing while Black in N.Y.C.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/darker-than-blue-policing-while-black-in-n-y-c/) - Darker Than Blue: Policing While Black in N.Y.C. The New Yorker featured our work in an article. "The N.Y.P.D. has drastically curtailed stop-and-frisk in recent years. Among criminologists, there is little consensus on why crime rates have decreased in New York City. Whether or not broken-windows policing prevents crime without inflicting unnecessary and unjust harm
- [NYPD Accused of Destroying Evidence Showing Cops Issued Bogus Summonses to Meet Quota](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-accused-of-destroying-evidence-showing-cops-issued-bogus-summonses-to-meet-quota/) - NYPD Accused of Destroying Evidence Showing Cops Issued Bogus Summonses to Meet Quota The New York Daily News cited our work in their article. "An April study by John Jay College-College of Criminal Justice found that 18% of summonses between 2003 and 2013 were dismissed due to legal insufficiency."
- [NYPD and NYC Attorneys Accused of Destroying Proof that Cops are Writing Bogus Tickets to Hit Quotas](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nypd-and-nyc-attorneys-accused-of-destroying-proof-that-cops-are-writing-bogus-tickets-to-hit-quotas/) - NYPD and NYC Attorneys Accused of Destroying Proof That Cops Are Writing Bogus Tickets to Hit Quotas This article cited our work surrounding summonses. "A study conducted by the John Jay College-College of Criminal Justice found that 18 percent of summonses between 2003 and 2013 were dismissed due to legal insufficiency. According to the court
- [Ray Kelly & NYPD Brass Allegedly Destroyed Evidence of Quotas](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ray-kelly-nypd-brass-allegedly-destroyed-evidence-of-quotas/) - Ray Kelly & NYPD Brass Allegedly Destroyed Evidence Of Quotas Our research was cited in this article in the Gothamist. "A recent report [PDF] from John Jay College showed that 65% of all summonses issued by the NYPD from 2003 through 2013 were either dismissed (41%) or found to be defective or legally insufficient (24%).
- [Broken-Windows Policing is a High-Arrest Program](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/broken-windows-policing-is-a-high-arrest-program/) - Broken-Windows Policing Is a High-Arrest Program In New York City and around the country, misdemeanor arrests have historically skewed toward African-American and Hispanic persons. This is well documented, for New York City, in a recent report from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, “Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York City,” which included this
- [Decline in Stop-and-Frisk Tactic Drives Drop in Police Actions in New York, Study Says](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/decline-in-stop-and-frisk-tactic-drives-drop-in-police-actions-in-new-york-study-says/) - Decline in Stop-and-Frisk Tactic Drives Drop in Police Actions in New York, Study Says The overall number of arrests, stops, moving violations and criminal summonses issued in New York City has fallen substantially over the past four years, according to a study released on Friday. The decrease in those law enforcement actions, to 1.82 million
- [In New York City, Police Stops and Crime are Both Down](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/in-new-york-city-police-stops-and-crime-are-both-down/) - In New York City, Police Stops and Crime Are Both Down New York City may not have to choose between less aggressive policing and continuing reductions in the crime rate, according to two reports issued this week. New analyses of crime and enforcement by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the New York
- [Crime Remains Steady as Arrests, Summonses and Stop-and-Frisks Drop in the City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/crime-remains-steady-as-arrests-summonses-and-stop-and-frisks-drop-in-the-city/) - Crime Remains Steady as Arrests, Summonses and Stop-and-Frisks Drop in the City John Jay College of Criminal Justice studied enforcement activities by the cops. And found a 31% decline in four years — from an average of 7,200 enforcements a day in 2011, to just 5,000 a day last year. "While these numbers have been
- [Police ‘Enforcement Actions’ Drop During de Blasio’s First Year](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/police-enforcement-actions-drop-during-de-blasios-first-year/) - Police ‘Enforcement Actions’ Drop During de Blasio’s First Year The NYPD took more than 800,000 fewer “enforcement actions” during Mayor de Blasio’s first year in 2014 than in 2011 — cutting stop-and-frisks, summonses for quality-of-life violations and misdemeanor arrests, a new study revealed Friday. The John Jay College of Criminal Justice analysis showed that stops
- [The Case Against Stop-and-Frisk, Chapter DXXIII](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/the-case-against-stop-and-frisk-chapter-dxxiii/) - The Case Against Stop-and-Frisk, Chapter DXXIII Two new studies—one from academia, the other from an advocacy group—further undermine the arguments for the stop-and-frisk police tactics championed by former New York mayor Michael Bloomberg. The Wall Street Journal reports: New analyses of crime and enforcement by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the New
- ['Extreme' Racial Disparity in Local N.J. Arrests, ACLU Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/2898-2/) - 'Extreme' Racial Disparity in Local N.J. Arrests, ACLU Report Finds Our work was cited in this article on NJ.com. "Another recent study by the Misdemeanor Justice Project at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice found that as stop-and-frisk practices have fallen out of favor in New York City, law enforcement actions for those types of minor offenses
- [John Jay Study: Decline in Stops Pays Dividend](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/john-jay-study-decline-in-stops-pays-dividend/) - John Jay Study: Decline in Stops Pays Dividend The “peace dividend” promised by Police Commissioner William J. Bratton is real, according to a study released by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Mr. Bratton’s dividend means that reductions in crime will result in fewer interactions between police officers and city residents. In March, he
- [Anxiety Aside, New York Sees Drop in Crime](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/anxiety-aside-new-york-sees-drop-in-crime/) - Anxiety Aside, New York Sees Drop in Crime The New York Times references and cites our work. "The steep decrease in enforcement numbers this year continued a trend that started under the administration of Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. Police stops peaked at nearly 700,000 in 2011 and arrests at roughly 423,000 in 2010, police statistics show.
- [Monday Morning Thoughts II: Data Keeps Pointing Away from Crime Wave](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/monday-morning-thoughts-ii-data-keeps-pointing-away-from-crime-wave/) - Monday Morning Thoughts II: Data Keeps Pointing Away From Crime Wave This article cites the Times' article referencing our work. "The Times cites a report by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice that provides analysis behind the rise and fall of police “enforcement actions” over the past decade. That report found that, between 2011 and 2014, “the total
- [New York City Policing, by the Numbers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/2816-2/) - New York City Policing, by the Numbers The Misdemeanor Justice Project was highlighted in this opinion piece by The New York Times. They stated "An illuminating new report released by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice provides the most comprehensive analysis yet of the numbers behind the rise and fall of police “enforcement actions”
- [Who to Call on the Police Instead of the Police](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/who-to-call-on-the-police-instead-of-the-police/) - Who to Call on the Police Instead of the Police As we arrive at the cusp of a new year and say goodbye to the old, Black Americans remain in a quandary when it comes to the issue of police and community relations. While we are heartened to learn that a new report released by
- [Ray Kelly says City ‘Doesn’t Feel Safer’ Without Stop-and-Frisk](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/ray-kelly-says-city-doesnt-feel-safer-without-stop-and-frisk/) - Ray Kelly says City ‘Doesn’t Feel Safer’ Without Stop-and-Frisk Our report is cited in this article in the New York Post. "Stop-and-frisks fell 93 percent, from 685,724 in 2011 to 45,787 in 2014, de Blasio’s first year in office, according to a recent John Jay College of Criminal Justice study."
- [Far From Home](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/far-from-home/) - Far From Home Nearly half (48.5 percent) of people arrested for misdemeanors in New York City in 2014 were arrested outside of their home precincts—a finding that raises questions about the efficacy of the neighborhood policing strategy for both police and prosecutors, according to a report released today by the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) at
- [Younger Inmates Top Decline in Population at Rikers Since ’95](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/younger-inmates-top-decline-in-population-at-rikers-since-95/) - Younger Inmates Top Decline in Population At Rikers Since ’95 The number of admissions of new inmates to Rikers Island dropped nearly 50 percent between 1995 and 2015, with the sharpest rate of decline coming among 16-to-21-year-olds, according to a new study by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “This dramatic decline in jail
- [A Needed Reprieve for Young N.Y. Men: Police Enforcement Actions are Way, Way Down](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/a-needed-reprieve-for-young-n-y-men-police-enforcement-actions-are-way-way-down/) - A Needed Reprieve for Young N.Y. Men: Police Enforcement Actions are Way, Way Down As New Yorkers celebrate the city's historic low crime rates, they should also take pride in two other trends in the criminal justice system. After years of steep increases, NYPD enforcement actions — arrests, summonses and stops — dropped again, to
- [In Pursuit of Misdemeanor Justice: UCLA Luskin Researchers Selected for Nationwide Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice will Focus on Los Angeles](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/in-pursuit-of-misdemeanor-justice-ucla-luskin-researchers-selected-for-nationwide-research-network-on-misdemeanor-justice-will-focus-on-los-angeles/) - In Pursuit of Misdemeanor Justice: UCLA Luskin Researchers Selected for Nationwide Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice will Focus on Los Angeles UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs researchers have been selected to join the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice based at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York.
- [UMSL Criminologists Joining the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/umsl-criminologists-joining-the-research-network-on-misdemeanor-justice/) - UMSL Criminologists Joining the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice Faculty in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Missouri–St. Louis are aiming to take a data-based approach to studying solutions by teaming with researchers, data partners and stakeholders in New York; Los Angeles; Seattle; Durham, North Carolina; Toledo, Ohio; and Prince
- [HBCU Participating in Major Research Project on Police Response to Minor Criminal Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/hbcu-participating-in-major-research-project-on-police-response-to-minor-criminal-offenses/) - HBCU Participating in Major Research Project on Police Response to Minor Criminal Offenses The Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice administered by the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York is undertaking a three-year study, funded by the Laura John Arnold Foundation to examine police enforcement of low-level criminal offenses. Six universities have been
- [Knowledge for Justice: The Rising Tide of Grants for Criminal Justice Research](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/knowledge-for-justice-the-rising-tide-of-grants-for-criminal-justice-research/) - Knowledge for Justice: The Rising Tide of Grants for Criminal Justice Research Philanthropy largely ignored criminal justice for decades—even as harsh sentencing practices were enacted nation-wide and mass incarceration gained steam. Then, a few years ago, more funders started to pay attention—including some major philanthropists like Laura and John Arnold, Bill Ackman, and others. New
- [Average Bail for Pretrial Detainees in NYC Doubled to $16,800, Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/average-bail-for-pretrial-detainees-in-nyc-doubled-to-16800-report-finds/) - Average Bail for Pretrial Detainees in NYC Doubled to $16,800, Report Finds The average cash bail set for pretrial admissions in New York City has doubled from $7,800 to $16,800 in the past 15 years, and the pretrial length of stay has increased significantly from 2000 to 2015—even as the admissions for pretrial detention decreased
- [Report Examines Pretrial Detention in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-examines-pretrial-detention-in-new-york-city/) - Report Examines Pretrial Detention in New York City As counties and cities around the country look for ways to reduce the levels of pretrial detention, a new report from the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) at John Jay College of Criminal Justice examines trends in custody status including bail amount set, length of stay, and discharge
- [For Non-White New Yorkers, Marijuana Arrests More Often Lead to Conviction](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/for-non-white-new-yorkers-marijuana-arrests-more-often-lead-to-conviction/) - For Non-White New Yorkers, Marijuana Arrests More Often Lead to Conviction People of color in New York City are more likely than white people to face conviction when arrested for marijuana possession following similar arrests, according to data obtained by POLITICO New York from the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. The Bronx
- [New York City to End Cash Bail for Non-Felony Cases in Win for Reform Advocates](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-city-to-end-cash-bail-for-non-felony-cases-in-win-for-reform-advocates/) - New York City to End Cash Bail for Non-Felony Cases in Win for Reform Advocates Data from two of our reports are used in this piece from the Guardian to highlight trends in misdemeanor arrests and average lengths of stay for misdemeanors in New York City. Our data is used in reference to the Manhattan
- [UrbaNerd: Dramatic Shifts in NYPD Street Arrests in the De Blasio Era](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/urbanerd-dramatic-shifts-in-nypd-street-arrests-in-the-de-blasio-era/) - UrbaNerd: Dramatic Shifts in NYPD Street Arrests in the De Blasio Era Data from our newest report, Trends in Arrests for Misdemeanor Charges in New York City, 1993-2016, is included in this article from City Limits.
- [With the Backing of Top Funders, This Group is Taking the Criminal Justice System to Court](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/with-the-backing-of-top-funders-this-group-is-taking-the-criminal-justice-system-to-court/) - With the Backing of Top Funders, This Group is Taking the Criminal Justice System to Court Inside Philanthropy article highlights the Misdemeanor Justice Project among the work of other Laura and John Arnold Foundation grantees.
- [Disrupting Bail: An Innovative Criminal Justice Reform Idea Gains Momentum- And Funders](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/disrupting-bail-an-innovative-criminal-justice-reform-idea-gains-momentum-and-funders/) - Disrupting Bail: An Innovative Criminal Justice Reform Idea Gains Momentum- And Funders Misdemeanor Justice Project is mentioned in this article as one of the organizations tackling the lack of data in the Criminal Justice field.
- [Guaranteeing Representation at First Court Appearance May be Better for Defendants, and Cheaper for Local Governments](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/guaranteeing-representation-at-first-court-appearance-may-be-better-for-defendants-and-cheaper-for-local-governments/) - Guaranteeing Representation at First Court Appearance May be Better for Defendants, and Cheaper for Local Governments Great article on the impact of counsel at first appearance from the paper, “What Difference Does a Lawyer Make? Impacts of Early Counsel on Misdemeanor Bail Decisions and Outcomes in Rural and Small Town Courts” by Andrew Davies, Reveka
- [NYC Criminal Justice Reforms Effective in Diverting Offenders, Report Finds](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/nyc-criminal-justice-reforms-effective-in-diverting-offenders-report-finds/) - NYC Criminal Justice Reforms Effective in Diverting Offenders, Report Finds This article from the New York Law Journal, “NYC Criminal Justice Reforms Effective in Diverting Offenders, Report Finds”, highlights the Misdemeanor Justice Project’s recent report on post-implementation outcomes of the Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA). Results from this report are cited throughout the article indicating
- [Why Getting Tough on Crime in Hot Spots May Not be the Answer](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/why-getting-tough-on-crime-in-hot-spots-may-not-be-the-answer/) - Why Getting Tough on Crime in Hot Spots May Not be the Answer The London School of Economics wrote about Eric Piza’s article in our special issue of Criminal Justice Policy Review on their blog. This post, Why Getting Tough on Crime in Hot Spots may not be the Answer, highlights the findings from Piza’s
- [Big Drop in African-American Arrests in St. Louis over Last 15 years, UMSL Study Shows](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/big-drop-in-african-american-arrests-in-st-louis-over-last-15-years-umsl-study-shows-2/) - Big Drop in African-American Arrests in St. Louis Over Last 15 years, UMSL Study Shows Article from NPR highlighting findings from the release of the St. Louis Research Network site’s new report, Tracking Enforcement in the City of St. Louis, 2002-2017. This article focuses on the major finding that while Black individuals are more likely
- [New Study Shows Drop in Police Enforcement in St. Louis City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-study-shows-drop-in-police-enforcement-in-st-louis-city-2/) - New Study Shows Drop in Police Enforcement in St. Louis City Coverage of findings from our St. Louis Research Network site’s report release, highlighting a drop in police enforcement, especially with regards to lower level offenses, in St. Louis.
- [Arrests on Decline for Lower-Level Crimes in St. Louis, with Racial Gap Closing, Researchers Find](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/arrests-on-decline-for-lower-level-crimes-in-st-louis-with-racial-gap-closing-researchers-find-2/) - Arrests on Decline for Lower-Level Crimes in St. Louis, with Racial Gap Closing, Researchers Find Article highlighting findings from the release of our St. Louis Research Network site’s first report, Tracking Enforcement in the City of St. Louis, 2002-2017. Findings suggest that police are making fewer arrests for lower-level crimes and the gap between arrest
- [Misdemeanor Arrests Decline in Seattle as Racial Disparities Remain](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/misdemeanor-arrests-decline-in-seattle-as-racial-disparities-remain-2/) - Misdemeanor Arrests Decline in Seattle as Racial Disparities Remain On October 25th, the Seattle site of the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice released their report, Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests, Referrals and Charges in Seattle. This article points out some highlights and takeaways from the report.
- [Addressing the Harms of Prohibition: What NYC Can do to Support an Equitable Cannabis Industry](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/addressing-the-harms-of-prohibition-what-nyc-can-do-to-support-an-equitable-cannabis-industry/) - Addressing the Harms of Prohibition: What NYC Can do to Support an Equitable Cannabis Industry Report from the NYC Comptroller’s Office on supporting an equitable cannabis industry. This report references our Trends in Arrests for Misdemeanor Charges, New York City, 1993-2016 report.
- [Report: Arrests for Low-Level Offenses Declining in NY, but Disparities Remain](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/report-arrests-for-low-level-offenses-declining-in-ny-but-disparities-remain/) - Report: Arrests for Low-Level Offenses Declining in NY, but Disparities Remain New York Law Journal article highlighting findings from the release of DCJ’s, Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York, 1980 to 2017. The article focuses on the decline in misdemeanor arrests in New York while the racial differences remain steady.
- [Study: Durham Misdemeanors Down but Blacks Arrested More than Whites, Latinos Combined](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/study-durham-misdemeanors-down-but-blacks-arrested-more-than-whites-latinos-combined/) - Study: Durham Misdemeanors Down but Blacks Arrested More than Whites, Latinos Combined The News & Observer covers the release of Misdemeanor Arrest Trends in the City of Durham, North Carolina, 2007-2016 from our partners at NCCU, as part of the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice.
- [New Study Examines Misdemeanor Arrest Trends in Durham](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-study-examines-misdemeanor-arrest-trends-in-durham/) - New Study Examines Misdemeanor Arrest Trends in Durham Spectrum news covers the release of Misdemeanor Arrest Trends in the City of Durham, North Carolina, 2007-2016 from our partners at NCCU, as part of the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice.
- [Arrests for Low-Level Crimes are Plummeting, and the Experts are Flummoxed](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/arrests-for-low-level-crimes-are-plummeting-and-the-experts-are-flummoxed/) - Arrests for Low-Level Crimes Are Plummeting, and the Experts Are Flummoxed Consistent findings of drops in misdemeanor arrests across our Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice sites are featured in this piece from the Wall Street Journal.
- [New York City Plans Support Network for Defendants Freed under New Bail Laws](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-york-city-plans-support-network-for-defendants-freed-under-new-bail-laws/) - New York City Plans Support Network for Defendants Freed Under New Bail Laws With sweeping court reforms set to go into effect January 1, 2020 in New York State, New York City officials will spend millions to ensure that the thousands of defendants no longer eligible for money bail will successfully return for their hearings.
- [Why Abolishing Bail for Some Crimes has Law Enforcement on Edge](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/why-abolishing-bail-for-some-crimes-has-law-enforcement-on-edge/) - Why Abolishing Bail for Some Crimes Has Law Enforcement on Edge DCJ’s findings on the 2020 New York bail reforms were cited in an article in the New York Times outlining both praise and criticism for the new law.
- [New York's Rollback of Cash Bail Reform Endangers Communities of Color](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/new-yorks-rollback-of-cash-bail-reform-endangers-communities-of-color/) - New York's Rollback of Cash Bail Reform Endangers Communities of Color Our research on the 2020 Bail reforms was cited in this article about the potential fallout if those reforms are repealed.
- [Criminal (In)Justice Podcast: Why Misdemeanors are a Major Problem](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/criminal-injustice-podcast-why-misdemeanors-are-a-major-problem/) - Criminal (In)Justice Podcast: Why Misdemeanors are a Major Problem We hear a lot about crime trends, almost always involving homicides or felonies. But the vast majority of criminal offenses are misdemeanors. These convictions can have a major impact on employment, education, you name it – yet they are hardly studied at all. Our director, Preeti

## Pages

- [Homepage.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/) - hosted a public conference on New York State’s bail and pretrial laws, policies, and practices. This conference served as a forum on where we’ve been, where we are, and where we should go from here, including a diversity of perspectives through presentations, panels, and interactive roundtables
- [Mission & Values](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/what-we-do/) - Our Mission The Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) at John Jay College of Criminal Justice conducts research on important questions about the criminal legal system and its role in creating safe, just, and equitable communities. Our projects encompass law enforcement, pretrial justice, case processing, sentencing, mass incarceration, and racial and ethnic disparities across the justice
- [Contact Us](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/contact-us/) - 555 W 57th St New York, NY 10019 dcj@jjay.cuny.edu
- [The New York City Jail Population Tracker](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/the-new-york-city-jail-population-tracker/) - In November 2024, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) launched the New York City Jail Population Tracker, a real-time dashboard tracking New York City’s progress toward closing Rikers Island by 2027. Updated daily, the dashboard provides data from 2016 to the present on key metrics such as the total jail population, women’s population, racial disparities,
- [Analytic Tools](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice publishes tools that enable the public, press, and policymakers to manipulate criminal justice data to better understand broad trends in enforcement, including how frequently certain enforcement actions are being taken and which communities and demographic groups are most impacted.
- [Team](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff-landing/) - Team We are a team of social scientists, legal experts, and data scientists dedicated to the research and implementation of evidence-based policies and practices in the criminal justice system.
- [Racial Disparities in NYC Jail Admissions by Zipcode](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/racial-disparities-in-nyc-jail-admissions-by-zipcode/) - In February 2023, DCJ published a report delving into racial disparities in NYC jail admissions: Racial Disparities in the Use of Jail Across New York City, 2016-2021. Accompanying this report is a set of maps (available below) offering visual illustrations of racial and neighborhood disparities in NYC jail admissions. The maps respectively present the racial/ethnic
- [John Jay Research Centers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/john-jay-research-centers/) - As well as the Data Collaborative for Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice is home to other research centers dedicated to advancing knowledge in criminal justice, public safety, and other important subject areas. These centers were established to conduct interdisciplinary research, inform policy, and address pressing issues in law enforcement and criminal justice reform.
- [Research Resources](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/research-resources/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice publishes articles about our research and data that is tailored to the questions and needs of criminal justice agencies and practitioners.
- [Case Processing Map](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/research-resources/case-processing-map/) - The Criminal Case Process in Three U.S. Cities The Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice uses researcher-practitioner partnerships to study enforcement of lower-level crimes and inform data-driven criminal legal system reforms. Three of the Research Network sites, New York City, NY; Seattle, WA; and Louisville, KY, identified shoplifting as a common arrest. However, because of the
- [Marijuana Policy Timeline](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/research-resources/marijuana-policy-timeline/) - Marijuana Policy Timeline The Data Collaborative for Justice presents this timeline of select marijuana policy changes in conjunction with the release of a research brief and report that contain analyses of almost thirty years of marijuana enforcement in New York State (1990-2017).
- [NYPD Criminal Summons Issuance by Zip Code](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/csummons-by-nyc-zip-code/) - Neighborhood Disparities in NYPD Criminal Summons Issuance (2022) In March 2024, DCJ published a report examining racial and neighborhood disparities in criminal summons practices by the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Accompanying this report is a set of maps (available below) offering visual illustrations of disparities in criminal summons issuance across all NYC zip
- [Disparities in NYS Convictions by County](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/racial-disparities-in-nys-convictions-by-county/) - In May 2023, DCJ published a report which analyzed criminal convictions across New York State: Criminal Convictions in New York State, 1980-2021. Accompanying this report is a set of maps (available below) offering visual illustrations of racial and county-wide disparities in NYS convictions. The maps show, for each county: 1) total number of convictions in
- [Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/bail-reform/)
- [Criminal Summons Dashboard](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/criminal-summons-dashboard/) - Criminal Summons Dashboard This dashboard presents trends on criminal summonses issued in New York City between 2003 and 2019. The Office of Court Administration provided data for this dashboard which allows for filtering of the criminal summons data by year, borough of issuance, and by sex and age of the summons recipient.
- [Events](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/events/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice participates in and hosts events in conjunction with the publication of our criminal justice research and reports. See below for videos and related materials from these events. To stay informed about our events and reports, please subscribe to our mailing list.
- [Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/analytic-tools/research-network-on-misdemeanor-justice/) - This dashboard presents data on long-term trends in lower level enforcement across seven U.S. jurisdictions that are part of the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice: Durham, NC; Los Angeles, CA; Louisville, KY; New York City, NY; Prince George’s County; MD; Seattle, WA; and St. Louis, MO. In each jurisdiction, local researchers partnered with local criminal
- [Privacy Policy](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/privacy-policy/) - Data Collaborative for Justice is a research center at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, which is a constituent college of The City University of New York. The website and privacy policies found at http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/website-policies, which have been adopted by John Jay College, also apply to https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/
- [NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk Dashboard](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/dashboard-sqf/) - NYPD Stop, Question, and Frisk Dashboard This dashboard uses publicly available data from the New York City Police Department (NYPD). It presents data on rates of stop, question, and frisk by race and ethnicity in New York City from 2003 to 2017 and allows for filtering by age and sex. It also presents precinct level
- [Civil Summons Dashboard](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/civil-summons-dashboard/) - Civil Summons Dashboard This dashboard presents data on civil summonses issued in New York City from June 13, 2017 to December 31, 2018. The Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings (OATH) provided data for this dashboard which allows for filtering of the the civil summons data by borough of issuance, and by sex and age
- [Testimonials](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/testimonials/) - Testimonials The Data Collaborative for Justice is proud to have the support of a wide variety of people and organizations that share our interest in leveraging data and research to create safer, healthier and more equitable communities.
- [Interior Page](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/interior-page/) - Headline here lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse

## Events

- [Harm Reduction After the War on Drugs: Reimagining New York’s Treatment System](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/harm-reduction-after-the-war-on-drugs-reimagining-new-yorks-treatment-system/) - Harm reduction offers a powerful roadmap for building drug treatment systems that keep people supported and rooted in their communities. This dynamic hybrid event showcased critical conversations concerning a health‑first, community‑led approach to substance use care that prioritizes the populations criminalized and marginalized by the War on Drugs. Cohosted by the National Black Harm Reduction
- [No-Show No More: Rethinking Court Appearance & Reminders](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/no-show-no-more-rethinking-court-appearance-reminders/) - Missed court dates don’t have to be the norm — and they don’t have to lead to warrants, fines, or jail time. We know that most people can be safely released pretrial – and that they will show up when given the right support. That’s why court reminder programs are gaining traction nationwide: they’re simple,
- [Justice at a Crossroads in New York City: Reexamining Crime, Victimization, Enforcement, Incarceration, and Racial Disparities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/justice-at-a-crossroads-in-new-york-city-reexamining-crime-victimization-enforcement-incarceration-and-racial-disparities/) - New York City is at a pivotal moment. After decades of declining crime and a shrinking criminal legal system, recent years have brought major reforms, renewed public debate, and pressing questions about safety, fairness, and enforcement. The Justice at a Crossroads in NYC project was launched to provide a clear, data-driven picture of where the
- [Rikers Island and Mental Health: Data, Lived Experience, and Community-Based Alternatives](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/rikers-island-and-mental-health-data-lived-experience-and-community-based-alternatives/) - As New York City works toward its mandate to close Rikers Island, addressing the mental health needs of people in the jail system remains a defining challenge—and a critical opportunity for reform. On January 15, 2026, the Data Collaborative for Justice and the Katal Center for Equity, Health, & Justice hosted a public webinar featuring
- [Public Health's Role in the Criminal Legal System](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/public-healths-role-in-the-criminal-legal-system/) - Improving Healthcare Access And Outcomes For Justice-Involved Populations On Thursday, December 12, centers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) and From Punishment to Public Health (P2PH) hosted a hybrid public event to discuss the barriers to healthcare access for justice involved individuals and the role of public health
- [Latinx Communities and the Criminal Legal System](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/latinx-communities-and-the-criminal-legal-system/) - Announcing the Committee on Latine Communities and the New York Criminal Justice System: Addressing Data Gaps and Racial Disparities In partnership with Commissioner Rossana Rosado, the NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) and the Institute for Justice and Opportunity (IJO) will be launching the “Committee on Latine Communities and
- [Data in Action: Tracking Progress Toward Closing Rikers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/the-new-york-city-jail-population-tracker-what-can-it-tell-us/) - A Day-of-Launch NYC Jail Population Dashboard Overview On November 21, 2024, John Jay College’s Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) unveiled a cutting-edge dashboard offering comprehensive, real-time data on New York City’s jail population, projections for future trends, and in-depth context on the City’s plans to close Rikers Island. Designed as a one-stop resource for public
- [Mass Incarceration and the Need for Sentencing Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/mass-incarceration-and-the-need-for-sentencing-reform/) - How can New York continue on a common sense, data-driven path away from the mass incarceration era? Even as the State’s daily prison population has declined since its peak in the late 1990s, over 30,000 disproportionately Black and Brown New Yorkers are imprisoned today. On Thursday, May 2, 2024, Center for Community Alternatives and Data
- [Criminal Legal Reform in New York: Five Years In](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/criminal-legal-reform-in-new-york-five-years-later/) - In April 2019, New York legislators passed sweeping bail, discovery, and appearance ticket reforms. Five years later, what have they achieved, what obstacles emerged, and what should State and local leaders do next? To discuss these questions, the CUNY Institute for State and Local Governance and John Jay’s Data Collaborative for Justice hosted a two-part
- [Showing Up: Strategies to Increase Court Attendance and Limit Pretrial Detention](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/showing-up-strategies-to-increase-court-attendance-and-limit-pretrial-detention/) - What can courts do to promote pretrial release, while helping people attend their court dates? Missed court appearances are a leading cause of warrants, unnecessary pretrial detention, and racial disparities in arrests. On September 14, 2023, ideas42's (Un)warranted team and the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) at John Jay College hosted a webinar featuring practitioners
- [Bail Reform & Public Safety: What We Know & How to Move Forward](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/bail-reform-public-safety-what-we-know-how-to-move-forward/) - https://youtu.be/UbiQn0PuwsM On June 14th, 2023, the Data Collaborative for Justice was joined by a panel of experts to gain valuable knowledge, perspectives, and actionable strategies as they navigate the complexities of bail reform and chart a path towards an equitable and effective criminal justice system. The webinar included an overview of changes made to New
- [Punishment to Public Health (P2PH) Conference: Addressing the Public Health Challenges of New York’s 2019 Bail Reform Legislation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/punishment-to-public-health-p2ph-conference-addressing-the-public-health-challenges-of-new-yorks-2019-bail-reform-legislation/) - On December 10, 2019, DCJ Research Analyst Olive Lu made a plenary presentation at the annual P2PH conference at John Jay College. Olive presented findings from DCJ’s report, Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020 Bail Reforms in New York City https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsshLjveoAw
- [More Just NYC Panel: A Conversation about Reform, Crime, and Community-Based Approaches to Safety](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/more-just-nyc-panel-a-conversation-about-reform-crime-and-community-based-approaches-to-safety/) - On November 19, 2020, DCJ Policy Director Erica Bond joined Shadoe Tarver (Save Our Streets) and Taryn Merkl (Justice Program, Brennan Center for Justice) on a panel moderated by Marlon Peterson (Precedential Group) to discuss what data and research can tell us about recent criminal legal system reforms, the recent rise in shootings and homicides in New York City, and successful, community-based approaches to addressing
- [John Jay College Webinar: Justice in the Trump Era](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/john-jay-college-webinar-justice-in-the-trump-era/) - On March 8, 2017, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan spoke with the Director of the Center on Media, Crime and Justice Stephen Handelman about the work done by DCJ to advance just, equitable criminal reform policies, and the importance of providing critical decision-makers with the data needed to make informed decisions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l40o5daCeBM
- [DCJ Report Release Event: Trends in Arrests for Misdemeanor Charges in New York City, 1993-2016](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/dcj-report-release-event-trends-in-arrests-for-misdemeanor-charges-in-new-york-city-1993-2016/) - On February 1, 2018, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan presented findings from DCJ’s report, Trends in Arrests for Misdemeanor Charges in NYC from 1993-2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAttgEBqtto
- [Bail Reform in New York: What Have we Learned? What's Next?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/conference-bail-reform-in-new-york-what-have-we-learned-whats-next/) - On May 13, 2022, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, a national leader in educating for justice, hosted a public conference which served as a forum for the most up-to-date research, policy ideas and dialogue about New York State’s bail and pretrial laws, policies, and practices. Interactive presentations, panels, and roundtables highlighted diverse perspectives on bail,
- [CityLaw Breakfast Series - Crime and Justice Trends: the New York City Story, 1981-2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/crime-and-justice-trends-the-new-york-city-story-1981-2018/) - In March 2019, Dr. Jeremy Travis, Executive Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures, (and founder and former co-director of the Data Collaborative for Justice), spoke at New York Law School about “Crime and Justice Trends: the New York City Story, 1981-2018.” He used DCJ data to highlight sharp declines in the number of arrests,
- [Citizens Crime Commission Presentation: DCJ Report Release, Trends in Issuance and Disposition of Summonses in New York City, 2003-2013](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/citizens-crime-commission-presentation-dcj-report-release-trends-in-issuance-and-disposition-of-summonses-in-new-york-city-2003-2013/) - On April 27, 2015, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan along with President of John Jay College of Criminal Justice Jeremy Travis and Chief Judge of New York Court of Appeals Jonathan Lippman discuss DCJ’s report, The Summons Report: Trends in Issuance and Disposition of Summonses in New York City, 2003-2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT51KZ_G4sM
- [Citizens Crime Commission Presentation: DCJ Report Release, Trends in Custody for the NYC Department of Correction, 2000-2015](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/citizens-crime-commission-presentation-dcj-report-release-trends-in-custody-for-the-nyc-department-of-correction-2000-2015/) - On April 5, 2017, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan and Executive Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures Jeremy Travis presented findings from the DCJ report, Trends in Custody: New York City Department of Correction 2000-2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T-kQecxO2c&t=1s
- [Citizen Crime Commission Presentation: DCJ Report, Tracking Enforcement Rates in New York City 2003-2014](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/citizen-crime-commission-presentation-dcj-report-tracking-enforcement-rates-in-new-york-city-2003-2014/) - On December 11, 2015, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan and then President of John Jay College of Criminal Justice Jeremy Travis (now Executive Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures) presented DCJ’s report on Enforcement Trends in NYC from 2003 to 2014 to the Citizens Crime Commission. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=est9lDcNJdU
- [Center on Media, Crime and Justice Webinar: Understanding Bail Reform in NY](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/the-crime-report-panel-two-the-2019-law-and-2020-amendments-results-so-far/) - On September 16, 2020, DCJ Policy Director Erica Bond joined Senator Michael Gianaris (Deputy Majority Leader, New York State Senate), Insha Rahman (Vera Institute) and Krystal Rodriguez (Center for Court Innovation) on a panel moderated by Amy Bach (Measures for Justice) to discuss New York State bail reforms passed in 2019 and as well as
- [Bail Conference Follow-up Panel: Bail Reform and the Media](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/bail-reform-and-the-media/) - On June 10th, 2022, DCJ and John Jay College hosted a follow-up panel to the conference held on May 13th, 2022 - Bail Reform in New York: What Have We Learned? What's Next? This follow-up panel was fully virtual, and focused on the role, responsibility and influence of the media regarding bail and pretrial policy
- [Halfway to History: Progress and Challenges in Closing Rikers Island](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/halfway-to-history-progress-and-challenges-in-closing-rikers-island/) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeTWivrHYl0 MATERIALS & RESOURCES: Halfway to History: Five-Year Status Report on the Path to Closing Rikers Halfway to History: Progress & Challenges in Closing Rikers Island Fact Sheet SYMPOSIUM AGENDA Panelist Bios 2pm | Opening Remarks: Reflections at the Five Year Mark The Honorable Jonathan Lippman, former Chief Judge New York State Brendan McGuire, Chief Counsel
- [Before and After: Data on the Impact of Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/webinar-before-and-after-data-on-the-impact-of-bail-reform/) - PPT: New York’s Reformed Bail Law What is it? What are its Effects? (DCJ Director Michael Rempel and Policy Director Krystal Rodriguez) PPT: Supplemental Pretrial Release Data Summary Analysis: 2019 - 2021 (NYSDCJS Deputy Commissioner in the Division of Criminal Justice Services’ Office of Justice Research and Performance Leigh Bates) On Wednesday, September 21st, the New York State
- [Beyond Arrest: Prioritizing Community Safety & Wellness](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/beyond-arrest-prioritizing-community-safety-wellness/) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoipojWknsI On Thursday, March 2, The Data Collaborative for Justice hosted a webinar: “Beyond Arrest: Prioritizing Community Safety & Wellness”, where we brought together researchers and practitioners to discuss the most recent research on alternatives to arrest and the practical implementation of these alternatives. PANELIST BIOGRAPHIES Research Panel 2-3pm EST Researchers shared an overview of
- [DCJ Report Release Event: Trends in Marijuana Enforcement in New York State, 1990-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/event/dcj-report-release-event-trends-in-marijuana-enforcement-in-new-york-state-1990-2017/) - On February 8, 2019, DCJ Director Dr. Preeti Chauhan presented findings from DCJ’s report, Trends in Marijuana Enforcement in New York State, 1990-2017 . The release event also featured comments from Counsel to the Governor of New York Alphonso David, NYPD First Deputy Commissioner Benjamin Tucker and Executive Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures

## Staff

- [Li Sian Goh](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/li-sian-goh/) - Li Sian Goh is a Senior Research Associate at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Kellyann Bock](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/kellyann-bock/) - Kellyann is a Data Specialist at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Bridget Rivera Degnan](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/bridget-rivera-degnan/) - Bridget is a Senior Policy Manager at the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ).
- [Olive Lu](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/olive-lu/) - Olive is an Associate Director of Research at the Data Collaborative for Justice
- [Joanna Weill](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/joanna-weill/) - Joanna Weill is an Associate Director of Research at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Sarah Monaghan](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/sarah-monaghan/) - Sarah is a Research Analyst at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Justin Roberts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/justin-roberts/) - Justin Roberts is a Senior Research Associate at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Richie Lin](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/richie-lin/) - Tao "Richie" Lin is the Data Manager at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Liz Johnson](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/liz-johnson/) - Liz is a Data Scientist at the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Stephen Koppel](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/stephen-koppel/) - Stephen is a Senior Research Associate at the Data Collaborate for Justice.
- [Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/mayors-office-of-criminal-justice/) - The NYC Mayor’s Office of Criminal Justice advises the Mayor on solutions to drive down violence, safely reduce justice involvement, modernize the criminal justice system, and build strong and safe neighborhoods.
- [Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/a-more-just-nyc/) - DCJ partners with the Independent Commission on New York City Criminal Justice and Incarceration Reform on research examining gender and racial disparities in New York City jails.
- [Manhattan District Attorney's Office](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/manhattan-district-attorneys-office/)
- [CUNY Institute for State and Local Governance](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/cuny-institute-for-state-and-local-governance/)
- [New York Criminal Justice Agency](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/new-york-criminal-justice-agency/)
- [Center for Court Innovation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/center-for-court-innovation/)
- [René Ropac](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/rene-ropac/) - René is a Senior Research Associate at the Data Collaborative for Justice
- [Shakira J. Pumphrey](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/shakira-j-pumphrey/) - Shakira J. Pumphrey is the Policy Advisor to the Texas House of Representatives and Speaker Dade Phelan.
- [Krystal Rodriguez](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/krystal-rodriguez/) - Krystal is Policy Director of the Data Collaborative for Justice
- [Michael Rempel](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/michael-rempel/) - Michael is Director of the Data Collaborative for Justice
- [Preeti Chauhan](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/preeti-chauhan/) - Preeti Chauhan is an Associate Professor in Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. She is also Co-Founder and the former Director of the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ).
- [Jeremy Travis](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/travis-jeremy/) - Jeremy Travis is the Co-Founder and former Co-Director of the Data Collaborative for Justice.
- [Jenny Roberts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/jenny-roberts/) - Jenny Roberts is a professor of Law at American University Washington College of Law, where she also co-directs the Criminal Justice Clinic.
- [James Lynch](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/james-lynch/) - James P. Lynch is a professor and chair of the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland and director of the Maryland Data Analysis Center (MDAC).
- [Cynthia Lum](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/cynthia-lum/) - Cynthia Lum is a professor in the Department of Criminology, Law and Society and director of the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy a George Mason University.
- [Michael N. Herring](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/michael-n-herring/) - Michael N. Herring is the former Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Richmond.
- [Department of Correction](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/partner-test-2/) - DCJ partners with the New York City Department of Correction (DOC) for data on New York City jails. The DOC provides for the care, custody, and control of persons accused of crimes or convicted and sentenced to one year or less of jail time.
- [Thomas Harvey](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/thomas-harvey/) - Before joining Advancement Project as Justice Project Director, Thomas B. Harvey served as the National Director of Strategic Partnerships and Advocacy for The Bail Project and as ArchCity Defenders’ first executive director, which he co-founded in 2009.
- [Gerald Chaleff](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/gerald-chaleff/) - Gerald Chaleff was formerly the Special Assistant for Constitutional Policing (SACP) to the Chief of Police at the Los Angeles Police Department
- [Ana Muniz](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/ana-muniz/) - Ana Muñiz is an Assistant Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at UC Irvine.
- [Edward Spillane](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/edward-spillane/) - Judge Edward Spillane is currently the Presiding Municipal Court Judge of College Station, Texas.
- [Office of Court Administration](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/office-of-court-administration/) - DCJ partners with the Office of Court Administration (OCA) for data on criminal summonses, desk appearance tickets, bail making, and court processing in New York. OCA is the administrative branch of the New York State Unified Court System.
- [Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/office-of-administrative-trials-and-hearings/) - DCJ partners with the Office of Administrative Trials and Hearing (OATH) for data on civil summons in New York City. OATH is New York City’s central independent administrative law court.
- [Finn Institute](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/partner-test-4/) - DCJ and Finn are partners on evaluating New York State's 2020 Criminal Justice Reforms.
- [Division of Criminal Justice Services](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/partner-test-3/) - DCJ partners with the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) for data on felony and misdemeanor arrests across New York State. DCJS provides resources and services to local law enforcement, researchers, and other agencies to enhance public safety, inform decision-making, and improve the criminal justice system.
- [Sandra Smith](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/sandra-smith/) - Sandra Susan Smith is the Daniel & Florence Guggenheim Professor of Criminal Justice at Harvard University.
- [Mark Bolton](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/mark-bolton/) - Mark Bolton is the former Louisville Metro Corrections Director and has been employed in the Corrections field for 39 years.
- [David Harris](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/david-harris/) - David Harris is the John E. Murray Faculty Scholar and Professor of Law teaches at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
- [Chris Fisher](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/chris-fisher/) - Christopher Fisher is the Chief Strategy Officer for the Seattle Police Department.
- [Virginia Bersch](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/staff/virginia-bersch/) - Virginia Bersch is Director of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures and manages the nationwide rollout Foundation’s pretrial risk assessment, the PSA, as well as other tools and reforms developed by the Criminal Justice team.

## Report

- [Does New York's Bail Reform Law Impact Recidivism? A Quasi-Experimental Test in the State's Suburban and Upstate Regions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/does-new-yorks-bail-reform-law-impact-recidivism-a-quasi-experimental-test-in-the-states-suburban-and-upstate-regions/) - This is the third report in DCJ's Bail Reform and Recidivism Series. The study builds upon two previous reports examining the impact of bail reform on recidivism in New York City. This study estimated the impact of New York’s bail reform on recidivism in the State’s suburban and upstate regions. We compared re-arrest rates for
- [Does New York's Bail Reform Law Impact Recidivism? A Quasi-Experimental Test in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/does-new-yorks-bail-reform-law-impact-recidivism-a-quasi-experimental-test-in-new-york-city/) - This report examines the impact of New York’s bail reform law on recidivism in New York City. We sought to produce a credible analysis of the impact of releasing people under reform who would have otherwise faced bail or pretrial detention. Key Findings: Eliminating bail for most misdemeanor and nonviolent felony charges reduced recidivism. There
- [Evaluating the Impact of New York’s Bail Reform on Recidivism: A Difference-in-Differences Study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/scholarly-work/evaluating-the-impact-of-new-yorks-bail-reform-on-recidivism-a-difference-in-differences-study/) - Abstract Objectives From January to June 2020, New York’s initial bail reform law eliminated money bail and pretrial detention for certain offense types. This study examines the reform’s impact on pretrial recidivism. Methods Exploiting the reform’s simple, offense-based eligibility rules, we employ a difference-in-differences (DiD) design to estimate effects on multiple pretrial recidivism measures: any
- [Alignment with New York City’s Pretrial Release Assessment: Results for the Five Boroughs](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/adherence-to-new-york-citys-pretrial-release-assessment-results-for-the-five-boroughs-2/) - This report examines the alignment of New York City judges’ pretrial release decisions with the recommendations of the Pretrial Release Assessment, a validated tool that calculates the likelihood people will return to court if they are released before trial. Drawing on 251,917 New York City arraignments subject to pretrial release decisions in 2021, 2022, and 2023,
- [Borough Contrast: Prosecution and Court Outcomes Across New York City, 2021-2024](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/borough-contrast-prosecution-and-court-outcomes-across-new-york-city-2021-2024/) - In New York City, district attorneys’ offices, defense agencies, and courts differ from one borough to another, raising the possibility of variable outcomes depending on where people are arrested and prosecuted. This report compares the five boroughs across key post-pandemic case outcomes from 2021 to 2024, including prosecutorial declinations, pre-arraignment diversion participation, pretrial release and
- [Bail Reform at Five Years: Pretrial Decision-Making in New York State](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/bail-reform-at-five-years-pretrial-decision-making-in-new-york-state/) - In January 2020, New York’s landmark bail reform law went into effect. This report provides a definitive examination of how bail reform reshaped the pretrial landscape after five full years of implementation. Covering all regions of the state, and drawing on court data from 2018 to 2024 (spanning pre- and post-reform timeframes), the report examines bail
- [Trends in Marijuana Enforcement in New York State, 1990-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/marijuana/trends-in-marijuana-enforcement-in-new-york-state-1990-2017/) - This report examines trends in arrests for marijuana enforcement, with a focus on marijuana possession, in New York State from 1990 to 2017. Specifically, it presents trends in all misdemeanor marijuana arrests by penal law code, arrest rates for misdemeanor marijuana possession by demographics, and outcomes of disposition and sentence for marijuana possession arrests. These
- [Drug Enforcement & Court-Ordered Treatment Across New York State: Before and After Rockefeller Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/drug-enforcement-treatment-across-new-york-state-before-and-after-rockefeller-reform/) - This report examines how New York’s drug policy has shifted over the past two decades, shaped by two key developments: the 2009 Rockefeller Drug Law Reform and the expansion of problem-solving courts. The original Rockefeller Drug Laws drove a sharp rise in incarceration and stark racial disparities. The 2009 reforms reversed course—eliminating most mandatory minimums
- [First Look at the How Many Stops Act Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/first-look-at-the-how-many-stops-act-data/) - Implemented in July 2024, the How Many Stops Act mandated that police officers record information about previously unexamined “Level 1” and “Level 2” investigative encounters with civilians, including the precinct, reason for the encounter, whether it resulted in an arrest or summons, and the civilian’s apparent race/ethnicity, gender, and age. This Research Brief examines the
- [Discovery Reform in New York: What Can the Data Tell Us?](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/discovery-reform-in-new-york-what-can-the-data-tell-us/) - This report examines how New York’s 2020 discovery reform law has been implemented across New York City, the four downstate suburban counties (Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, and Rockland), and the 53 remaining "upstate" counties. The law was designed to increase fairness in the criminal legal process by requiring prosecutors to exercise early sharing of evidence to
- [A Path Forward: A Blueprint to Close Rikers](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/a-path-forward-a-blueprint-to-close-rikers/) - At the end of March 2025, the Independent Rikers Commission (a.k.a., Lippman Commission) released its latest report, A Path Forward: The Blueprint to Close Rikers Island. It featured novel strategies to right-size the jail population, invest in community-based mental health services, address Rikers’ culture of violence, and better equip correctional staff to effectively manage the
- [Rikers Island and Mental Health: Pathways Toward Community-Based Diversion and Jail Population Reduction](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/rikers-island-and-mental-health-pathways-toward-community-based-diversion-and-jail-population-reduction/) - As New York City works toward its mandate to close Rikers Island, addressing the mental health needs of people detained in the jail system remains a central challenge—and a defining opportunity for reform. Developed by the Data Collaborative for Justice at John Jay College and the Katal Center for Equity, Health, & Justice, this report
- [PATH TO UNDER 100 | Strategies to Safely Lower the Number of Women and Gender-Expansive People in New York City Jails](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/path-to-under-100-strategies-to-safely-lower-the-number-ofwomen-and-gender-expansive-people-innew-york-city-jails/) - On Rikers Island, the widespread violence, dysfunction, and lack of access to basic services mean no one leaves better off than when they went in. The roughly 300 women and gender-expansive people incarcerated at Rikers are uniquely vulnerable. This report represents a partnership of the Data Collaborative for Justice at John Jay College with the
- [Lower-Level Enforcement, Racial Disparities, and Alternatives to Arrest: A Review of Research and Practice from 1970 to 2021](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/lower-level-enforcement-racial-disparities-and-alternatives-to-arrest-a-review-of-research-and-practice-from-1970-to-2021/) - Alternatives to arrest are a means of lessening the deleterious effects of exposure to the criminal legal system. This literature review evaluates policy, practice and research to-date on alternatives to arrest, focusing on five key models: 1. Citations involving releasing people to appear in court on their own at a later date in lieu of
- [The Indispensable Role of Judges in Curtailing Excessive Pretrial Detention and Closing Rikers Island](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/the-indispensable-role-of-judges-in-curtailing-excessive-pretrial-detention-and-closing-rikers-island/) - Including the Data Collaborative for Justice, a coalition of organizations convened by the Campaign to Close Rikers produced a research and policy report spotlighting the indispensable role of judges in ending New York City’s reliance on pretrial detention and meeting the legal mandate to close the jails on Rikers Island. This new report documents research findings showing how
- [Incarceration on Rikers Island in the Aftermath of the New York State Corrections Officers Strike](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/incarceration-on-rikers-island-in-the-aftermath-of-the-new-york-state-corrections-officers-strike/) - Following a statewide corrections officer strike in February 2025 and the termination of over 2,000 officers, New York State prisons have been unable to accept timely transfers of people sentenced to state time. This brief analyzes the resulting surge in the “state-ready” population on Rikers Island—those awaiting transfer to prison—which rose more than eight-fold from
- [Failure to Appear Across New York Regions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/failure-to-appear-across-new-york-regions/) - This study examines failure to appear in New York, a topic with important implications for the delivery of pretrial justice. It explores three primary questions: the nature of pretrial release decisions, the variation in FTA rates across different regions and demographics, and the predictors of FTA after controlling for various factors. Why it matters: Under
- [Testing the Long-Term Impact of Bail Reform  Across New York State: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/testing-the-long-term-impact-of-bail-reform-across-new-york-state-a-quasi-experimental-evaluation/) - With several unique features, this report provides the most timely and comprehensive assessment to date of the effects of New York's bail reform law on recidivism. First, the study evaluates the impact of New York’s bail law as it currently operates, following significant amendments put into effect in July 2020. Second, the study indicates the
- [Examining the Impact of Eliminating Bail on Recidivism in the New York City Suburbs and Upstate Regions: A Difference-in-Differences Study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/examining-the-impact-of-eliminating-bail-on-recidivism-in-the-new-york-city-suburbs-and-upstate-regions-a-difference-in-differences-study/) - The fifth report in DCJ's Bail Reform & Recidivism Series, this study examines the impact of New York’s initial 2020 bail reform law in the NYC suburbs and upstate regions. Using a difference-in-differences causal design, the analysis compared re-arrest rates from before to after the initial reforms were implemented between charges respectively seeing the elimination
- [Examining the System-Wide Effect of Eliminating Bail in New York City: A Controlled-Interrupted Time Series Study](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/examining-the-system-wide-effect-of-eliminating-bail-in-new-york-city-a-controlled-interrupted-time-series-study/) - This builds upon the initial report in the Data Collaborative for Justice’s Bail Reform and Recidivism Series - Does New York’s Bail Reform Law Impact Recidivism? A Quasi-Experimental Test in New York City. Using controlled-interrupted time series analysis (CITS), this follow-up study estimated the effect of New York’s initial reform on recidivism in New York City
- [Trends in Criminal Summons Issuance, Outcomes, and Racial Disparities, 2023-2024](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/trends-in-criminal-summons-issuance-outcomes-and-racial-disparities-2023-2024/) - This new research brief examines New York City’s criminal summons system. The analysis covers trends in summons issuance by the New York City Police Department (NYPD) from 2013 to 2024; breaks down the data by borough, charge, and race/ethnicity; and explores racial disparities citywide, by borough, and across neighborhoods varying in their median household income.
- [Justice at a Crossroads in New York City: Reexamining Crime, Victimization, Enforcement, Incarceration, and Racial Disparities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/justice-at-a-crossroads/) - New York City’s response to crime and violence stands at a pivotal moment. After decades of declining crime and a shrinking criminal legal system, recent years have brought major reforms, social upheaval, and renewed debate about safety, fairness, and enforcement. This project was launched to provide a clear, data-driven picture of where the City has
- [Bail Reform in Action: Pretrial Release Outcomes in New York State, 2019-2020](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/bail-reform-in-action-pretrial-release-outcomes-in-new-york-state-2019-2020/) - This report builds on previous Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) reports that assessed how bail reforms would have affected New York City cases in 2018 and 2019, had the reforms been in effect during those years. Drawing on arraignment data for city and district courts in all 62 counties of New York State, the current
- [Discovery Reform in New York | Major Legislative Provisions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/discovery-reform-in-new-york-major-legislative-provisions/) - In January 2020, New York State put into effect an overhaul of its criminal discovery laws, requiring prosecutors to disclose their evidence to the defense earlier in case proceedings. Discovery reform introduced automatic evidence sharing (without formal requests), deadlines, and clearer guidelines on what must be disclosed. Prosecutors must also submit a “certificate of compliance”
- [Evaluating the Impact of Desk Appearance Ticket Reform in New York State](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/evaluating-the-impact-of-desk-appearance-ticket-reform-in-new-york-state/) - This report addresses the extent to which reforms to the use of Desk Appearance Tickets (DATs), enacted in New York State in January 2020, led more people charged with low-level offenses to avoid pre-arraignment detention. A previous DCJ report established pre-reform baselines by examining statewide DAT issuance and arraignment appearance rates for DATs in 2019.
- [Flagging for Mental Health Needs in New York City Jails: Prevalence and Timing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/flagging-for-mental-health-needs-in-new-york-city-jails-prevalence-and-timing/) - While it is well-established that a substantial portion of people in NYC jails are designated for mental health services, less is known about when during their incarceration these needs are first identified. This brief examines the prevalence and timing of the "Brad H" flag, assigned to anyone who is diagnosed, screened for, requesting, or receiving
- [10 Highlights from the 2022 New York City Stop, Question, and Frisk Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/10-highlights-from-the-2022-new-york-city-stop-question-and-frisk-data/) - Around the end of March, the New York Police Department (NYPD) releases its annual Stop, Question, and Frisk (SQF) dataset, which contains information about police stops that occurred in the previous year. In this Research Note, we take a first look at the newly released 2022 SQF data. The analysis explores trends in police stops
- [Community Safety Investments: Violence Prevention Initiatives Across New York State](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/community-safety-investments-violence-prevention-across-new-york-state/) - By 2014, nearly two dozen New York State counties were implementing at least one state-funded violence prevention model, with the scale of State investments significantly expanded after 2021. To assess their impact, researchers from the John Jay Research and Evaluation Center (JohnJayREC) and Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) analyzed county-level trends in serious and violent
- [Racial and Neighborhood Disparities in New York City Criminal Summons Practices](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/racial-disparities-in-new-york-city-criminal-summonses-2019-2022/) - The purpose of this study is to assess recent trends in criminal summons practices by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), including if and how they disproportionately impact low income and/or Black and Brown communities. Key Findings Overall Summons Trends: Steep Decline Until 2022: Criminal summonses plummeted by 90% from 2013 to 2022 (from
- [Four Decades of Law Enforcement in New York State: Changing Arrest, Prosecution, and Sentencing Trends, 1980-2023](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/four-decades-of-law-enforcement-in-new-york-state-changing-arrest-prosecution-and-sentencing-trends-1980-2023/) - Spanning more than four decades, how has the footprint of New York’s criminal legal system changed? This comprehensive report explores the changing landscape of law enforcement in New York State from 1980 to 2023. It analyzes trends in arrests, prosecutorial declinations, criminal convictions, and sentencing practices, with a focus on regional and racial disparities. Key
- [The New York City Jail Population Tracker](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/the-new-york-city-jail-population-tracker/) - In November 2024, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) launched the New York City Jail Population Tracker, a real-time dashboard tracking New York City’s progress toward closing Rikers Island by 2027. Updated daily, the dashboard provides data from 2016 to the present on key metrics such as the total jail population, women’s population, racial disparities,
- [Criminal Convictions in New York State, 1980-2021](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/criminal-convictions-in-new-york-state-1980-2021/) - From 1980 to 2021, just over 6.6 million New York criminal cases impacting nearly 2.2 million people ended in a conviction. The purpose of this study is to examine criminal convictions and attendant racial disparities in New York State from 1980 to 2021. This research brief expands on an earlier Data Collaborative for Justice study:
- [Trends in the New York State Prison Population, 2008-2023](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/trends-in-the-new-york-state-prison-population-2008-2023/) - Drawing on public data from the Department of Corrections and Community Supervision, this research note highlights 15-year trends in the size and composition of New York State’s prison population. From 2008 to 2023, the prison population declined by nearly half—though it increased for the first time in 15 years in 2023. The population is increasingly
- [Racial Disparities in the Use of Jail Across New York City, 2016-2021](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/racial-disparities-in-the-use-of-jail-across-new-york-city-2016-2021/) - For decades, Black and Brown communities have been disproportionately represented in New York City jails. The purpose of this report is to conduct a deep dive into current racial disparities, with the goal of producing empirical research that can inform and guide policy. Accompanying this report are a set of interactive maps, which presents a
- [Decarceration in the Bail Reform Era: New York City's Changing Jail Population Since 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/decarceration-in-the-bail-reform-era-new-york-citys-changing-jail-population-since-2019/) - On April 1, 2019, New York State legislators passed a new bail law intended to limit pretrial detention and rectify disparities based on wealth and race in who can pay their way out of jail. When bail reform passed, the city’s jails held just over 7,800 people per day, nearly 5,000 of whom were incarcerated
- [Resources | Bail Reform in New York & Across the U.S.](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/resources-bail-reform-in-new-york-across-the-us/) - Informed discourse and access to reliable information are crucial to navigate the complexities of bail reform and work towards a fair and effective justice system. New York’s bail reform law, passed in 2019, sought to decrease the use of pretrial detention, reduce the financial burdens of money bail, and provide community-based supports for individuals presumed innocent
- [Ticket Punch: The Consequences of Fare Evasion Enforcement in New York City Subways](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/ticket-punch-the-consequences-of-fare-evasion-enforcement-in-new-york-city-subways/) - Authored by our partners at the John Jay Research and Evaluation Center (JohnJayREC), this report examined the consequences of fare evasion enforcement in New York City subways. The study was conducted as part of the New York City Police Reform and Reinvention Collaborative Plan, overseen by the New York City Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice (MOCJ).
- [Research Brief: Marijuana Enforcement in New York State, 1990-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/marijuana/research-brief-marijuana-enforcement-in-new-york-state-1990-2017/) - This research brief includes key highlights from the full report from the DCJ on trends in misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York State. Trends in overall misdemeanor marijuana enforcement, marijuana possession enforcement by age and race/ethnicity, as well as enforcement outcomes are highlighted. It also includes an overview of how marijuana policy has evolved at
- [Collateral Consequences: The Effects of Justice Processing for Violations of Drug Laws in NYC](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/collateral-consequences-the-effects-of-justice-processing-for-violations-of-drug-laws-in-nyc/) - This report from NORC at the University of Chicago is aligned with reform initiative 84 of the Plan as directed by MOCJ and overseen by John Jay College's Research and Evaluation Center (JohnJayREC). REPORT LANDING PAGE Drug-related arrests in New York City neighborhoods have far-reaching consequences beyond individuals and families, impacting community well-being, education, socioemotional
- [Color Contrast: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in New York City Law Enforcement](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/color-contrast-racial-and-ethnic-disparities-in-new-york-city-law-enforcement/) - Authored by our partners at the John Jay Research and Evaluation Center (JohnJayREC), this report is aligned with reform initiative 79 of "the Plan" as directed by MOCJ. REPORT LANDING PAGE Arrest rates vary across the neighborhoods of New York City in ways that reveal racial and ethnic disparity. Researchers at JohnJayREC investigated the extent
- [Bench Card: New York's Bail Statute | Pretrial Options](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/new-yorks-bail-statute-pretrial-options/) - Per New York’s bail reform law, the court must base pretrial conditions on whether the individual facing charges poses a “risk of flight” and on the “degree of control or restriction necessary” to assure return to court. Since the initial implementation of the reforms in early 2020, there have been three rounds of amendments that
- [Assessing Progress in Reducing Racial Disparities in New York City Law Enforcement, 2013-2022](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/assessing-progress-in-reducing-racial-disparities-in-new-york-city-law-enforcement-2013-2022/) - As part of New York City’s Police Reform and Reinvention Collaborative Plan, this study assesses overall trends and racial disparities from 2013 to 2022 in four law enforcement practices: pedestrian stops, desk appearance tickets, arrests, and prosecutions by district attorneys. Key Findings Pedestrian Stops Steep Decline in Stops Until 2022: From 2013 to 2021, the
- [Racial Disparities in New York City Civil Summonses, 2019-2022](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/racial-disparities-in-new-york-city-civil-summonses-2019-2022-2/) - The purpose of this study is to assess racial and neighborhood disparities in the issuance of civil summonses by the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The report serves as a companion to a parallel study of criminal summonses. Key Findings Overall Civil Summons Trends Spike in Civil Summonses in 2022: The NYPD issued 27,673
- [Evaluating the Impacts of Desk Appearance Ticket Reform in Rural and Suburban New York, 2018-2022](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/evaluating-the-impacts-of-desk-appearance-ticket-reform-in-rural-and-suburban-new-york-2018-2022/) - A desk appearance ticket (DAT) allows people to return for arraignment on their own instead of being held in pre-arraignment detention. New York's 2020 criminal justice reforms required police officers across the State to issue desk appearance tickets (DATs) to most people facing misdemeanor or Class E felony charges, whereas police previously retained discretion in
- [Evaluating Bail Reform in New York’s Justice Courts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/evaluating-bail-reform-in-new-yorks-justice-courts/) - New York's groundbreaking 2019 bail reforms aimed to curtail pretrial detention, diminish the role of finances in release decisions, and tackle racial disparities in pretrial outcomes. This study is the first to examine pretrial decision-making in New York’s under-examined Town & Village Justice Courts, addressing a knowledge gap in public understanding and serving as a
- [Understanding Trends in Jail Populations, 2014-2019: A Multi-Site Analysis](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/understanding-trends-in-jail-populations-2014-2019-a-multi-site-analysis/) - This report examines and compares jail admissions, length of stay, average daily population, and bed days used in three U.S. counties from 2014 to 2019: Durham County, NC, Louisville-Jefferson County, KY, and St. Louis County, MO. This report summarizes three site-specific reports from Durham, Louisville and St. Louis. Together, these reports provide insights into changes
- [Highlights from 2020-2022 Criminal Summons Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/highlights-from-2020-2022-criminal-summons-data/) - On March 25, 2021, the New York City Council passed Resolution 1584-2021, adopting the City’s Police Reform and Reinvention Collaborative Plan and mandating a series of research inquiries to assess law enforcement and prosecution practices. This included determining if and how current criminal summons practices disproportionately impact low income and Black and Brown communities in
- [Fact Sheet | The Deleterious Impact of Criminal Convictions in New York State](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/fact-sheet-the-deleterious-impact-of-criminal-convictions-in-new-york-state/) - In May 2023, the Data Collaborative for Justice, Brennan Center for Justice, and New York City Comptroller released overlapping reports documenting the magnitude and racially inequitable impacts of criminal convictions in New York. From 1980 to 2021, there were over 6.6 million convictions of more than 2.1 million people across New York State. The deleterious
- [Bail Reform in New York: What Have We Learned? What’s Next? Conference Summary and Research & Legislative Update](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/bail-reform-in-new-york-what-have-we-learned-whats-next-conference-summary-and-research-legislative-update/) - On May 13, 2022, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, a national leader in educating for justice, hosted a public conference providing up-to-date research, policy ideas, and dialogue surrounding New York State’s bail and pretrial laws, policies, and practices. Bail Reform in New York: What Have We Learned? What’s Next? represented a partnership among John
- [Explaining New York’s 2023 Bail Reform Amendments](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/explaining-new-yorks-2023-bail-reform-amendments/) - On May 2, 2023, Governor Kathy Hochul signed New York’s Fiscal Year 2024 state budget, which included changes to the State’s bail reform law. Driven by an effort to reduce the number of people held in pretrial detention and address persistent economic and racial disparities in New York’s jail population, bail reform initially passed in
- [Criminal Conviction Records in New York City (1980-2019)](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/criminal-conviction-records-in-new-york-city-1980-2019/) - In this report, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) presents analyses on criminal convictions in New York City from 1980 through 2019, using data provided by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. DCJ presents the number of criminal convictions that have accumulated over the course of these four decades, broken down by
- [Advancing Justice and Equity in the New York State Courts: The Crucial Policymaker Role of the Next Chief Judge](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/advancing-justice-and-equity-in-the-new-york-state-courts-the-policymaker-role-of-the-next-chief-judge/) - The next Chief Judge of the State of New York can advance justice, equity, and community safety by fulfilling two critical leadership roles: (1) steering the Court of Appeals and interpreting state law in ways that safeguard the rights of all New Yorkers, including those vulnerable to discrimination and abuse; and (2) offering visionary policy
- [Understanding Trends in the Jail Population in Louisville Metro, Kentucky: 2010 to 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/understanding-trends-in-the-jail-population-in-louisville-metro-kentucky-2010-to-2019/) - This report and related research brief provide key metrics on the jail population in the Louisville Metro Detention Center (LMDC), including trends in jail admissions, length of stay, bed days utilized, and individuals who return to jail repeatedly. These reports provide key insights into the factors driving jail populations in LMDC and highlights key policy
- [Justice Data Brief: Understanding New York City’s 311 Data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/justice-data-brief-understanding-new-york-citys-311-data/) - This report provides information on the frequency of different types of complaints that are made to New York City’s 311 system, highlights what 311 data can (and cannot) tell us about the concerns and priorities of New Yorkers, and examines the challenges in using calls to measure social disorder. This brief is one of DCJ’s
- [Two Years In: 2020 Bail Reforms in Action in New York State](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/two-years-in-2020-bail-reforms-in-action-in-new-york-state/) - On January 1, 2020, landmark reforms governing bail and pretrial release decisions went into effect in New York State. The new laws eliminated bail for most misdemeanors and non-violent felonies, required judges to consider people’s ability to pay in cases still legally eligible for bail, and included a new presumption of release on recognizance in
- [Women in New York City Jails, 1995-2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/women-in-new-york-city-jails-1995-2019/) - Since 2017, New York City has been implementing a citywide plan to reduce the city's jail population to 3,300 and replace the Rikers Island jail complex with four borough-based jails (a project currently targeted for completion by 2027). This report sheds light on the progress made in reducing the population of women held in the
- [Before Bail Reform: Pretrial Bail Decisions and Outcomes in New York’s Justice Courts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/before-bail-reform-pretrial-bail-decisions-and-outcomes-in-new-yorks-justice-courts/) - This report was authored by DCJ's partners at The John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, and is a companion to DCJ's May 2022 report: "Bail Reform in Action: Pretrial Release Outcomes in New York State, 2019-2020." This report represents the first in a series of reports examining how bail reform impacted Justice Courts –
- [Case Dispositions for Arraigned and Continued Cases in New York City in 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/case-dispositions-for-arraigned-and-continued-cases-in-new-york-city-in-2019/) - After an arrest, a person’s first appearance in court (“arraignment”) can have significant consequences for the trajectory of their criminal case. At arraignment, a judge may decide to dismiss the case, a prosecutor may decide to drop charges, or the individual charged with a crime may decide to enter a guilty plea and move to
- [Policy Analysis | Estimating the Effects of Governor Kathy Hochul’s Proposed Criminal Justice Legislation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/policy-analysis-estimating-the-effects-of-governor-kathy-hochuls-proposed-criminal-justice-legislation/) - On March 17, 2022, New York’s local media publicized a set of criminal justice proposals advanced by Governor Kathy Hochul. To inform policy deliberations, we sought to quantify the likely effects of proposals related to the state’s bail, Desk Appearance Ticket, and “Raise the Age” reforms. Summary of Key Findings: Bail Reform: Increase in Bail
- [The Association Between Case Volume and Case Processing Times in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/the-association-between-case-volume-and-case-processing-times-in-new-york-city/) - Past research has highlighted a number of case- and court-level characteristics that may be associated with differences in case processing time, yet other factors remain relatively unexplored. Drawing on an extensive case-level data set of misdemeanor and felony cases resolved in New York City’s court system, the current study contributes to our knowledge of case
- [Tracking Enforcement Rates in Louisville, 2009-2016](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/tracking-enforcement-rates-in-louisville-2009-2016/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [Tracking Enforcement Rates in the City of St. Louis, 2002-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/research-network/tracking-enforcement-rates-in-the-city-of-st-louis-2002-2017/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [Misdemeanor Arrest Trends in the City of Durham, North Carolina, 2007-2016](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/misdemeanor-arrest-trends-in-the-city-of-durham-north-carolina-2007-2016/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [Tracking Enforcement Rates in Prince George’s County, MD 2006-2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/tracking-enforcement-rates-in-prince-georges-county-md-2006-2018/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [The Criminal Justice Reform Act Evaluation: Trends in Criminal Summonses Pre-Implementation, 2003-2016](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/citations/the-criminal-justice-reform-act-evaluation-trends-in-criminal-summonses-pre-implementation-2003-2016/) - The Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA) allows police officers to issue a civil summons rather than a criminal court summons for five offenses: (1) public consumption of alcohol, (2) public urination, (3) littering, (4) unreasonable noise, and (5) NYC Park Rules offenses. By moving enforcement of many of these offenses out of the criminal courts, policymakers sought to support more
- [The Criminal Justice Reform Act Evaluation: Post Implementation Changes in Summons Issuance and Outcomes](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/citations/the-criminal-justice-reform-act-evaluation-post-implementation-changes-in-summons-issuance-and-outcomes/) - The Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA) allows police officers to issue a civil summons rather than a criminal court summons for five offenses: (1) public consumption of alcohol, (2) public urination, (3) littering, (4) unreasonable noise, and (5) NYC Park Rules offenses. By moving enforcement of many of these offenses out of the criminal courts, policymakers sought to support more
- [Examining Appearance Rates in Civil and Criminal Summons Court in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/examining-appearance-rates-in-civil-and-criminal-summons-court-in-new-york-city/) - The Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA) allows police officers to issue a civil summons rather than a criminal court summons for five offenses: (1) public consumption of alcohol, (2) public urination, (3) littering, (4) unreasonable noise, and (5) NYC Park Rules offenses. By moving enforcement of many of these offenses out of the criminal courts, policymakers sought to support more
- [Understanding Trends in Jail Population in St. Louis County, Missouri: 2010 – 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/understanding-trends-in-jail-population-in-st-louis-county-missouri-2010-2019/) - This report and related research brief provide key metrics on the jail population in St. Louis County, Missouri, including trends in jail admissions, length of stay, bed days utilized, and individuals who return to jail repeatedly. These reports provide insights into the factors driving jail populations in LMDC and highlights policy changes that may be
- [Understanding Trends in Jail Population in Durham, North Carolina, 2014 to 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/understanding-trends-in-jail-population-in-durham-north-carolina-2014-to-2019/) - This report and related research brief provide key metrics on the jail population in Durham County, North Carolina, including trends in jail admissions, length of stay, and jail bed days utilized from 2014 to 2019. These reports provide insights into the factors driving jail populations in this facility and highlights policy changes that may be
- [The Summons Report: Trends in the Issuance and Disposition of Summonses in New York City, 2003-2013](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/the-summons-report-trends-in-the-issuance-and-disposition-of-summonses-in-new-york-city-2003-2013/) - This report examines the issuance and processing of criminal summonses in New York City. It includes longitudinal trends by New York City’s boroughs (i.e., the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island) as well as by age, gender, charge, disposition, and sentence/fines imposed. Additionally, this report examines the proportion of defective or legally insufficient summonses,
- [Assessing Potential Impacts of 2020 Bail Reforms in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/assessing-potential-impacts-of-2020-bail-reforms-in-new-york-city/) - On April 1, 2019, New York State passed extensive legislative reforms aimed at transforming the criminal justice system and its impact on New Yorkers. Among the most significant changes are those to the laws governing bail in New York State (“2020 Bail Reforms”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020. These reforms, among other
- [Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/trends-in-misdemeanor-arrests-in-new-york/) - The first report from the Data Collaborative for Justice (originally called, the Misdemeanor Justice Project), examines misdemeanor arrest rates in New York State from 1980 to 2013. The report includes analyses broken down by the following geographic areas: New York City, Upstate Cities in New York State (i.e., Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers), and
- [Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in New York, 1980-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/trends-in-misdemeanor-arrests-in-new-york-1980-2017/) - This report examines trends in misdemeanor arrests in New York City, Upstate Cities (Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers), and the Rest of the State. It includes analyses of trends by demographics, charges, and outcomes. Key Findings: New York City and Upstate Cities (Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers) experienced dramatic fluctuations in misdemeanor arrests
- [Evaluating the Impact of New York City’s Criminal Justice Reform Act: Summons Issuance and Outcomes in the 18 Months after Implementation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/evaluating-the-impact-of-new-york-citys-criminal-justice-reform-act-summons-issuance-and-outcomes-in-the-18-months-after-implementation/) - The Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA) allows police officers to issue a civil summons rather than a criminal court summons for five offenses: (1) public consumption of alcohol, (2) public urination, (3) littering, (4) unreasonable noise, and (5) NYC Park Rules offenses. By moving enforcement of many of these offenses out of the criminal courts, policymakers sought to support more
- [Warrant Arrests in the City of St. Louis, 2002 – 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/warrant-arrests-in-the-city-of-st-louis-2002-2019/) - This study on warrant enforcement practices in the City of St. Louis, Missouri was conducted as part of The Research Network for Misdemeanor Justice (RNMJ), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ), that brings together researchers and local government actors to conduct research on lower-level enforcement practices around the country. This study of warrants
- [Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests, Referrals, and Charges in Seattle](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/trends-in-misdemeanor-arrests-referrals-and-charges-in-seattle/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [Trends in Misdemeanor Arrests in Los Angeles, 2001-2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/trends-in-misdemeanor-arrests-in-los-angeles-2001-2017/) - This report was produced through the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (the “Research Network”), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in seven jurisdictions committed to producing data, research and scholarly work on misdemeanor enforcement trends. The goal of the Network is to inform policy at
- [Examining Warrant Arrests in Jefferson County, Kentucky: 2006 to 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/examining-warrant-arrests-in-jefferson-county-kentucky-2006-to-2019/) - This study on warrant enforcement practices in Jefferson County, Kentucky (“Louisville Metro”) was conducted as part of The Research Network for Misdemeanor Justice (RNMJ), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ), that brings together researchers and local government actors to conduct research on lower-level enforcement practices around the country. The study of warrants grew
- [Warrant Enforcement in Louisville Metro and the City of St. Louis from 2006 – 2019: A Cross-site Analysis](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/warrant-enforcement-in-louisville-metro-and-the-city-of-st-louis-from-2006-2019-a-cross-site-analysis/) - This study on the role of warrants in local police enforcement was conducted as part of The Research Network for Misdemeanor Justice (RNMJ), a project of the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) that brings together researchers and local government actors to conduct research on lower-level enforcement practices around the country. Warrants direct law enforcement to arrest
- [Assessing the Potential Impact of 2020 Bail Reforms on 2019 New York City Criminal Court Cases](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/assessing-the-potential-impact-of-2020-bail-reforms-on-2019-new-york-city-criminal-court-cases/) - Between April 2019 and April 2020, New York State passed two sets of reforms to the laws governing bail. The first set of reforms (“Original Reforms”), which went into effect on January 1, 2020, prohibited judges from setting money bail for most misdemeanors and non-violent felonies. Additional details about these reforms can be found in
- [Trends in Issuance of Criminal Summonses in New York City, 2003–2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/trends-in-issuance-of-criminal-summonses-in-new-york-city-2003-2019/) - In this report, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) examines how criminal summons issuance and outcomes have changed in New York City from 2003 to 2019, adding six years of data to update DCJ’s prior report on criminal summons enforcement between 2003 and 2013. This new report builds on DCJ’s prior research by: (1) examining trends in
- [Special Issue: Misdemeanor Justice Project—A Focus on Criminal Justice System Responses to Lower Level Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/%report-category%/special-issue-misdemeanor-justice-project-a-focus-on-criminal-justice-system-responses-to-lower-level-offenses/)
- [Special Issue: Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/research-network/criminology-criminal-justice-law-society/)
- [Special Issue: Communities and Lower‐Level Enforcement](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/%report-category%/special-issuecommunities-and-lower‐level-enforcement/)
- [Data Report: Trends in Admissions to New York City Jails, 1995–2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/data-report-trends-in-admissions-to-new-york-city-jails-1995-2019/) - In this data report, we examine how individuals enter the New York City jail system, showing trends in admissions by admission type (pretrial, city sentenced, and technical parole violation), demographics (race/ethnicity and age), borough, and charge types for felony and misdemeanor admissions from 1995 to 2019. This report also examines legal status type and felony
- [Data Report: Trends in the Pretrial Jail Population in New York City, 2000–2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/data-report-trends-in-the-pretrial-jail-population-in-new-york-city-2000-2019/) - In this data report, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) presents trends in pretrial admissions and custodial factors (i.e., bail amount, length of stay, and how an individual is discharged) in the New York City jail system between 2000 to 2019. This report updates a prior DCJ report which analyzed these same trends from 2000
- [Desk Appearance Tickets in New York State in 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/desk-appearance-tickets-in-new-york-state-in-2019/) - On April 1, 2019, New York State passed extensive legislative reforms (“2020 Criminal Justice Reforms”) aimed at transforming the criminal legal system and its impact on New Yorkers. Amongst other changes, the reforms (which came into effect on January 1, 2020) now require police in New York State to issue desk appearance tickets (commonly referred
- [New York City Jail Population in 2019](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/new-york-city-jail-population-in-2019/) - Since 2017, New York City has been implementing a citywide plan to reduce the city's jail population to 3,300 and replace the Rikers Island jail complex with four borough-based jails (a project currently targeted for completion by 2027). This report sheds light on the progress made in reducing the jail population and focuses mainly on
- [Misdemeanor Enforcement Trends Across Seven U.S. Jurisdictions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/misdemeanor-enforcement-trends-across-seven-u-s-jurisdictions/) - This paper, which is a product of DCJ’s Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (“the Research Network”), examines long-term trends in lower-level enforcement across seven U.S. jurisdictions: Durham, NC; Los Angeles, CA; Louisville, KY; New York City, NY; Prince George’s County; MD; Seattle, WA; and St. Louis, MO. It draws both on reports that were produced
- [Desk Appearance Tickets in New York State in 2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/desk-appearance-tickets-in-new-york-state-in-2018/) - This research brief presents research on the use of Desk Appearance Tickets (DATs) across New York State in 2018. DATs are an alternative to a traditional, custodial arrest. Rather than remain in police custody for up to 24 hours until their first appearance in court (“arraignment”), a person who receives a DAT is released from
- [Tracking Enforcement Trends in New York City: 2003-2018](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/tracking-enforcement-trends-in-new-york-city-2003-2018/) - In this report, the Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) examines how New York City’s enforcement rates (defined as felony and misdemeanor arrests, criminal summonses and pedestrian stops) have changed from 2003 to 2018, adding four additional years of data to update DCJ’s prior report, Tracking Enforcement Rates in New York City, 2003-2014. Key Findings: Overall
- [Tracking Enforcement Rates in New York City, 2003-2014](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/tracking-enforcement-rates-in-new-york-city-2003-2014/) - This report examines longitudinal trends for the various types of enforcement actions that bring the public into contact with law enforcement. The types of enforcement actions that were included in the report are: criminal summonses, pedestrian stops (i.e. stop, question, and frisk), and misdemeanor and felony arrests. This report analyzes trends by demographic characteristics (age,
- [Trends in Arrests for Misdemeanor Charges in New York City, 1993-2016](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/trends-in-arrests-for-misdemeanor-charges-in-new-york-city-1993-2016/) - This report examines trends in misdemeanor arrests in New York City between 1993 and 2016 by charge categories. The report groups charges that are more likely to be complaint-driven (e.g., “person-related” charges, like assault and property crimes) compared to arrest charges that are less likely to be complaint-driven (e.g., drug charges and theft of services
- [Mapping Mobility of Individuals Arrested for Misdemeanors in New York City, 2006-2014](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/mapping-mobility-of-individuals-arrested-for-misdemeanors-in-new-york-city-2006-2014/) - This report examines longitudinal trends in the mobility of individuals arrested for a misdemeanor in New York City between 2006 and 2014. DCJ analyzed assessed how frequently individuals were arrested for a misdemeanor in their precinct of residence (i.e. where an individual lives) versus another precinct in New York City. This study examined variation in
- [Enforcement Trends in the City of St. Louis From 2007 to 2017: Exploring Variability in Arrests and Criminal Summonses Over Time and Across Communities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/enforcement-trends-in-the-city-of-st-louis-from-2007-to-2017-exploring-variability-in-arrests-and-criminal-summonses-over-time-and-across-communities/) - The goal of this study is twofold: (a) to describe trends in enforcement activity in the city of St. Louis from 2007 through 2017 and (b) to document community variation in these trends. Five types of enforcement actions are examined: felony, misdemeanor, municipal, and bench warrant arrests and criminal summonses‐in‐lieu of arrest. Results indicate that
- [Understanding the Role of Service Providers, Land Use, and Resident Characteristics on the Occurrence of Mental Health Crisis Calls to the Police](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/understanding-the-role-of-service-providers-land-use-and-resident-characteristics-on-the-occurrence-of-mental-health-crisis-calls-to-the-police/) - Similar to concentrations of crime, mental health calls have been found to concentrate at a small number of places, but few have considered the context of places where mental health calls occur. The current study examines the influence of the physical and social context of street segments, particularly the role of service providers, land use
- [Police Chief: Research in Brief](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/research-in-brief-officer-use-of-discretion-lessons-learned-from-the-misdemeanor-justice-project/) - This resource was produced for law enforcement leaders and highlights three main issues: (1) department policies are critical for determining how, and to what extent, minor crimes are enforced; (2) the success of department practices that rely on high levels of officer discretion are dependent upon the degree to which officers buy into the philosophical
- [The Role of Research in Judicial Education: Lessons from the Data Collaborative for Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/the-role-of-research-in-judicial-education-lessons-from-the-data-collaborative-for-justice/) - This resource was produced for judges and summarizes four articles from DCJ’s special issue in Criminal Justice Policy Review including Revenue Incentives from Fines and Fees, Pretrial Detention and Readmissions, Right to Counsel in Misdemeanor Prosecutions, and Improve the Pace of Criminal Case Processing
- [The Empirical Case for Defense Counsel for All, Starting at First Appearance: Lessons from the Misdemeanor Justice Project](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/the-empirical-case-for-defense-counsel-for-all-starting-at-first-appearance-lessons-from-the-misdemeanor-justice-project/) - This resource was highlight the critical role of defense counsel, which is often denied or restricted, in ensuring the rights of individuals accused of criminal in lower courts. This article was based on two articles from DCJ’s special issue in Criminal Justice Policy Review: What Difference Does a Lawyer Make? Impacts on early counsel on
- [Findings from the Misdemeanor Justice Project](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/findings-from-the-misdemeanor-justice-project/) - This resource was produced for prosecutors, judges, and public defenders and highlights: (1) that law enforcement strategies that include guardian actions such as citizen checks have greater crime prevention effects than traditional enforcement actions such as arrests, (2) implicit biases play a role into who enters the court room and (3) the importance of defense
- [Police Chief: The Informer](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/the-informer/) - This resource was produced for law enforcement leaders and summarizes three articles from DCJ’s special issue in Criminal Justice Policy Review Including The Effectiveness of Enforcement, Discretionary Practices and Their Intended Effects, and Use of Misdemeanor Convictions for Revenues.
- [Discretion and Diversion in Albany's Lead Program](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/discretion-and-diversion-in-albanys-lead-program/) - In early 2016, Albany police launched its law-enforcement-assisted diversion (LEAD) program, providing for discretionary prebooking diversion for low-level offenders whose offending was driven by drug addiction, mental illness, homelessness, or poverty. We examine the exercise of officers’ discretion in making LEAD diversions by analyzing eligible incidents to estimate the effects of offense-, suspect-, and officer-related
- [Effective Case Management: Striking the Balance Between Efficiency and Quality](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/effective-case-managementstriking-the-balance-between-efficiency-and-quality/) - This resource was produced to provide guidance on best practices for judge’s on case management. The best practices are developed from DCJ’s special issue article: Improving the Pace of Criminal Case Processing in State Trial Courts
- [Trends in Custody: New York City Department of Correction, 2000-2015](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/trends-in-custody-new-york-city-department-of-correction-2000-2015/) - This report focuses on individuals in the custody of the New York City Department of Correction (DOC) between 2000 and 2015. A prior report, released in December, 2016, examined admissions to the corrections system between 1995 and 2015. Related Press and Media New York City to end cash bail for non-felony cases in win for
- [Trends in Admissions to the New York City Department of Correction, 1995-2015](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/trends-in-admissions-to-the-new-york-city-department-of-correction-1995-2015/) - This report examines trends in admissions to the New York City Department of Correction, which manages the jails in New York City. Individuals may be in DOC custody for a variety of reasons – they may be charged with crimes and awaiting trial, serving short sentences, or being held on warrants. Related Press and Media
- [Special Issue Introduction](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/special-issue-introduction/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice (DCJ) is pleased to partner with Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society (CCJLS) for this special issue highlighting scholarly work from the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice (RNMJ), a project of the DCJ. Thank you to Drs. Elaine Gunnison and Jacqueline Helfgott for editing this special issue and for the
- [Introduction: Communities and the Enforcement of Lower Level Offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/communities-and-the-enforcement-of-lower-level-offenses/) - The intensive enforcement of lower level offenses and the concomitant increase in contact between law enforcement and community members has received significant public scrutiny in recent years. High‐profile incidents, such as the deaths of Eric Garner and Michael Brown, have highlighted the sometimes grave consequences of these policing practices. Additionally, while declining, the scale of
- [Book Review: Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/book-review-misdemeanorland-criminal-courts-and-social-control-in-an-age-of-broken-windows-policing/) - Misdemeanorland: Criminal Courts and Social Control in an Age of Broken Windows Policing by Issa Kohler-Hausmann is a meticulous study of the lower courts in New York City during the early 2010s. Drawing on years of ethnographic fieldwork, interviews with court actors and defendants, and an array of quantitative data on police and court activities,
- [Risk and Resources: A Qualitative Perspective on Low-Level Sentences in Virginia](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/risk-and-resources-a-qualitative-perspective-on-low-level-sentences-in-virginia/) - Virginia's sentencing guidelines include alternative sanctions based on the use of a quantitative instrument called the Nonviolent Risk Assessment (NVRA) that identifies individuals convicted of drug and property crimes that are considered to be at lower risk of recidivism. Although nondispositive, the NVRA affords judges the discretion to grant alternative sentences to eligible low‐risk defendants.
- [Invisible Injustice: A Review of Punishment Without Crime: How Our Massive Misdemeanor System Traps the Innocent and Makes America More Unequal](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/invisible-injustice-a-review-of-punishment-without-crime-how-our-massive-misdemeanor-system-traps-the-innocent-and-makes-america-more-unequal/) - Misdemeanors matter. Whether they end in high‐profile police shootings, or in fines, fees, and jail, misdemeanors amount to more than the minor inconveniences they are often made out to be. As Professor Alexandra Natapoff argues in Punishment Without Crime: How Our Massive Misdemeanor System Traps the Innocent and Makes America More Unequal, the current system
- [An Examination of the Influence of Procedurally Just Strategies on Legal Cynicism Among Urban Youth Experiencing Police Contact](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/an-examination-of-the-influence-of-procedurally-just-strategies-on-legal-cynicism-among-urban-youth-experiencing-police-contact/) - Adolescents experience more police‐initiated contacts resulting from relatively minor infractions than any other group, and often these interactions do not result in notable legal consequences. However, such interactions may have long‐term consequences for adolescent perceptions of the justice system. Using data from the age 15 wave of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, our
- [Understanding Misdemeanor Enforcement: The Roles of Calls for Service and Community Characteristics](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/understanding-misdemeanor-enforcement-the-roles-of-calls-for-service-and-community-characteristics/) - This study examines the roles of calls for service (i.e., police‐related 911 calls) and community characteristics in explaining variation in enforcement rates for low‐level, misdemeanor offenses, which make up the large majority of police enforcement activity. The study site is Prince George's County, Maryland, and the unit of analysis is the police department's 65 patrol
- [The Influence of Body‐Worn Cameras, Minority Threat, and Place on Police Activity](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/the-influence-of-body‐worn-cameras-minority-threat-and-place-on-police-activity/) - Police practices evolve and are often shaped by technological innovation, such as the adoption of body‐worn cameras (BWCs). While initial research on their impact is evergrowing, researchers have neglected to examine if their use is influenced by neighborhood characteristics. This study examines the influence of a BWC implementation on police activity and enforcement practices across
- [Neighborhood Cohesion and Procedural Justice in Policing Among Black Adults: The Moderating Role of Cultural Race‐Related Stress](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/neighborhood-cohesion-and-procedural-justice-in-policing-among-black-adults-the-moderating-role-of-cultural-race‐related-stress/) - Aims This study explored how neighborhood cohesion is related to perceptions of procedural justice in policing, and the moderating role of cultural race‐related stress among Black adults. Methods We conducted hierarchical regression analyses of a US sample of Black adults (N = 604) to examine if neighborhood cohesion and cultural race‐related stress relate to global procedural justice
- [Examining the Community Consequences of Arrests for Low‐Level Criminal Activity](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/examining-the-community-consequences-of-arrests-for-low‐level-criminal-activity/) - This study was designed to examine the effects of arrests for low‐level criminal activity on key features of police–community relations and the capacity of the neighborhood to regulate behavior of residents. Multilevel mixed‐effects modeling was used with residents (N = 826) living in police beats (N = 51) in Chicago to test the hypotheses that higher arrest rates were
- [It’s Just Shoplifting (Or Is It?):  Examining Court Processing of Shoplifting Before and After the Passage of Mississippi House Bill 585](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/its-just-shoplifting-or-is-it-examining-court-processing-of-shoplifting-before-and-after-the-passage-of-mississippi-house-bill-585/) - Even though there are more than a million arrests for shoplifting each year, little scholarly research exists about this topic. In this paper, we examine the court processing of shoplifting offenses before and after the 2014 passage of Mississippi House Bill 585 in a rural jurisdiction. Among other things, House Bill 585 increased the threshold
- [What Difference Does a Lawyer Make? Impacts on early counsel on misdemeanor bail decisions and outcomes in rural and small town courts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/what-difference-does-a-lawyer-make-impacts-on-early-counsel-on-misdemeanor-bail-decisions-and-outcomes-in-rural-and-small-town-courts/) - Recent court decisions and state legislation have highlighted the significance of ensuring that criminal defendants are represented by counsel at their first appearances in court, where judges make critical decisions on pretrial release, bail, and detention. Yet many jurisdictions do not routinely provide counsel to indigent defendants at this stage. We hypothesize that when defendants
- [Variability in the Use of Misdemeanor Arrests by Police Agencies from 1990 to 2013: An application of group-based trajectory modeling](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/variability-in-the-use-of-misdemeanor-arrests-by-police-agencies-from-1990-to-2013-an-application-of-group-based-trajectory-modeling/) - Arrest for minor offenses has become one tool that some police departments employ to fight crime and disorder in their jurisdictions. Dubbed by some as “broken windows” or “zero tolerance” policing, a few police agencies in the 1990s and 2000s notably and significantly increased their use of arrest for such misdemeanors, such as New York
- [Unpacking Pretrial Detention: An examination of patterns and predictors of readmissions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/unpacking-pretrial-detention-an-examination-of-patterns-and-predictors-of-readmissions/) - Pretrial detention makes up the majority of jail admissions, but little is known about this high-volume population. The current study fills this gap by examining the pretrial detention population in New York City and assesses their pretrial readmissions over a 10-year follow-up period. While the number of individuals detained pretrial has consistently decreased since 1995,
- [Traffic Enforcement through the Lens of Race: A sequential analysis of post-stop outcomes in San Diego, California](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/traffic-enforcement-through-the-lens-of-race-a-sequential-analysis-of-post-stop-outcomes-in-san-diego-california/) - Research has shown that Black and Hispanic drivers are subject to disproportionate stop and post-stop outcomes compared with White drivers. Yet scholars’ understanding of how and why such disparities persist remains underdeveloped. To address this shortcoming, this article applies a sequential approach to the analysis of traffic stop data generated by San Diego Police Department
- [The Effect of Various Police Enforcement Actions on Violent Crime: Evidence from a saturation foot-patrol intervention](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/the-effect-of-various-police-enforcement-actions-on-violent-crime-evidence-from-a-saturation-foot-patrol-intervention/) - The current study tests the crime prevention effect of different police actions conducted during a foot-patrol saturation initiative in Newark, New Jersey. Police actions were categorized into two typologies: enforcement actions (i.e., arrests, quality of life summonses and field interrogations) and guardian actions (i.e., business checks, citizen contacts, bus checks, and taxi inspections). Logistic regression
- [Right to Counsel in Misdemeanor Prosecutions After Alabama v. Shelton: No-lawyer-courts and their consequences on the poor and communities of color in St. Louis](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/right-to-counsel-in-misdemeanor-prosecutions-after-alabama-v-shelton-no-lawyer-courts-and-their-consequences-on-the-poor-and-communities-of-color-in-st-louis/) - Under U.S. Supreme Court cases Argersinger v. Hamlin and Alabama v. Shelton, the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution requires the provision of defense counsel to an indigent defendant for any charge that, if proved, actually leads to imprisonment or is punished by a suspended sentence that subsequently could lead to imprisonment. This article uses
- [Monetary Myopia: An examination of institutional response to revenue from monetary sanctions for misdemeanors](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/monetary-myopia-an-examination-of-institutional-response-to-revenue-from-monetary-sanctions-for-misdemeanors/) - Monetary sanctions (fines, fees, surcharges, etc.) are codified in municipal, state, and federal statutes and create an incentive for jurisdictions to shift from using them for punishment to using them for revenue. Misdemeanors are of particular concern because they dominate the court system and provide ample opportunity to assess surcharges on top of punitive fines.
- [Introduction to Special Issue: Misdemeanor Justice Project - A focus on criminal justice system responses to lower level offenses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/introduction-to-special-issue-misdemeanor-justice-project-a-focus-on-criminal-justice-system-responses-to-lower-level-offenses/) - To date, the enforcement of lower level offenses and the criminal justice system’s response to these enforcement actions has received little scholarly attention. To address this gap in scientific research, the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) commissioned nine scholarly papers focused on criminal justice responses to lower level offenses. Each of the papers in this volume
- [Improving the Pace of Criminal Case Processing in State Trial Courts](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/improving-the-pace-of-criminal-case-processing-in-state-trial-courts/) - Delay in the processing of criminal cases has long been viewed as a serious national problem. Substantial differences exist among courts in the average time it takes to resolve both felony and misdemeanor cases, with past research producing inconclusive results on the causes of observed variation. In response, and with the support of the Arnold
- [Examining Judicial Pretrial Release Decisions: The Influence of Risk Assessments and Race](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/examining-judicial-pretrial-release-decisions-the-influence-of-risk-assessments-and-race/) - On average there are over 450,000 individuals in pretrial detention across the United States, despite research noting the considerable economic and social costs of these practices. Previous research on pretrial decision-making shows that legal (e.g. offense severity) and extra-legal factors (e.g. race and gender) exert a strong influence on judicial bond decisions. What is missing
- [Decriminalization and Depenalization of Marijuana Possession: A Case Study of Enforcement Outcomes in Prince George’s County](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/decriminalization-and-depenalization-of-marijuana-possession-a-case-study-of-enforcement-outcomes-in-prince-georges-county/) - In recent years in Maryland, two significant legal reforms were enacted which successively depenalized and decriminalized low-level marijuana possession. This case study examines the impact of these legal changes on the type and levels of enforcement activity – including arrests and criminal citations -- in the state’s second largest jurisdiction. The goal of marijuana possession-related
- [Crisis-flagged Misdemeanors in Seattle: Arrests, Referrals, Charges, and Case Dispositions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/crisis-flagged-misdemeanors-in-seattle-arrests-referrals-charges-and-case-dispositions/) - Misdemeanor cases represent the majority of the cases processed through the criminal justice system. Misdemeanor offenses often involve individuals experiencing mental health conditions, drug and alcohol addiction, severe poverty, deprivation, and/or homelessness. These conditions can manifest in behavioral crisis events that come to the attention to law enforcement in the form of lower-level misdemeanor crimes.
- [Criminal and Civil Summons Court Appearance: Predictors of Timely Response to Summonses for Lower-Level Offenses in New York City](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/criminal-and-civil-summons-court-appearance-predictors-of-timely-response-to-summonses-for-lower-level-offenses-in-new-york-city/) - The present study examines court appearance data for written appearance tickets (“summonses”) before and after the implementation of the Criminal Justice Reform Act (CJRA) in New York City. The CJRA, a city-level reform which moved the adjudication of some summonses from the criminal to civil courts, provides a unique opportunity to examine an innovative approach
- [Changes in Enforcement of Low-Level and Felony Offenses Post-Ferguson: An Analysis of Arrests in St. Louis, Missouri](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/changes-in-enforcement-of-low-level-and-felony-offenses-post-ferguson-an-analysis-of-arrests-in-st-louis-missouri/) - As a result of several highly publicized incidents of police killing unarmed Black suspects, many contend that American police are in the midst of a crisis. Police have faced high levels of public scrutiny that some argue has stifled police activities and led to spikes in violent crime. This phenomenon—coined in the aftermath of the
- [Tracking Suspensions in New York City Public Schools, 2006 to 2017](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/tracking-suspensions-in-new-york-city-public-schools-2006-to-2017/) - This report examines trends in the number and rate of suspensions from 2006-07 to 2016-17. Further, for the 2016-17 school year, this report assesses: (1) the use of multiple suspensions for individual students; (2) the number of suspensions by conduct/behavior; (3) the average number of days per suspension by conduct/behavior; and (4) how disciplinary actions

## Categories

- [Opinion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/category/opinion/)
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## Tags

- [Bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/bail/)
- [Research Network](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/research-network/)
- [criminal justice reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/criminal-justice-reform/)
- [nyc](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/nyc/)
- [data](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/data/)
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- [court representation](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/court-representation/)
- [enforcement](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/enforcement/)
- [misdemeanor](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/misdemeanor/)
- [criminal justice research](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/criminal-justice-research/)
- [policing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/policing/)
- [CJRA](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/cjra/)
- [marijuana](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/marijuana/)
- [dispositions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/dispositions/)
- [pretrial](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/pretrial/)
- [jail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/jail/)
- [crime](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/crime/)
- [summonses](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/summonses/)
- [arrests](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/arrests/)
- [Rikers Island](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/rikers-island/)
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- [Events](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/events/)
- [Press](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/press/)
- [Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/bail-reform/)
- [Criminal Convictions](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/criminal-convictions/)
- [Conviction History](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/conviction-history/)
- [Press Coverage](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/tag/press-coverage/)

## Events Category

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- [Webinar](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/events/webinar/)

## Report Category

- [Research Resources](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/practitioner-resources/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice publishes articles about our research and data that is tailored to the questions and needs of criminal justice agencies and practitioners.
- [Scholarly Work](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/scholarly-work/) - The Data Collaborative for Justice seeks to expand academic research and literature on important criminal justice issues, particularly for lower-level enforcement, which historically has received little academic attention relative to felony offenses and more serious crimes. In 2018, DCJ put together a special issue of Criminal Justice Policy Review, that was the first social science journal issue focused exclusively on the criminal legal system’s response to lower-level offenses.
- [Low-Level Enforcement](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/low-level-enforcement/) - DCJ publishes research that shows the impact of discretionary law enforcement policies and practices, including stops, arrests, and summons issuance.
- [Jail Populations](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail-populations/) - DCJ research evaluates both long-term and recent trends within New York City and State jail populations and considers their significance for the plan to close Rikers Island.
- [Bail Reform](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail-reform/) - DCJ regularly publishes research on the implementation and effects of bail reforms on pretrial decision-making, jail populations, and recidivism in New York City and State.
- [Reports](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/reports/)
- [Research Network](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/research-network/) - In 2016, the DCJ launched the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice to study lower-level enforcement actions (e.g., misdemeanor arrests, citations, stops), which represent the most common interactions between communities and the criminal justice system. The Research Network seeks to inform criminal justice system operations and policy at the local and state levels. It also seeks to support a national discourse, informed by data, on the role of lower-level enforcement in public safety, trust in the criminal legal system, racial justice, and efficient use of finite taxpayer dollars. The Research Network is comprised of researcher-practitioner partnerships in eight jurisdictions committed to producing data, research, and scholarly work on lower-level enforcement trends. The Research Network partner sites are: Durham, NC; Los Angeles, CA; Louisville, KY; Meridian, MS; New York, NY; Prince George’s County, MD; Seattle, WA; and St. Louis, MO. To date, the sites have published reports examining local, lower-level enforcement trends over time.
- [Bail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/bail/)
- [NYC](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/nyc/)
- [Enforcement](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/enforcement/)
- [Pretrial](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/pretrial/)
- [CJRA](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjra/)
- [Marijuana](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/marijuana/)
- [Misdemeanors](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/misdemeanors/)
- [Jail](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jail/)
- [Citations](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/citations/)
- [Court Process](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/court-process/)
- [Social Disorder](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/social-disorder/)
- [Education](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/education/)
- [Racial Disparities](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-disparities/)
- [NY](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/new-york-state/)
- [Criminal Justice Policy Review](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/cjpr/) - This special issue focused on: 1) the use of officer discretion; 2) consequences of lower-level enforcement on individuals, communities, and institutions; 3) the prevalence of pretrial detention; and 4) processing of lower-level cases through the courts.
- [Special Issue: Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/ccjls/) - This special issue was produced by the Research Network on Misdemeanor Justice. It focuses on two broad themes raised at the local levels: 1) the use of officer discretion in light of either high profile events or legislative changes; and 2) understanding court processes including pretrial release outcomes, court appearance rates, and case outcomes
- [Journal of Community Psychology](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/jcp/) - This special issue focused on three broad questions: 1) How do community characteristics relate to police enforcement of lower level offenses? 2) How does enforcement relate to community perceptions of police legitimacy, legal cynicism, and procedural justice? 3) How can resources in a community modify the use of the criminal justice system?
- [Case Processing](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/case-processing/) - DCJ performs analyses documenting case processing delays in criminal cases and the drivers of delay. In addition, DCJ’s policy wing works on developing and implementing data-driven policy solutions, forged in partnership with stakeholders.
- [Racial & Gender Justice](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/racial-justice/) - DCJ aims to highlight issues around racial and gender justice in our research on jail populations and confinement, with a goal in identifying prominent trends and what may be driving these trends to help inform policy decision-making.
- [Policing & Crime Prevention](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/policing/) - DCJ conducts research on the implementation of policing and crime prevention strategies in New York City, including trends over time; racial, ethnic, and neighborhood disparities in enforcement; and effects on community safety and justice outcomes. As part of this work, DCJ, along with other criminal justice organizations (John Jay Research and Evaluation Center and CUNY Institute for State & Local Governance) were tasked with supporting research and/or technical assistance related to a number of the more than 130 reform initiatives contained within the 2021 New York City Police Reform and Reinvention Collaborative Plan (“the Plan”). These reports include analyses which monitor the progress of “the Plan.”
- [Diversion](https://datacollaborativeforjustice.org/work/diversion/) - DCJ conducts research on reforms with a focus on diversion strategies that reduce jail populations in ways that are smart, safe, and humane. Our work emphasizes evidence-based approaches that prioritize public safety, promote equity, and expand access to community-based alternatives to incarceration.