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# Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://csrf-southsudan.org/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [Conflict sensitive engagement with rangelands, forests and wetlands in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-sensitive-engagement-with-rangelands-forests-and-wetlands-in-south-sudan/) - This blog by Martina Santschi and CSRF calls for a conflict-sensitive engagement on communal land tenure, especially the use of rangelands, forests, and wetlands in South Sudan. As such, the blog is relevant for aid actors who engage in livelihood support, development, infrastructure building, support to returnees, refugees and IDPs, housing land and property issues,
- [Navigating the complex webs of Murle authority in Pibor: conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors](https://csrf-southsudan.org/navigating-the-complex-webs-of-murle-authority-in-pibor-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-for-aid-actors/) - This blog was written by Diana Felix Da Costa and Gola Boyoi Gola. Introduction Murle society is non-hierarchical and political power is diffused to the extent that there are no institutional leadership roles. It is thus often represented as lacking credible and legitimate governance structures. While Murle society is acephalous and egalitarian, in that there is
- [Juba must plant trees or continue to sweat! A conflict sensitivity lens to Juba’s heat crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/juba-must-plant-trees-or-continue-to-sweat-a-conflict-sensitivity-lens-to-jubas-heat-crisis/) - This blog by Wani James Henry, a natural resources and sustainability expert, and The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), highlights the significance of trees in Juba beyond the provision of shade and air quality, but as cultural, socio-economic and political meeting spaces over tea and coffee. The blog underscores the urgent need for Juba City
- [Localisation in Conflict: Untangling Misconceptions and Reclaiming Local Leadership in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/localization-in-conflict-untangling-misconceptions-and-reclaiming-local-leadership-in-south-sudan/) - This blog by Emmanuel Louis and the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF sets out to explore how localisation is understood in South Sudan. It highlights common misconceptions, and articulates a conflict-sensitive approach that places local leadership, community trust, and equitable partnerships at the centre of humanitarian action. The blog provides a set of conflict sensitivity considerations for further promoting localisation in South Sudan.
- [What we talk about when we talk about ‘capacity’: The barriers to localisation in humanitarian aid include how we talk about local partners](https://csrf-southsudan.org/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-capacity-the-barriers-to-localisation-in-humanitarian-aid/) - The persistent critique of local/national NGOs (L/NNGOs) having ‘low capacity’ functions as a catch-all for the very structural imbalances that localisation aims to address; namely inadequate resources and the inability to make meaningful decisions as humanitarian actors.
- [Dispute Management through Cattle Compensation Among the Nuer in Greater Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/dispute-management-through-cattle-compensation-among-the-nuer-in-greater-akobo/) - This blog examines dispute management among the Nuer of Geater Akobo. Focusing on the cattle compensation method, the blog finds that this decade-old approach remains the most credible and effective method for resolving disputes, with conflict-sensitive recommendations. The blog recommends that aid programming should integrate existing local systems, including cattle compensation, into its peacebuilding programme.
- [How do local communities conserve wildlife in South Sudan? Conflict sensitive considerations for conservation agencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/how-do-local-communities-conserve-wildlife-in-south-sudan-conflict-sensitive-considerations-for-conservation-agencies-2/) - Photo credit: Benoit Morkel / Fauna & Flora Written by Ranga Gworo, this blog explores the extent to which local communities in South Sudan value wildlife. It also discusses strategies that local communities use to protect wildlife. Finally, the blog shares some suggestions on how conservation interventions can apply conflict sensitive conservation approaches. South Sudan
- [How do local communities conserve wildlife in South Sudan? Conflict sensitive considerations for conservation agencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/how-do-local-communities-conserve-wildlife-in-south-sudan-conflict-sensitive-considerations-for-conservation-agencies/) - Photo credit: Benoit Morkel / Fauna & Flora Written by Ranga Gworo, this blog explores the extent to which local communities in South Sudan value wildlife. It also discusses strategies that local communities use to protect wildlife. Finally, the blog shares some suggestions on how conservation interventions can apply conflict sensitive conservation approaches. South Sudan
- [Including peace in conservation – conflict sensitivity at The World Conservation Congress and lessons from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/including-peace-in-conservation-conflict-sensitivity-at-the-world-conservation-congress-and-lessons-from-south-sudan/) - The world’s top nature conservation experts, leaders, and decision makers have been gathering in Abu Dhabi for the World Conservation Congress, bringing together the membership of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in a once-every-four-years meeting. [1] On 24 September, a motion (057) on conflict sensitive conservation [2] was overwhelmingly passed, with all
- [Community resilience in crisis-affected South Sudan: Bride price as a means to relocate and diversify critical livelihood assets](https://csrf-southsudan.org/csrf-blog-community-resilience-in-crisis-affected-south-sudan-bride-price-as-a-means-to-relocate-and-diversify-critical-livelihood-assets/) - This blog by Martina Santschi and CSRF focusses on the critical importance of bride price for resilience and economic security in crisis-affected South Sudan and calls for a better informed and more conflict-sensitive engagement of aid actors on bride price in agro-pastoral communities. As such, the blog is relevant for aid actors who engage in
- [Institutional strengthening through conflict sensitivity mentoring](https://csrf-southsudan.org/institutional-strengthening-through-conflict-sensitivity-mentoring/) - This blog, by Luka Madhieu Kuot and the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), focuses on the CSRF’s mentoring programme for South Sudanese National Non-Governmental Organisations (NNGOs). The blog examines how the programme has strengthened NNGOs’ capacity for integrating conflict sensitivity principles, especially in their role in humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding programming in South Sudan. It
- [Being prepared for difficult challenges: Conflict sensitivity during times of crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/being-prepared-for-difficult-challenges-conflict-sensitivity-during-times-of-crisis/) - This blog by Natalia Chan and CSRF recognizes the difficult challenges facing South Sudan, and the risks that can be experienced by donors and aid actors. The blog proposes important conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors during times of crisis. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) was set up in the period following South Sudan’s
- [Pluvial flooding in Lafon: Case study and conflict sensitivity considerations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/pluvial-flooding-in-lafon-case-study-and-conflict-sensitivity-considerations/) - This blog by Ranga Gworo and CSRF highlights the conflict risks of a different type of flooding in specific contexts. Using the case of Lafon, the blog explores the impact of pluvial flooding in the area, and shares reflections on considerations for conflict sensitive flood response. Photo credit to Paul Ugila, photo taken in Lafon
- [From Words to Action: The State of Conflict Sensitivity in South Sudan's Aid Sector](https://csrf-southsudan.org/from-words-to-action-the-state-of-conflict-sensitivity-in-south-sudans-aid-sector/) - This blog by Eero Wahlstedt[1] is based on a desk review that assesses the degree to which donors and aid agencies have institutionalised conflict sensitivity in their policy and strategy guiding documents. The review is a repeat of the 2020-21 review that mapped out the conflict sensitivity needs of agencies. The blog raises some interesting
- [Shouldn’t we all be working together to support peace and development in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/shouldnt-we-all-be-working-together-to-support-peace-and-development-in-south-sudan/) - The ‘Triple Nexus’: Where the humanitarian, development and peace sectors work together to make the most of their comparative advantages to enable a more coherent, efficient and collective response to global challenges. This is an attractive prospect in South Sudan, which continues to experience a range of interconnected crises and shocks that cannot be addressed
- [WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/whatsapp-an-emerging-tool-for-violence-and-conflict-within-south-sudan/) - This blog by Sean McGovern and Abraham Diing Akoi, is based on a recently published research report on social media and violence. The blog explores the intersection between the use of social media, including WhatsApp, in times of conflict and violence. Using the case of South Sudan, the blog identifies how communities have used WhatsApp
- [Conflict and Conservation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-and-conservation-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Philip Winter explores the history and development of conservation in South Sudan from 1970s. The blog discusses how the prolonged conflicts, as well as other factors such as illegal game hunting, have contributed to the reduction in wildlife populations, which a few national and international conservation organisations are trying to reverse. To
- [Perceptions of gender and conflict sensitivity considerations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/perceptions-of-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Lona Elia Morgan and Livia Oliver discuss the concept of gender and conflicting perceptions of the concept among South Sudanese communities. Based on their extensive gender work, they explore different perceptions around gender and the related impact on conflict dynamics, as well as on aid programming, providing insights on how aid actors
- [The spread of invasive weeds: conflict sensitivity considerations for aid actors working in Eastern Equatoria and beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-spread-of-invasive-weeds-conflict-sensitivity-considerations-for-aid-actors-working-in-eastern-equatoria-and-beyond/) - Kapoeta, a semi-arid area,[1] has been experiencing severe drought conditions since 2021 caused by climate change.[2] The changing conditions have reportedly resulted in the spread of invasive weed species in the last two to three years. These include Beku (local name) with the scientific name Prosopis Juliflora and Abonglogir (local name) with the
- [The challenges of protecting people accused of misusing supernatural powers in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-challenges-of-protecting-people-accused-of-misusing-supernatural-powers-in-south-sudan/) - The alleged misuse of spiritual and supernatural powers in South Sudan can lead to youth violence against the accused individuals and their families, as well as their displacement, with related implications for their protection and return to their homes. In this blog, Ranga Gworo explores why this is happening and provides some conflict sensitivity considerations
- [Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Bringing the Focus on Resilience Back into Risk in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/leave-no-r-behind-bringing-the-focus-on-resilience-back-into-risk-and-resilience-in-the-contexts-of-fragility-conflict-and-violence/) - In our last blog post titled Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Understanding the Importance of Fostering Resilience I in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence, we discussed how experiences and understanding of resilience differ across different levels of society. Building on that discussion, the following discussion explores programmatic approaches that can be used by the
- [Leave No ‘R’ Behind: Understanding the Importance of Fostering Resilience in the Context of Fragility, Conflict, and Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/leave-no-r-behind-understanding-the-importance-of-fostering-resilience-in-the-context-of-fragility-conflict-and-violence/) - Despite the signing of the revitalized peace agreement in 2018, violence continues to impact communities across South Sudan. Almost 4 million South Sudanese are displaced, including 1.7 million internally displaced people and 2.3 million refugees abroad, with women and children disproportionately affected. In the face of these challenges, however, communities across the country continue to
- [Ready to go? Conflict sensitivity and the dilemma of returns in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/ready-to-go-conflict-sensitivity-and-the-dilemma-of-returns-in-south-sudan/) - As pressure to support facilitated population movements and returns increases, Leslye Rost van Tonningen, CSRF Director, assesses some of the conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities that the aid community must account for during this process. As the implementation of the peace process slowly moves forward, five out of the six Protection of Civilians[1] sites
- [Rumours, Conflict Sensitivity, and COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/rumours-conflict-sensitivity-and-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - Christopher Tuckwood and John Green Otunga reflect on how rumours and misinformation about the coronavirus has impacted on the COVID-19 response in South Sudan. Christopher Tuckwood is the Executive Director of the Sentinel Project, while John Green Otunga is the East Africa Programs Manager overseeing the implementation of the Sentinel Project's UnaHakika (Kenya), Hagiga Wahid
- [‘Our voices, our power’: supporting conflict-sensitive humanitarian action in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/our-voices-our-power-supporting-conflict-sensitive-humanitarian-action-in-south-sudan/) - Humanitarian workers are providing vital services for many communities in South Sudan. David Otim and Elizabeth White outline some of the challenges aid workers face and explore how humanitarian responses can contribute to peace rather than conflict. As the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly began last week, our friend Angelina Nyajima, director of
- [Treading a fine line: Aid agencies and local government in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/treading-a-fine-line-aid-agencies-and-local-government-in-south-sudan/) - As widespread violent conflict in South Sudan has declined following the signing of the R-ARCSS, aid agencies are increasingly engaging local governments in their programmes. Local government can play an important role in both supporting peace at the community level, or in contributing to conflict. So, how can the aid sector navigate the risks of working with local governments and create opportunities for peace and reconciliation?
- [Evolving Community Perceptions of COVID-19 in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/evolving-community-perceptions-of-covid-19-in-south-sudan/) - It’s been nine months since the first COVID-19 case was documented in South Sudan in April 2020 and aid agencies have had to work alongside communities across the county with varying and shifting perspectives since in responding to the pandemic. This blog, written by CSRF Project Officer Lona Morgan, explores the changing perceptions of COVID-19
- [War and Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/war-and-peace/) - “There are no clear boundaries or lines of rupture between war and peace. They form a continuum, in a temporal as well as spatial or social perspective.” The statement above is one of the key findings presented in Juba by a group of researchers from Switzerland, South Sudan and Côte d’Ivoire earlier this month at
- [Borders, boundaries and land in South Sudan: dividing communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/borders-boundaries-and-land-in-south-sudan-dividing-communities/) - The September 2018 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan commits a Technical Boundary Commission to review administrative and “tribal” boundaries across the country. This comes after the October 2015 announcement of 28 and later 32 states, breaking down the existing 10. With the 12th May deadline for demarcation decisions fast
- [Cash Aid and Conflict in South Sudan: Three things to think about](https://csrf-southsudan.org/cash-aid-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-three-things-to-think-about/) - Eight months after South Sudan’s warring parties signed of a new peace agreement, more than 4 million people remain displaced after fighting forced them to leave their homes, jobs and assets – all means to earn an income – behind. Most have sought the relative safety of urban centres; a trend which has left the
- [South Sudan in 2050:  What will Aid’s Legacy be?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/south-sudan-in-2050-what-will-aids-legacy-be/) - This year marks the 30th anniversary of the start of Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and the start of the modern period of aid provision in South Sudan. This landmark humanitarian relief response was built around a ground-breaking agreement between the Government of Sudan, the SPLM/A, and the United Nations, and was instrumental in saving countless
- [Returns, aid and conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/returns-aid-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - Since the signing of South Sudan’s revitalised peace agreement in September 2018, the return of people forced to flee the country’s civil war has risen up the political agenda. The numbers of people returning has been taken by many as an indicator that the deal is delivering. This has put pressure on aid agencies to support returns of people displaced within the country and across its borders, often irrespective of the risks.
- [From ‘local knowledge’ to ‘collective intelligence’: the importance of relationships in enabling conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/from-local-knowledge-to-collective-intelligence-the-importance-of-relationships-in-enabling-conflict-sensitivity/) - At the CSRF we are frequently asked for tools that will help aid organisations to understand the context. Whilst these are often reasonable requests, our experience shows that tools often struggle to tap into the rich pool of local knowledge that often already exists within organisations.
- [What does COVID-19 mean for South Sudan and a conflict sensitive response?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/what-does-covid-19-mean-for-south-sudan-and-a-conflict-sensitive-response/) - This blog post presents the CSRF's initial thoughts on the impact of COVID-19 on aid in South Sudan. The ground has shifted beneath our feet in ways that we have never known before. Governments around the world are grappling with how to effectively respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, borders have closed, and economies are screeching
- [COVID-19 and Conflict Sensitivity Implications in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/covid-19-and-conflict-sensitivity-implications-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog post, Leslye Rost van Tonningen, the Director of CSRF, reflects on conflict sensitivity implications of COVID-19 responses in the South Sudanese context. Conflict sensitivity is more important in times of crisis or rapid change. In current crises, such as South Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Somalia or Myanmar, conflict sensitivity and context analysis
- [Homegrown solutions to Pandemic problems: Community-led response to disease](https://csrf-southsudan.org/homegrown-solutions-to-pandemic-problems-community-led-response-to-disease/) - In this blog, Paul Richards reflects on what aid agencies in South Sudan can learn from the Ebola response in West Africa. Perhaps the most critical is that the response to an infectious disease is most effective, and conflict sensitive, when it works with communities and supports their initiatives, and is least effective when local
- [Untying the nexus 'knot' in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/untying-the-nexus-knot-in-south-sudan/) - This blog highlights the benefits of strengthening coordination between humanitarian, peacebuilding and development actors implementing aid responses in South Sudan, particularly in times of humanitarian crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It was written by Nora Schmidlin from the Analysis and Impact team at swisspeace, with input from CSRF colleagues. The triple nexus is getting
- [Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Community Work – Conflict Sensitivity Considerations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/impact-of-covid-19-on-rural-community-work-conflict-sensitivity-considerations/) - Within this blog, Chol Changath, South Sudanese Research Specialist in Livelihoods and Food Security, reflects on the potential impact of COVID-19 on rural community work within South Sudan. Whilst social distancing measures may principally limit food production as farmers and groups within the community cannot gather in close proximity to undertake work, the blog also
- [The impact of COVID-19 on women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - In this blog, Flora Francis Bringi reflects on the social impact of COVID-19 on South Sudanese women and girls. Drawing on her work in the field of Gender with a number of South Sudanese NGOs including her current appointment as Managing Director for Ana Fii Consultancy, Flora highlights some social problems that South Sudanese women
- [Crucial, but vulnerable: The role of Chiefs in COVID response and conflict resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/crucial-and-vulnerable-at-the-same-time-chiefs-information-campaigns-and-conflict-resolution-in-times-of-covid-19/) - Chiefs play a critically important role in communities’ right across South Sudan. They play a vital role in settling disputes, preventing armed conflict and fostering peace within and between communities. As the key intermediaries between local communities and higher levels of government, UN agencies and international NGOs, they have an essential role to play in
- [The experience of the elderly during COVID-19 in South Sudan: Considerations for a conflict sensitive approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/the-experience-of-the-elderly-during-covid-19-in-south-sudan-considerations-for-a-conflict-sensitive-approach/) - This blog reflects on COVID-19 related risks that elderly people face in South Sudan and provides recommendations on how to protect them in more conflict sensitive ways. Unlike many Western countries, where some elderly people reside in care homes or on their own, in South Sudan older people usually live within their family households. As
- [Conflict sensitive approaches to dealing with common South Sudanese cultural practices and COVID-19 prevention measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/conflict-sensitive-approaches-to-dealing-with-common-south-sudanese-cultural-practices-and-covid-19-prevention-measures/) - As South Sudan prepares its response to COVID-19, Ranga Gworo shares reflections on how COVID-19 prevention measures have interacted so far with deeply embedded cultural practices and the implications for conflict sensitivity, alongside some practical recommendations for how aid agencies could design cultural, and conflict, sensitive measures. Even before the Government of South Sudan confirmed
- [Introducing... the Better Aid in Conflict Blog](https://csrf-southsudan.org/introducing-the-better-aid-in-conflict-blog/) - As aid actors in South Sudan, most of us believe in and can see the value of what we’re doing on a day-to-day basis. We can see the positive impact of aid on people’s lives. But we also wonder in quiet, dark moments what the sum total of our impact is. Aid has been delivered here for decades, so why are things still so bad? Do we play a role in that? And if so, what is it, and how can we do better? This work is challenging enough without having to grapple with recurrent bouts of cynicism and despair.

## Pages

- [Home](https://csrf-southsudan.org/) - Lessons for a System Under Pressure: What ten years of conflict sensitivity work tells us about the future of aid in South SudanThe Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is approaching 10 years since its establishment in 2016 - at a moment when the aid sector in South Sudan is facing unprecedented challenges to its funding,
- [County Profiles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/resources-county-profiles/) - Welcome to the CSRF County Profiles The CSRF hosts an interactive, searchable map of South Sudan designed to help aid workers familiarise themselves with the context, containing basic information on geographical features, roads and settlements. It also includes an overlay of different administrative boundaries. This is set by default to show the 78 counties that
- [What We Do](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/what-we-do/) - What we do The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports humanitarian and development actors in South Sudan by providing research, analysis and practical guidance on conflict-sensitive programming. We work with NGOs, UN agencies and donors – offering tailored training, mentoring and convening platforms to strengthen their ability to minimise harm and maximise peacebuilding impacts. Through
- [Resources](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/) - Resources CSRF produces high-quality research and analysis related to conflict sensitivity in South Sudan. We also publish county profiles, detailing the specific conflict issues affecting those counties, and every month we send out a research update by email. Sign up here research-repositiry-icon-white Research Repository EXPLORE County Profiles EXPLORE guides-icon-black Guides , Tools & Checklists EXPLORE
- [Events](https://csrf-southsudan.org/events/) - Events The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) plays a pivotal role in equipping humanitarian and development actors in South Sudan with the knowledge and skills needed to integrate conflict sensitivity into their programming. To strengthen institutional and individual capacity, CSRF offers tailored training, mentoring, coaching, and accompaniment, ensuring that partners not only understand conflict sensitivity
- [About Us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/) - About us The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) was established in 2016 to support the aid sector in South Sudan to be more conflict sensitive. We provide analysis, convene discussions, share learning, and support capacities to strengthen positive contributions to peace and reduce the risks of unintended harm. Together we are building a movement for
- [Thematic Issues](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/thematic-issues/) - Thematic Issues South Sudan’s complex and evolving context requires aid actors to navigate interconnected challenges, from political instability to climate shocks, in ways that avoid harm and foster resilience. The CSRF focuses its work on ‘priority themes’ that are updated every 1-2 years based on changes in the context, partner priorities and the facility’s own
- [Guides, Tools and Checklists](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/guides-tools-and-checklists/) - Guides and Tools There are many guides, tools and checklists already available to help you adopt more conflict-sensitive approaches. Each of these is designed for a different purpose and knowing where to start can be a struggle. This page presents a few ‘top picks’ to get you started and provide you with the inspiration to
- [Research Repository](https://csrf-southsudan.org/resources/research-repository/) - Research CSRF produces high-quality research and analysis related to conflict sensitivity in South Sudan. We also publish county profiles, detailing the specific conflict issues affecting those counties, and every month we send out a research update by email. Sign up to receive our research updates I am looking for... search-icon State: All State Abyei (39)
- [Contact Us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/contacts/) - Contact us Get in touch Please get in touch if you would like to get more information about making aid more conflict sensitive in South Sudan. Juba, South Sudan +211922500766 info@csrf-southsudan.org Send Message
- [Partnerships](https://csrf-southsudan.org/about-us/partnerships/) - Our partners The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility is co-hosted by Saferworld and swisspeace and funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), The Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, The Swiss Development Agency and the European Union in order to provide knowledge products and technical support services on integrating conflict sensitivity to the
- [News](https://csrf-southsudan.org/news/) - News Our work fosters conflict sensitive programming, mitigates risks and promotes sustainable peace across the country.Explore key findings from our analysis, highlights from capacity strengthening workshops, and opportunities to engage with humanitarian and development partners including NGOs, UN agencies and donors. News and Updates Our work fosters conflict-sensitive programming, mitigates risks, and promotes sustainable peace
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- [Search Results](https://csrf-southsudan.org/search-results/) - Page: Search Results Post Type Post Type -- All Post Type --BLOG 43 Filter Repository State -- All State --Abyei 39Central Equatoria 127Eastern Equatoria 59Jonglei 101Lakes 45Northern Bahr el Ghazal 64Pibor 8South(ern) Sudan 1140Sudan (North and South) 108Sudan and South Sudan 28Unity 100Upper Nile 77Warrap 42Western Bahr el Ghazal 44Western Equatoria 38 Document Type --
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## My Templates

- [Single Post Template](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=single-post-template-design) - Home Template Single Post Template Single Post Template May 27, 2025 CSRF Home Template Single Post Template Single Post Template May 27, 2025 CSRF TagsArmed conflict Climate and Environment Conflict sensitivity Gender and Social Inclusion HDP Nexus and Aid Coherence International engagement Justice and Governance Localisation Peace process Political transitions Population movements Resources Security Service
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- [Search Tempate](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=search-results-tempate-2) - Search Tempate Juba must plant trees or continue to sweat! A conflict sensitivity lens to Juba’s heat crisis This blog by Wani James Henry, a natural resources and sustainability expert, and The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF), highlights the significance of trees in Juba beyond the provision of …Read More Wani James HenryFebruary 26, 2026
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- [citygov-history](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-history-2) - The river terrace along the west bank of Willamette River downstream from the mouth of Oswego Creek was for thousands of years the home of Native Americans. A brief history of our city... 1841 In 1841, iron ore was discovered in the Tualatin Valley, but it was not until 1861 that its existence was an
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- [about us](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=about-us) - WHO WE ARE ABOUT CSRF Conflict sensitivity is an approach that seeks to maximise the positive impacts of humanitarian and development initiatives for peace, whilst avoiding harm. Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan.Through its three focus areas, the
- [homepage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=homepage) - SUPPORTING CONFLICT SENSITIVITY IN SOUTH SUDAN COVID-19 HUB Comprehensive information and Covid-19 helpdesk service. Impact of COVID-19 Program Adaptations on Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) Programs in South Sudan John Hopkins University February 14, 2023 Read More » RESEARCH REPOSITORY Our vast database of research and analysis. CSRF Research:
- [citygov-goverment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-goverment) - Mayor, City Council & City Departments . Our City operates under a Council-Manager form of government and has done so since 1932. The two major components to this system of government are the City Council; and a City Manager. The City Council is the legislative body, establishing City policies, while the City Manager is the
- [citygov-home](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-home) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan. WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.
- [citygov-section-faqs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-faqs) - Buildings Division I called in the complaint on the building; why was I summoned to a hearing? When you called in the complaint, you became the complaining witness in the enforcement action. At the hearing you have the opportunity to explain the circumstances which caused you to call in the complaint by providing testimony or
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- [citygov-section-departments-2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-departments-2-2) - Administrative Services The Administrative Services Department is responsible for the management of the procurement process, protection of the city’s physical assets and related support services for citizens and city operations. Read More Budget Office The Budget Office, a part of the Financial Services Department, is responsible for preparing and monitoring the City of Frisco’s Annual
- [citygov-section-departments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-departments-5) - Administrative Services The Administrative Services Department is responsible for the management of the procurement process, protection of the city’s physical assets and related support services for citizens and city operations. Read More Budget Office The Budget Office, a part of the Financial Services Department, is responsible for preparing and monitoring the City of Frisco’s Annual
- [citygov-section-city-council](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-section-city-council) - Facebook Twitter Youtube John Moritz Auditor j.moritz@townofpine.com Aliquam non dolor tempus, eleifend erat, elementum diam. Egestas pretium cursus. Quisque posuere pulvinar tempor. Twitter Snapchat Linkedin Livia Richardson Deputy Majority audit@townofpine.com Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo. Xing Facebook Product-hunt Foursquare Ida A. Spoon
- [citygov-about](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-about) - Office of the Mayor Building a Frisco City that works for every neighborhood with a focus on equity, opportunity, efficiency, and inclusion. . On January 4, 2018, Lisa F. Matt was sworn in as the 99th Mayor of Frisco. In his first budget, the Mayor worked closely with City Council to fund bold anti-poverty initiatives.
- [citygov-history](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-history) - The river terrace along the west bank of Willamette River downstream from the mouth of Oswego Creek was for thousands of years the home of Native Americans. A brief history of our city... 1841 In 1841, iron ore was discovered in the Tualatin Valley, but it was not until 1861 that its existence was an
- [Default Kit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=default-kit-2)
- [citygov-landing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-landing) - View Demos See Features or Purchase Theme $54 A modern municipality theme. Create a visually beautiful city, town or donation website.Versatile, lightweight & flexible WordPress theme. No coding required.Pre-Built Demos with One-Click Installation. 3 Check these beautiful demos! All demos are included in the CityGov theme and are installable with a single click. Default Demo
- [demo-hub](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=demo-hub) - CityGov City Government & Municipal WordPress Theme View Demos See Features or Purchase Theme $54 A modern municipality theme. Create a visually beautiful city/town website. Developed for easy-to-use experience. For any small town websites. Versatile, lightweight & flexible WordPress theme. No coding required. Pre-Built Demos with One-Click Installation. Check these beautiful demos! All demos are
- [citygov-administration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-administration) - Lisa F. Matt Mayor (000) 498 754 5422 mayor@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Donald F. Matt Auditor (000) 498 754 5425 audit@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Yelp Cathy Ewing Councilor, District 1 (000) 498 754 5427 district1@townofpine.com Facebook Whatsapp WordPress Richard Henderson Councilor, District 1 (000) 498 754 5428 district2@townofpine.com Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Snapchat Lisa Ross Councilor,
- [citygov-homepage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?elementor_library=citygov-homepage) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan. WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.

## Locations

- [Champions Center](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/champions-center/)
- [Boulder City Council](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/boulder-city-council/)
- [Baker Hall](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/baker-hall/)
- [Macky Auditorium Concert Hall](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/macky-auditorium-concert-hall/)
- [Double Tree](https://csrf-southsudan.org/locations/double-tree/)

## County Profiles

- [Torit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/torit/) - Torit County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,740 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 98,491 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 63,096 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 98,491 2024 IPC population estimate: 64,989 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,844 Ethnic groups: Otuho/Lotuko, Lokoya Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,147 IDPs (+1051 Sept. 2023)
- [Magwi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/magwi/) - Magwi County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 169,826 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 145,384 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 265,366 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 145,384 2024 IPC population estimate: 273,327 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 314,109 Ethnic groups: Acholi and Ma’di Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 43,142 IDPs (+46 Sept.
- [Lafon](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/lafon-lopa/) - Lafon County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 106,161 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 85,212 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 157,151 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 85,210 2024 IPC population estimate: 161,866 2025 OCHA population estimate*: 163,767 Ethnic groups: Pari, Lopit, Tennet and Otuho/Lotuko (Loming) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 7,598 IDPs
- [Kapoeta South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-south/) - Kapoeta South County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 79,470 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 67,826 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 102,427 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 67,827 2024 IPC population estimate: 105,499 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 105,511 Ethnic groups: Toposa, Didinga Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 4,121 IDPs (-914 Sept.
- [Kapoeta North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-north/) - Kapoeta North County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,084 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 103,175 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 157,435 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 103,176 2024 IPC population estimate: 162,158 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 162,158 Ethnic groups and languages: ToposaDisplacement Figures as of September 2024: 7,476 IDPs (-1,565 Sept.
- [Budi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/budi/) - Budi County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,234 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 101,474 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 104,986 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 101,473 2024 IPC population estimate: 108,136 Ethnic groups: Didinga and Buya/Larim** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,895 IDPs (-1,300 Sept. 2023) and 3,505 returnees ( -6,876
- [Kapoeta East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kapoeta-east/) - Kapoeta East County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 163,997 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 319,112 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 169,978 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 319,113 2024 IPC population estimate: 175,078 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 175,078 Ethnic groups: Toposa, Nyangatom**, and Jiye/Jie Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 1,720 IDPs
- [Ikotos](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ikotos/) - Ikotos/Ikwoto County, Eastern Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 84,649 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 61,228 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 107,047 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 61,229 2024 IPC population estimate: 110,258 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,148 Ethnic groups: Logir, Lokwa (Lokwaa), Dongotono, Imotong, Ketebo, and Lorwama (collectively known as “Lango”)** Displacement
- [Yei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yei/) - Terekeka County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 144,373 2008 NBS Census population: 201,443 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,841 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 302,763 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,841 2024 IPC population estimate: 311,846 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 327,602 Ethnic groups: Kakwa, Bari, Mundu, Avok’aya/Avukaya, Makaraka/Aido, Pajulu, Baka Displacement Figures
- [Terekeka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/terekeka/) - Terekeka County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 144,373 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 242,992 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 258,889 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 242,991 2024 IPC population estimate: 266,656 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 266,693 Ethnic groups: Mundari (Korbura, Mundari-Nyangwara**, Tali) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,905 IDPs (+
- [Morobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/morobo/) - Morobo County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,603 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 39,644 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 116,237 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 39,642 2024 IPC population estimate: 119,724 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 136,697 Ethnic groups: Kakwa, Kaliko/Keliku, Lubara Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 10,875 IDPs (-14,185 Sept.
- [Lainya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/lainya/) - Lainya County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 89,315 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 82,153 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 113,928 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 82,153 2024 IPC population estimate: 117,346 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 119,155 Ethnic groups: Pajulu/Pojulu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 8,318 IDPs (-10,266 Sept. 2023) and
- [Kajo-Keji](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/kajo-keji/) - Kajo-Keji County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 196,387 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 86,973 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 233,099 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,973 2024 IPC population estimate: 240,092 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 257,989 Ethnic groups: Kuku, Nyepo, Kakwa Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15,728 IDPs (-7,405 Sept.
- [Abyei Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/abyei-region/) - Abyei Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 52,883 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 133,958 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 250,000 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 133,958 2024 IPC population estimate: 145,358 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 145,358 Ethnic groups: Ngok Dinka, with a significant presence of Misseriya (notably the Mezaghna, Awlad Kamil, and Awlad
- [Juba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/juba/) - Juba County, Central Equatoria State Demographics 2008 Census population: 368,436 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 690,918 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 523,700 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 690,920 2024 IPC population estimate: 539,411 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 570,834 Ethnic groups: As the host of the country’s capital, Juba County is multi-ethnic. The Bari, Lokoya,
- [Mayendit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mayendit/) - Mayendit County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 53,783 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 66,163 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 70,936 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 66,163 2024 IPC population estimate: 73,064 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 74,335 Ethnic groups: Haak Nuer (Beek, Jalok, Kuey) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 25,707 IDPs (+6,333 Sept. 2023) and
- [Yambio](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yambio/) - Yambio County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 152,257 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 138,976 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 168,858 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,976 2024 IPC population estimate: 173,924 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 173,972 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,758 IDPs (-3,297 Sept. 2023) and 21,732
- [Tambura](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tambura/) - Tambura County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 55,365 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 59,088 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 119,333 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 59,089 2024 IPC population estimate: 122,913 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 122,913 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular), Balanda Bor Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23,975 IDPs (+18,135 Sept. 2023)
- [Nzara](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nzara/) - Nzara County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 65,712 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 69,045 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,759 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,044 2024 IPC population estimate: 86,272 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,370 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,418 IDPs (-6,677 Sept. 2023) and 3,498
- [Nagero](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nagero/) - Nagero County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 Census population: 10,077 2020 Population projection*: 22,072 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 26,738 2024 IPC population estimate: 61,561 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 61,561 Ethnic groups and languages: Zande, Balanda, Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 24,866 IDPs (+8,436 Sept. 2023) and 19,077 returnees (no change, Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Mvolo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mvolo/) - Mvolo County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,134 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 65,339 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 75,350 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,339 2024 IPC population estimate: 77,611 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 77,611 Ethnic groups: Belle/’Jur Bel(i)’, Bongo, Wira, Nyamusa/Nyamosa, Moru, Moru/Moro Kodo** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: IDP figures
- [Mundri West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mundri-west/) - Mundri West County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 33,975 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 52,385 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,763 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 52,386 2024 IPC population estimate: 51,256 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 51,413 Ethnic groups: Moru, Belle/’Jur Bel(i)’, Mundu, Moru/Moro Kodo** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 1,045 IDPs (-181
- [Mundri East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mundri-east/) - Mundri East County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,318 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 80,189 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 100,275 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 80,190 2024 IPC population estimate: 103,283 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 103,283 Ethnic groups: Moru, Moru/Moro Kodo**, Mundu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,640 IDPs (+7,990 Sept. 2023)
- [Maridi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maridi/) - Maridi County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 82,461 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 87,140 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 110,513 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 87140 2024 IPC population estimate: 113,829 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 113864 Ethnic groups: Baka, Mundu, Avok’aya /Avukaya, Zande, Moro Kodo, Wetu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 8,975 IDPs
- [Ibba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ibba/) - Ibba County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 41,869 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 34,992 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 66,547 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 34,992 2024 IPC population estimate: 68,544 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 68,544 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular), Baka, Mundu Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 5,870 IDPs (+95 Sept. 2023)
- [Ezo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ezo/) - Ezo County, Western Equatoria State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 80,861 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 49,341 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 132,997 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,341 2024 IPC population estimate: 136,987 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,291 Ethnic groups: Azande (plural)/Zande (singular) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 19,103 IDPs (-4,209 Sept. 2023) and 11,301
- [Wau](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/wau/) - Wau County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 151,320 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 208,487 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 320,752 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 208,486 2024 IPC population estimate: 330,375 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 345,948 Ethnic groups: Balanda (Viri, Bor), other ‘Fertit’ groups**, Luo/‘Jur Chol’, Rek Dinka*** Displacement Figures as of September 2024:
- [Raja](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/raja/) - Raja County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 54,340 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 108,344 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 59,638 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 108,343 2024 IPC population estimate: 61,427 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,633 Ethnic groups: Aja, Balanda, Banda, Binga, Buja, Feroghe, Indri, Kara, Kpala Naka, Kpala Hufra, Kresh/Gbaya, Mangayat, Ndogo, Ngulgule,
- [Jur River](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/jur-river/) - Jur River County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 127,771 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 245,724 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 283,766 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 245,725 2024 IPC population estimate: 292,279 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 293,840 Ethnic groups: Balanda Bor, Luo/‘Jur Chol’, Rek Dinka** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15448 IDPs (11406 Sept. 2023)
- [Twic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/twic/) - Twic County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 204,905 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 433,795 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 270,934 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 433,796 2024 IPC population estimate: 279,062 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 291,675 Ethnic groups: Twic Mayardit Dinka (Adiang, Akuar, Amiol, Chobok/Mabok, Kuac and Thon) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 52,737 IDPs (-16,017
- [Tonj South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-south/) - Tonj South County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 Census population: 86,592 2020 Population projection*: 109,316 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 292,317 2024 IPC population estimate: 123,194 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 126,289 Ethnic groups and languages: Rek Dinka (Apuk-Jurwiir, Muok, Thony, Yar-ayiei), Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 5,938 IDPs (-11,665 Sept. 2023) and 49,831 returnees (+4,847
- [Tonj North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-north/) - Tonj North County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 Census population: 165,222 2020 Population projection*: 262,302 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 651355 2024 IPC population estimate: 271,450 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 271487 Ethnic groups and languages: Rek Dinka (Noi, Abiem, Nyang, Konggor, Apuk-Padoc, Awan Parek, Leer, Lou-Ariik, Lou-Paher) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23362 IDPs (-392 Sept.
- [Tonj East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/tonj-east/) - Tonj East County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 116,122 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 405,663 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 184,757 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 405,663 2024 IPC population estimate: 190,300 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 190,959 Ethnic groups: Luac-Jang/Luanyjang Dinka (Nyangrup: Arieu, Bar, Kongor) (Pakom) (Chierrup: Abuong, Lian) (Pariak) (Nyangwiir: Akokluac, Klunadel, Klunthuc) (Nyarnhom; Chiertoc);
- [Gogrial West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/gogrial-west/) - Gogrial West County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 243,921 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 582,379 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 326,541 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 582,379 2024 IPC population estimate: 336,337 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 347,953 Ethnic groups: Rek Dinka (Aguok: Agurpiny, Ajak, Atutkuel, Buothanyith, Marial, Monydit, Ngokabayen, Ngokayaric, Ngokkuec, Pakalagep, Pakallol, and Wuny), Rek Dinka
- [Gogrial East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/gogrial-east/) - Gogrial East County, Warrap State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,283 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 273,977 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 131,128 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 273,977 2024 IPC population estimate: 135,062 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 138,793 Ethnic groups: Rek Dinka (Apuk-Giir: Abior, Abuok Nyarmong, Adoor, Amuk, Apol, Biong, Buoyar, and Jurmananger) Displacement Figures as of
- [Ulang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ulang/) - Ulang County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 85,044 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 58,708 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 141,402 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 58,708 2024 IPC population estimate: 145,644 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 167,265 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaajok: Cie-Lang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: IPD data unavailable (-84 Sept. 2023) and 113,586
- [Renk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/renk/) - Renk County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 137,751 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 38,976 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 194,155 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 38,976 2024 IPC population estimate: 199,980 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 210,351 Ethnic groups: Abialang/Abilang Dinka and Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 45,381 IDPs (28,649 Sept. 2023) and 67,532
- [Panyikang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/panyikang/) - Panyikang County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 45,427 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,778 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 67,054 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,779 2024 IPC population estimate: 69,066 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,656 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo and Padang Dinka Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 12,071 IDPs (-19,202 Sept. 2023) and 5,582
- [Melut](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/melut/) - Melut County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 49,242 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 65,141 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 130,105 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 65,142 2024 IPC population estimate: 134,008 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 134,054 Ethnic groups: Ageer/Geer Dinka; Nyiel Dinka Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 30,759 IDPs (-13,629 Sept. 2023) and 248 returnees (-2,507
- [Manyo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/manyo/) - Manyo County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 38,010 2022 NBS PES population estimate*: 19,859 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 79,084 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 19860 2024 IPC population estimate: 81,456 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,853 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 34,597 IDPs (21,017 Sept. 2023) and 9,834 returnees (-8,511 Sept.
- [Malakal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/malakal/) - Malakal County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 126,483 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 76,231 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 195,528 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76231 2024 IPC population estimate: 201,394 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 204,041 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo, Padang Dinka, Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 89,434 IDPs (+14,837 Sept. 2023) and 17,056
- [Maiwut](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maiwut/) - Maiwut County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 79,462 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 35,840 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 132,387 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 35,839 2024 IPC population estimate: 136,359 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 147,823 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaat Jaak/Gajaak: Cie-Chaany, Cie-Wau, and Cie-Thieng) and Koma Displacement Figures as of September 2024:
- [Maban](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/maban/) - Maban County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 45,238 2022 NBS PES population estimate*: 267,494 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 81,835 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 267,494 2024 IPC population estimate: 84,290 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 84,550 Ethnic groups: Mabanese (Tom, Dagu, Buni) and Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,616 IDPs (-23383 Sept. 2023)
- [Luakpiny/Nasir](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/luakpiny-nasir/) - Luakpiny/Nasir County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 210,002 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 71,781 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 294,352 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 71,780 2024 IPC population estimate: 303,183 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 350,742 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaagwang, Gaajok: Cie-Nyalieth/Wang Kech) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 3,200 IDPs (3,200 Sept.
- [Longochuk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/longochuk/) - Longochuk County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 63,166 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 44,205 2022 OCHA population estimate*: 74,591 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 44,205 2024 IPC population estimate: 76,828 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 80,526 Ethnic groups: Eastern Jikany Nuer (Gaat Jaak/Gajaak) and Koma Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,953 IDPs (+2,953 Sept. 2023)
- [Fashoda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/fashoda/) - Fashoda County, Upper Nile State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 36,518 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 52,384 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,787 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 52,384 2024 IPC population estimate: 79,090 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 83,775 Ethnic groups: Shilluk/Chollo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 11,199 IDPs (-21,609 Sept. 2023) and 15,038 returnees (+2,039 Sept. 2023)
- [Baliet](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/baliet/) - Baliet County, Upper Nile State including Akoka County (see note below) Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 48,010 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,750** 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 57,866 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,751 2024 IPC population estimate: 35,158 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,145 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Dunjol/Dong Jol, Ngok Lual Yak [comprising eleven sub-clans including:
- [Rubkona](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rubkona/) - Rubkona County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 100,236 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 308,684 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 342,397 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 308,683 2024 IPC population estimate: 352,669 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 361,802 Ethnic groups: Leek Nuer (Chieng-chua and Chieng-deng) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 224,383 IDPs (-45,961 Sept. 2023) and 37,620
- [Pariang](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pariang/) - Pariang County, Ruweng Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 82,443 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 193,650 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 131,408 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 193,649 2024 IPC population estimate: 135,350 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 143,832 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Ruweng/Panaruu and Paweny) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 10,614 IDPs (-10,098 Sept. 2023) and
- [Panyijiar](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/panyijiar/) - Panyijiar County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 50,723 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 189,209 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 120,261 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 139208 2024 IPC population estimate: 123,869 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 126,239 Ethnic groups: Nyuong Nuer (Luok, Thaak, Nyal, Cieng-Teny) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 26,365 IDPs (+1,524 Sept. 2023) and
- [Mayom](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/mayom/) - Mayom County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 120,715 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,438 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 156,998 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,437 2024 IPC population estimate: 161,708 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 170,251 Ethnic groups: Bul Nuer (Kuach, Gok) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 35,591 IDPs (+3,773 Sept. 2023) and 46,480 returnees
- [Leer](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/leer/) - Leer County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 53,022 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 92,228 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 77,811 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 92,227 2024 IPC population estimate: 80,145 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 86,784 Ethnic groups: Dok Nuer (Bapuor, Juong, Tikjak) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 38,307 IDPs (-2,453 Sept. 2023) and 30,456
- [Koch](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/koch/) - Koch County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 74,863 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 55,477 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 98,851 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 55,478 2024 IPC population estimate: 101,817 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 115,158 Ethnic groups: Jagey/Jagei Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 24,942 IDPs (7,536 Sept. 2023) and 30,414 returnees (+17,958 Sept.
- [Guit](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/guit/) - Guit County, Unity State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 33,004 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 49,581 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 70,016 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 49,582 2024 IPC population estimate: 72,116 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 73,878 Ethnic groups: Western Jikany Nuer Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 23,970 IDPs (-8,199 Sept. 2023) and 5,871 returnees (+2,010 Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Abiemnhom](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/abiemnhom/) - Abiemnhom County, Ruweng Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 17,012 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 40,766 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 57,091 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 40,765 2024 IPC population estimate: 58,803 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 60,349 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Alor: Abang, Amal, Mandeng, Mijuan, Ngokciel, Thingyier) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,918 IDPs
- [Aweil West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-west/) - Aweil West County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 166,217 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 390,370** 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 204,245** 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 390,371 2024 IPC population estimate: 210,372 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 223,173 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Palieu-Piny/Palyoupiny), Luo/‘Jur Chol’**** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 560 IDPs (+560 Sept.
- [Aweil South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-south/) - Aweil South County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 73,806 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 239,810 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 142,217 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 239,810 2024 IPC population estimate: 146,484 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 151,604 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Paliet), Luo/‘Jur Chol’** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,023 IDPs (-28 Sept. 2023) and
- [Aweil North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-north/) - Aweil North County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 129,898 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 362,132 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 168,813 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 362131 2024 IPC population estimate: 173,877 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 185,929 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Giernyang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: (IDPs not reported) 56,061 returnees (+23,425 Sept. 2023) IPC
- [Aweil East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-east/) - Aweil East County, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 309,921 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 807,041 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 345,540 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 807,040 2024 IPC population estimate: 355,906 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 395,769 Ethnic groups: Dinka Malual (Abiem) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 22,210 IDPs (+5,400 Sept. 2023) and 91,702
- [Aweil Centre](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/aweil-center/) - Aweil Centre, Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 41,827 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 124,989 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 76,117 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 124,989 2024 IPC population estimate: 78,400 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 78,958 Ethnic groups: Luo/‘Jur Chol’**; Dinka Malual Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 6,672 IDPs (-24,90 Sept. 2023) and 14,980 returnees (+10,028
- [Wulu](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/wulu/) - Wulu County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 40,550 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 69,428 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 89,226 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 69,428 2024 IPC population estimate: 91,903 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 92,247 Ethnic groups and languages: Belle/‘Jur Bel(i)’, Bongo Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 9,926 IDPs (-457 Sept. 2023) and 11,799
- [Yirol West](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yirol-west/) - Yirol West County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 103,190 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 181,025 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 174,804 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,026 2024 IPC population estimate: 180,048 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 181,325 Ethnic groups and languages: Atuot/Atwot (Apak; Reel: Akot, Jilek, Kuek/Jekueu, Luac, Rorkec)** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 9,856
- [Yirol East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/yirol-east/) - Yirol East County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 67,402 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 136,988 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 160,675 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 136,988 2024 IPC population estimate: 165,495 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 165,810 Ethnic groups: Ciec Dinka (Ador/Adior, Lou/Koc Lou), Atuot/Atwot** Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 21,324 IDPs (-12,603 Sept. 2023)
- [Rumbek North](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-north/) - Rumbek North County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 43,410 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 73,963 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 72,861 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 73963 2024 IPC population estimate: 75,047 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 75,047 Ethnic groups: Agar Dinka (Pakam: Akok-kor, Gak, Lieth, Manuer, Nielniel) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 18,643 IDPs (-14491
- [Rumbek East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-east/) - Rumbek East County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 122,832 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 227,973 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 174,891 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 227,9722024 IPC population estimate: 180,138 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 180,970 Ethnic groups and languages: Agar Dinka (Ruop: Ajak, Aliab, Boor, Tiek) (Aliamtoc: Athoi, Dhiei, Duor, Durciek, Kok/Kook, Panyar), ‘Jur Bel’/Belli
- [Rumbek Center](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/rumbek-center/) - Rumbek Centre County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 153,550 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 134,572 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 216,017 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 134,572 2024 IPC population estimate: 222,497 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 222,497 Ethnic groups: Agar Dinka (Kuei, Ruop) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 2,462 IDPs (-937 Sept. 2023) and 12,125
- [Cueibet](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/cueibet/) - Cueibet County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 117,755 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 296,844 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,782 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 296,845 2024 IPC population estimate: 189,185 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 189,199 Ethnic groups: Gok Dinka (Langdiing: Ayiel, Joth, Kongor, Pagook, Pathiang/Pathiong) (Macar: Akony, Panyar, Waat), ‘Jur Bel’/Belli Displacement Figures as of
- [Awerial](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/awerial/) - Awerial County, Lakes State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 47,041 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 144,680 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 112,435 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 144,680 2024 IPC population estimate: 144,100 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 144,223 Ethnic groups: Aliab Dinka (Akeer, Akuei, Apuk, Bulok) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 42,050 IDPs (-13,984 Sept. 2023) and
- [Uror](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/uror/) - Uror County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 178,519 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 115,297 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 196,292 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 115,296 2024 IPC population estimate: 202,180 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 205,594 Ethnic groups: Lou Nuer (Gun/Goon, Mor) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 17,180 IDPs (-19,667 Sept. 2023) and 15,579 returnees
- [Twic East](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/twic-east/) - Twic East County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 85,349 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 51,269 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 124,352 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 51,269 2024 IPC population estimate: 128,083 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 129,822 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Twic/Twic East: Pakeer; Ajuong; Nyuak; Lith Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 17,940 IDPs
- [Pibor](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pibor/) - Pibor County, Greater Pibor Administrative Area Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 148,475 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 219,745 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 228,287 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 219,744 2024 IPC population estimate: 235,136 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 237,649 Ethnic groups: Murle, Kachipo, and Jie/Jiye Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 30,301 IDPs (-13,546 Sept. 2023) and 21444
- [Nyirol](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/nyirol/) - Nyirol County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 108,674 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 63,179 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 142,516 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 63,180 2024 IPC population estimate; 146,792 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 153,295 Ethnic groups and languages: Lou Nuer (Gun/Gon, Mor) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 38,698 IDPs (-5,902 Sept. 2023) and 37,662
- [Fangak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/fangak/) - Fangak County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 110,130 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 109,657 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 196,950 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 109,657 2024 IPC population estimate: 202,858 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 213,029 Ethnic groups: Nuer (Thiang; Lak/Laak: Kwacbor, Jongyang) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 91,755 IDPs (+31,259 Sept. 2023) and 95,810 returnees
- [Duk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/duk/) - Duk County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 65,588 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 56,186 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 199,416 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 56,187 2024 IPC population estimate: 205,398 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 206,545 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Hol/Ghol: Angaach, Duoor, Nyieel, and Pathel; Nyarweng: Ager, Athon/Aborom Displacement Figures as of
- [Canal/Pigi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/canal-pigi/) - Canal/Pigi County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 99,068 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 29,720 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 106,626 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 29,721 2024 IPC population estimate: 109,825 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 111,613 Ethnic groups: Padang Dinka (Paweny/Paneru, Thoi, Rut, Luac); Gawaar Nuer; Lou Nuer; Shilluk Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 49,789
- [Bor South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/bor-south/) - Bor South County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 221,106 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 160,878 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 340,261 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 160,878 2024 IPC population estimate: 350,469 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 354,711 Ethnic groups: Southeastern Dinka (‘Jieng of Jonglei’), Dinka Bor (Gok: Hol, Palek, Koc and Abiei/Abii; Athooc/Athoc: Angakuei, Koc Anyeer,
- [Ayod](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/ayod/) - Ayod County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 139,282 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 114,077 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 194,396 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 114,077 2024 IPC population estimate: 200,228 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 205,709 Ethnic groups: Gawaar Nuer (Rath, Bar) Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 15,152 IDPs (-964 Sept. 2023) and 37,092 returnees ( +5986
- [Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/akobo/) - Akobo County, Jonglei State Demographics 2008 NBS Census population: 136,210 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 90,840 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 226,978 2024 UN OCHA population estimate*: 90,839 2024 IPC population estimate: 233,788 2025 UN OCHA population estimate*: 238042 Ethnic groups: Lou Nuer (Mor) and Anyuak Displacement Figures as of September 2024: 14,872 IDPs (-2,466 Sept. 2023) and 18,790
- [Pochalla](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/pochalla/) - [av_textblock size='' font_color='' color='' id='' custom_class='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' av_uid='av-k7lvggh9' admin_preview_bg=''] Pochalla County, Jonglei State [/av_textblock] [av_textblock size='' font_color='' color='' av-medium-font-size='' av-small-font-size='' av-mini-font-size='' av_uid='av-k7lvwy0g' id='' custom_class='' admin_preview_bg=''] DEMOGRAPHY 2008 NBS Census population: 66,201 2021 NBS PES population estimate*: 20,357 2022 UN OCHA population estimate*: 79,562 Ethnic groups: Anyuak/Anywaa Displacement Figures Q3 2022: 3,912 IDPs (+1,106
- [](https://csrf-southsudan.org/county_profile/230935/)

## Slider posts

- [Slide 1](https://csrf-southsudan.org/slider/enjoy/) - WhatsApp – an Emerging Tool for Violence and Conflict within South Sudan As conflict has evolved, social media has also become an important tool for spreading hate across communities.
- [Slide 2](https://csrf-southsudan.org/slider/discover/) - What we do Initiated in 2016, the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) supports the use of conflict sensitivity in donor strategies and programmes in South Sudan.

## Courses

- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - Who is this course for? Beginners People who have little or no experience with the concept, and want to get the basics down. Intermediates People who have a working understanding of what is meant by conflict sensitivity, but want to better understand the theory and how it looks in practical terms. Course Duration The course

## Lessons

- [Lecture 2.2: Why is Conflict Sensitivity Important?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-2-why-is-conflict-sensitivity-important/) - Lecture 2.2: Why is Conflict Sensitivity Important?Objectives:Present the reasons that conflict sensitivity is important for aid actorsDiscuss the differences between conflict sensitivity and similar conceptsLecture Transcript:Now that we’ve talked about what conflict sensitivity is, let’s discuss why it is important. There are three sets of reasons.First, from an ethical perspective. Most people believe that they
- [Lecture 2.1: What is Conflict Sensitivity?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-1-what-is-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 2.1: What is Conflict Sensitivity?ObjectivesWhat do we mean by ‘conflict sensitivity’?The operational, moral, and strategic case for conflict sensitivityExamples of conflict sensitivityLecture Transcript:Conflict Sensitivity is an approach to designing and delivering development, humanitarian and peacebuilding assistance (which for simplicity we often summarise as ‘aid’) that seeks to avoid contributing to or perpetuating conflicts and
- [Lecture 5.1:  Conclusion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-5-1-conclusion/) - Lecture 5.1: ConclusionOpportunities to stay engaged and keep learningLecture Transcript:You’ve now reached the end of the CSRF’s Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity course. We hope this was useful, and has helped to provide you with some ideas of what conflict sensitivity means in practice, why it’s so important, and how to go about it at both
- [Lecture 4.4: Monitoring for conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-4-monitoring-for-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 4.4: Monitoring for conflict sensitivityObjectives:Understand the value of monitoring for conflict sensitivityHave a basic idea of how to monitor for conflict sensitivityLecture Transcript:In this final lecture, we’ll think about what conflict sensitivity means for monitoring and evaluation. To kick things off, lets watch this short video.Video It’s an interesting experiment. It shows that when
- [Lecture 4.3: Developing Options for Adaptation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-3-developing-options-for-adaptation/) - Lecture 4.3: Developing Options for AdaptationObjectives:Explain what is meant by options generationWhat does this mean for our principles, systems and tools? Lecture Transcript:If an organisation would like to make improvements to how it works, it needs to be able to generate options for adaptation. When a conflict sensitivity challenge or opportunity arises – whether we are
- [Lecture 4.2: Interaction Analysis at the Organisational Level](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-2-interaction-analysis-at-the-organisational-level/) - Lecture 4.2: Interaction Analysis at the Organisational LevelObjectivesExplore how organisational approaches and policies may interact with conflicts, for better or worseBuild understanding of the types of common conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities for organisationsLecture Transcript:A slightly different list of questions might be useful for those considering how to improve organisational conflict sensitivity. This might include:How
- [Lecture 4.1: Interaction Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-4-1-interaction-analysis/) - Lecture 4.1: Interaction AnalysisObjectivesAnalysing the impacts of our presence in a context (both intended and unintended outcomes!)Project level interactions with contexts and conflictsHow can we track this over time? Lecture transcript:This final section of the course deals with the practical applications of analysis for the specific organisations and projects that we work for and on. We
- [Lecture 3.4: Conflict Sensitivity in Practice: Risks and Opportunities in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-4-conflict-sensitivity-in-practice-risks-and-opportunities-in-south-sudan/) - Lecture 3.4: Conflict Sensitivity in Practice: Risks and Opportunities in South SudanObjectives:Share the CSRF’s analysis of the most important conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities facing the aid sector in South sudanLecture TranscriptIn this lecture, we’ll discuss some of the CSRF’s analysis of the most important areas where aid actors working in South Sudan face conflict
- [Lecture 3.3: Key Elements of Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-3-key-elements-of-conflict-analysis/) - Lecture 3.3: Key Elements of Conflict AnalysisObjectives:Identify and briefly explain the most common components of conflict analysisLecture TranscriptWe recommend that every conflict analysis that you do be tailored to the specific context in which you’re working, the types of questions you want to find out, and how you plan to use the findings. This will
- [Lecture 3.2: Conflict analysis tools and approaches](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-2-conflict-analysis-tools-and-approaches/) - Lecture 3.2: Conflict analysis tools and approachesObjectivesProvide examples of conflict analysis tools that can be used by the aid communityDiscuss how can aid actors can use themLecture transcript:In a well-functioning organisation, this should be happening at multiple levels, and in multiple ways. The type of analysis that most people think about immediately is the formal
- [Lecture 3.1: What is Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-3-1-what-is-conflict-analysis/) - Lecture 3.1: What is Conflict AnalysisObjectivesWhat is conflict analysis, and how should it be used?Formal, institutional, and informal conflict analysis within an aid organisationUsing conflict analysis in operations, policy, strategy and programmesLecture transcript:At its heart, conflict sensitivity is enabled by building our understanding of the context around us, and then ensuring that we’re able to
- [Lecture 2.3: Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-2-3-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity/) - Lecture 2.3: Gender and Conflict SensitivityHow do conflicts interact with gender norms, roles and expectations?What is the interaction between femininity, masculinity and conflict in South Sudan?Lecture Transcript:Being conflict sensitive means being aware that gender can play a very big role in how conflicts are experienced and managed. By gender we mean the societal norms that
- [Lecture 1.3: Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-3-peace/) - Lecture 1.3: PeaceObjectivesDefining ‘peace’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisUnderstanding peace as a capacity to manage conflictsThe difference between ‘negative peace’ and ‘positive peace’ Lecture 1.3 transcript:The final foundational concept that we’ll discuss here is of ‘peace.’ This is another word or construct that seems simple at first glance, but becomes more difficult and
- [Lecture 1.2: Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-2-violence/) - Lecture 1.2: ViolenceObjectivesDefining ‘violence’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisUnderstanding both visible and invisible violenceLecture 1.2 Transcript: The next important concept to break down is ‘violence.’ For many, conflict and violence mean the same thing. But this is an oversimplification that assumes conflicts must always be managed violently, which is not the case,
- [Lecture 1.1: Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-1-conflict/) - Lecture 1.1: ConflictObjectives:Defining ‘conflict’ in a way that enables useful conflict analysisConflicts are inevitable in any human relationship.Conflict can be positive!Lecture transcript: We’ll start this course by focusing on the basic concepts of conflict sensitivity, building common definitions of a few concepts that are foundational to understand conflict sensitivity. These terms are well known, but
- [Lecture 1: Welcome and Introduction to the Course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/lesson/lecture-1-welcome-and-introduction-to-the-course/) - Lecture 1: Welcome and Introduction to the CourseObjectivesCourse overviewHow this course works Lecture Transcript:Welcome to the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity online course.The CSRF was set up in 2016 as a ‘public good,’ helping to support the conflict sensitivity of the aid sector in South Sudan. Our goal is to help aid initiatives
- [Scaling and Automating Your Business](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/scaling-and-automating-your-business/) - Core Teaching ✓ Scaling Strategies for Digital Businesses Scaling a business means expanding your operations to handle increased demand without compromising quality. Effective scaling strategies include: Expanding Product or Service Offerings: Introduce new products or services that complement your existing ones. This can attract new customers and increase revenue from existing ones. Entering New Markets:
- [Sales Funnels and Conversion Optimization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/sales-funnels-and-conversion-optimization/) - Core Teaching ✓ Understanding Sales Funnels A sales funnel represents the customer journey from awareness to purchase. It is typically divided into four stages: Awareness, Interest, Decision, and Action (AIDA). Each stage requires specific strategies to guide potential customers toward making a purchase. Awareness: At this stage, potential customers become aware of your brand or
- [Revenue Models and Streams](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/revenue-models-and-streams/) - Core Teaching ✓ Common Digital Revenue Models Understanding different revenue models is crucial for choosing the right one for your digital business. Common digital revenue models include: Subscription Model: Customers pay a recurring fee (monthly or annually) for access to a product or service. This model is popular for software (SaaS), content platforms, and membership
- [Social Media and Digital Marketing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/social-media-and-digital-marketing/) - Core Teaching ✓ Choosing the Right Social Media Platforms Selecting the right social media platforms is essential for effectively reaching your target audience. Different platforms cater to different demographics and content types. For instance, Instagram is ideal for visual content and younger audiences, while LinkedIn is best for B2B marketing and professional networking. Understand where
- [Content Strategy and SEO](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/content-strategy-and-seo/) - Core Teaching ✓ Importance of Content Marketing Content marketing involves creating and sharing valuable, relevant content to attract and engage your target audience. It helps build trust, establish authority, and drive traffic to your website. Effective content marketing can lead to higher conversion rates and customer loyalty. ✓ Basics of SEO Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
- [Understanding Digital Entrepreneurship](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/understanding-digital-entrepreneurship/) - Core Teaching ✓ Definition and Scope Digital entrepreneurship involves creating and managing a business through digital platforms. It leverages the internet, digital tools, and online resources to create value and drive revenue. Unlike traditional businesses, digital entrepreneurship allows for lower startup costs, broader market reach, and flexibility. ✓ Opportunities in the Digital Economy The digital
- [Identifying Profitable Niches](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/identifying-profitable-niches/) - Core Teaching ✓ Market Research Techniques Identifying a profitable niche begins with thorough market research. This involves analyzing market trends, understanding customer needs, and identifying gaps in the market. Use tools like Google Trends, keyword research tools, and industry reports to gather data. Look for areas with high demand but low competition. ✓ Evaluating Niche
- [Developing a Business Idea](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/developing-a-business-idea/) - Core Teaching ✓ Brainstorming and Validation Techniques Developing a business idea starts with brainstorming. Use techniques like mind mapping, SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), and brainstorming sessions to generate ideas. Once you have a list of ideas, validate them by researching market demand, potential competition, and feasibility. ✓ Lean Startup Principles The Lean Startup
- [Creating a Professional Website](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/creating-a-professional-website/) - Core Teaching ✓ Choosing the Right Platform Selecting the right platform is crucial for building your website. Popular options include WordPress, Shopify, Wix, Squarespace, and Kajabi. Consider factors like ease of use, customization options, cost, and scalability. For example, WordPress offers extensive customization through plugins and themes, while Shopify is ideal for e-commerce businesses due
- [Creating Your Personalized Morning Routine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/creating-your-personalized-morning-routine/) - Core Teaching ✓ Lock In Your Morning Routine A personalized morning routine integrates activities that energize your mind, body, and soul, tailored to your unique needs and goals. A well-designed routine can set a positive tone for the day, increase productivity, and enhance overall well-being. It’s important to customize your morning activities to fit your
- [Personal Development and Learning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/personal-development-and-learning/) - Core Teaching ✓ Self Development Personal development and continuous learning are essential for growth and success. Engaging in daily learning activities can improve your skills, expand your knowledge, and keep your mind sharp. By dedicating time each morning to personal development, you invest in yourself and your future. This practice not only enhances your professional
- [Cultivating Gratitude](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/cultivating-gratitude/) - Core Teaching ✓ Gratitude Practicing gratitude has profound effects on mental health, well-being, and overall happiness. By focusing on what you’re grateful for, you shift your mindset from negative to positive, enhancing your mood and outlook on life. Gratitude helps reduce stress, improve relationships, and increase resilience. Incorporating gratitude into your morning routine sets a
- [Hydration and Its Benefits](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/hydration-and-its-benefits/) - Core Teaching ✓ Water Your Body Proper hydration is crucial for maintaining energy levels, cognitive function, and overall health. After a night's sleep, your body is naturally dehydrated, making morning hydration essential. Drinking water in the morning helps kickstart your metabolism, flush out toxins, and prepare your body for the day ahead. Staying hydrated throughout
- [The Power of a Morning Routine](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/the-power-of-a-morning-routine/) - Core Teaching ✓ The Magic of Morning Routines A well-structured morning routine sets the tone for the entire day. It helps you start with intention, focus, and energy, which translates into increased productivity and a sense of accomplishment. Morning routines are not about rigid schedules but about creating habits that align with your goals and
- [Nutrition for Optimal Energy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/nutrition-for-optimal-energy/) - Core Teaching ✓ Morning Nutrition A nutritious breakfast is essential for starting your day with energy and focus. What you eat in the morning sets the tone for your energy levels, mood, and cognitive function throughout the day. A balanced breakfast should include a mix of proteins, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates to provide sustained
- [Morning Exercise Routines](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/morning-exercise-routines/) - Core Teaching ✓ Move the Body Incorporating exercise into your morning routine has numerous benefits for both your physical and mental health. Morning exercise boosts your energy levels, improves your mood, and enhances your focus throughout the day. It helps regulate your sleep patterns and can lead to better overall fitness. Whether it's a brisk
- [Goal Setting and Daily Planning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/goal-setting-and-daily-planning/) - Core Teaching ✓ Goal Setting Effective goal setting and daily planning are crucial for achieving long-term success and maintaining focus. By clearly defining your goals and breaking them down into manageable tasks, you can ensure that your efforts are aligned with your priorities. Daily planning helps you stay organized, reduces stress, and increases productivity. It
- [Mindfulness and Meditation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/courses/sample-course/lesson/mindfulness-and-meditation/) - Core Teaching ✓ Meditation and Mindfulness Mindfulness and meditation are powerful practices that enhance your mental clarity, reduce stress, and improve overall well-being. Mindfulness involves being fully present and engaged in the current moment, while meditation is a practice that helps train your mind to achieve a state of calm and focus. These practices can

## Events

- [Introduction to South Sudan context course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course/) - The main objective of the course is to help those who are new to the South Sudanese context to be able to strengthen the integration of conflict sensitivity in humanitarian and development assistance by promoting increased awareness on the history of aid assistance and its interaction with South Sudan's culture, economy and conflict dynamics. This
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity to the wider Aid community](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-to-the-wider-aid-community/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. The session will explore key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender and conflict sensitivity that are relevant to the aid sector in South Sudan and provide space for reflection on the specific conflict sensitivity challenges in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure that
- [Introduction to South Sudan context course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course-2/) - The course will cover four topics: Culture and Authority; Economy and Livelihood; Conflict and Peace; and the History of Aid. The main objective of the course is to strengthen the integration of conflict sensitivity in humanitarian and development assistance by promoting increased awareness of South Sudan’s history─ highlighting the history of aid assistance and its
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity to the wider Aid community](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-to-the-wider-aid-community-2/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. The session will explore key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender and conflict sensitivity that are relevant to the aid sector in South Sudan and provide space for reflection on the specific conflict sensitivity challenges in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure that
- [Advanced training course on Conflict sensitivity in project design](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/advanced-training-course-on-conflict-sensitivity-in-project-design/) - This Advanced training course will be hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. This one-day course explores conflcit sensitivity in project design. This training module mainly targets and Programme/project and MELstaff. The training will be interactive and encourage discussion and learning between participants. Both men and women in the aid sector are encouraged to apply
- [Introduction to CS and Gender training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-cs-and-gender-training/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual orientation on Conflict Sensitivity and Gender in South Sudan. The session will explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space for reflection on the specific gender challenges in South Sudan. During the orientation, participants will be challenged to ensure
- [Advanced course on Conflict Sensitivity and Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/advanced-course-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-monitoring-evaluation-and-learning/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an advanced course on Conflict sensitivity and MEL. The course will cover monitoring, Evaluation and Learning in project design and project implementation. This one-day course explores how Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) efforts can gather data and analysis on how programmes interact with context and
- [Introduction to South Sudan Context](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual orientation on Introduction to South Sudan Context for Aid Workers. This course will present a historical, theoretical and practical overview of the South Sudan context, including on (1) Culture and Authority; (2) Economy and Livelihoods; (3) Conflict and Peace; and (4) Humanitarian and
- [Introduction to conflict sensitivity course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-course/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity virtual training. This training targets participants at management and programme decision-making levels, as well as implementation and M&E staff. This training will be hosted remotely through Zoom and it is scheduled for Thursday 18th November 2021. It will run for 2 hours from
- [Introductory Context Course](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introductory-context-course/)
- [Introduction to South Sudan context Course- Virtual Orientation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-to-south-sudan-context-course-virtual-orientation/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce an Introduction to South Sudan Context Course for Aid workers. This course particularly targets aid community who are new to the South Sudan context. The course will discuss 4 major topics: Culture and Authority; Economy and Livelihoods; Conflict and Peace; and Humanitarian and Development Assistance. This
- [Virtual course - Orientation on Conflict Sensitivity and Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/virtual-course-orientation-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-gender/) - The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is pleased to announce a virtual Orientation via Zoom on conflict sensitivity and gender on Wednesday, September 15th, 2021, from 11:00-13:00, Juba time. Gender sensitivity is a core component of a conflict-sensitive approach to programming. The training/orientation session will therefore explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space
- [REMOTE EVENT: Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-in-south-sudan/) - This virtual training course is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. It aims to enhance conflict sensitivity knowledge and skills among aid workers in South Sudan by introducing key concepts on conflict, peace, violence, gender, conflict sensitivity and conflict-sensitive programming. This course is free of charge, and is particularly aimed at donor and practitioner
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan-2/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 18th June. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 4th June. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/223747/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce another remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 2nd July. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important to
- [REMOTE EVENT: Orientation on conflict sensitivity and gender in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/remote-event-orientation-on-conflict-sensitivity-and-gender-in-south-sudan/) - This orientation is hosted by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility. Gender sensitivity is a core component of a conflict-sensitive approach. The session will explore gender concepts that are relevant to conflict sensitivity and provide space for reflection on the specific gender challenges during the COVID-19 context in South Sudan. Participants will be challenged to ensure
- [REMOTE EVENT: ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/what-would-a-conflict-sensitive-covid-19-response-look-like-in-south-sudan/) - The CSRF is pleased to announce a second remote orientation on ‘What would a conflict-sensitive COVID-19 response look like in South Sudan?’ This will be held virtually via internet from 15.00-16.30 (EAT) on Thursday 21st May. This orientation will provide a short introduction to the following topics: What is conflict sensitivity? Why is conflict sensitivity important
- [Training | Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity-2/)
- [Training | Gender and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-gender-and-conflict-sensitivity/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-7/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-8/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-6/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | Conflict Sensitivity and M&E](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-conflict-sensitivity-and-me-2/) - This training underscores the importance of measuring and monitoring context and conflict dynamics, and their interactions with aid programmes. Specifically, it will look at the mutual impact between aid programmes and the context. Through technical guidance and peer learning, participants will be equipped with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis and tracking changes
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-7/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-6/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-5/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-4/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-3/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Conflict Sensitivity and M&E](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-conflict-sensitivity-and-me/) - This training underscores the importance of measuring and monitoring context and conflict dynamics, and their interactions with aid programmes. Specifically, it will look at the mutual impact between aid programmes and the context. Through technical guidance and peer learning, participants will be equipped with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis and tracking changes
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-5/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Roundtable | Displacement, Access and Conflict in Western Bahr el Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/roundtable-displacement-access-and-conflict-in-western-bahr-el-ghazal/) - **Closed event** Conflict in former Western Bahr el Ghazal has shaped displacement and humanitarian access patterns, which in turn have influenced conflict dynamics. These interactions are difficult for aid actors to navigate in a neutral, impartial and independent way. This closed-door discussion will focus on how these challenges have been managed so far, and how practice
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-course-for-aid-workers/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-4/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Reflection Exercise | How can Programmes Listen Better?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-can-programmes-listen-better/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/south-sudan-context-course-2/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/south-sudan-context-course/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-101-training-new-partners/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Research Presentation | Kinship & Coping Strategies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/research-presentation-kinship-coping-strategies/) - Aid actors working in South Sudan frequently highlight the importance of local coping capacities in responding to conflict-related, economic and livelihoods crises. At the same time, they also try to counter misuse of aid in its many forms, including diversion of aid, abuse of office and the maintenance of extensive patronage networks. However, many international
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Procurement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-and-procurement/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Procurement Event](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-procurement-event/)
- [Introduction to CS Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/introduction-cs-training/)
- [Presentation: Cash Programming and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-cash-programming-conflict-sensitivity/)
- [Presentation: Cash programming and conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-cash-programming-conflict-sensitivity-2/)
- [NBEG Customary Authorities Discussion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/nbeg-customary-authorities-discussion/)
- [Dr. Leben Moro Presentation at EU compound](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/dr-leben-moro-presentation-eu-compound/)
- [Conflict Sensitive M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitive-training/)
- [Presentation of NBeG Political Economy by Martina Santschi](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-nbeg-political-economy-martina-santschi/)
- [Presentation to NGO Forum on NBeG Political Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/presentation-ngo-forum-nbeg-political-economy/)
- [Two Day CS Training for NNGOs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/two-day-cs-training-nngos/)
- [Conflict Sensitive Procurement Learning Event](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitive-procurement-learning-event/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-training/)
- [Conflict Sensitivity and M&E Training](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/conflict-sensitivity-training-3/)
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-3/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training
- [Reflection Exercise - How do Institutions Change?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-institutions-change/)
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers-2/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace. Each will be
- [Research Presentation | The Complexities of Engaging with Government in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/research-presentation-the-complexities-of-engaging-with-government-in-south-sudan/) - Aid has interacted with governance, the state, and power in South Sudan in different ways at different times. Different models of engagement have had different implications for peace and conflict. The recent agreement in Khartoum will likely lead to increasing internal and external pressure for aid actors to re-evaluate their approaches to working with government.
- [Reflection Exercise | Feedback Loops, Community Engagement and Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/reflection-exercise-feedback-loops-community-engagement-and-conflict-sensitivity/) - This reflection exercise is aimed at those responsible for designing, managing, or implementing community engagement and feedback mechanisms. Join us to explore best practices, their importance for conflict sensitivity, and how to integrate contextual analysis into this work. This session will be led by the CSRF with support from our consortium partner, CDA Collaborative Learning,
- [Roundtable | Compensation, Restitution and Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/roundtable-compensation-restitution-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - The roundtable will bring experts, donors and practitioners together to discuss the role of compensation and restitution in justice and peace in South Sudan, and consequent implications for donors and diplomacy. The CSRF will use the analysis generated to help donors and diplomats think through related policies and practice. This is a closed event with
- [Training | Introduction to Conflict Sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-introduction-to-conflict-sensitivity-2/) - This training underscores the importance of context analysis to conflict sensitive programming. It will equip participants with the basic concepts and tools for context analysis. It will also help participants to understand how analysis can inform programme design and implementation to maximise positive impacts for peace while minimising negative impacts (Do No Harm). The training targets
- [Training | South Sudan Context for Aid Workers](https://csrf-southsudan.org/event/training-south-sudan-context-for-aid-workers/) - This 1-day course is aimed at donors and aid practitioners working in South Sudan. It primarily targets staff who are new to South Sudan, though is also helpful for national and longer-term expatriate staff. The course will cover three modules - culture and authority; environment, economy and livelihood; and conflict and peace) which will each

## Template Items

- [SIngle Post New](https://csrf-southsudan.org/?bdt-template-builder=single-post-new-2)

## Repositories

- [CSRF Research: Lessons for a System Under Pressure - What ten years of conflict sensitivity work tells us about the future of aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-research-lessons-for-a-system-under-pressure-what-ten-years-of-conflict-sensitivity-work-tells-us-about-the-future-of-aid-in-south-sudan/) - This research was conducted and the report written by Audrey Bottjen, Nelson Rombek Ezron, Ruei Hoth Gony, and the CSRF team. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is approaching 10 years since its establishment in 2016. Since independence and over the last ten years, the South Sudan context has experienced significant changes, as South Sudanese
- [CSRF Analysis - Displacement, Access, and Conflict in South Sudan: A Longitudinal Perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/displacement-access-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-a-longitudinal-perspective/) - Contemporary debates about humanitarianism in South Sudan focus on the pressing problems of the present, with access issues and violence against humanitarians understandably at the forefront of donor and humanitarian concerns. While valuable and comprehensible, this focus on the present has meant that the ways in which aid shapes conflict in the long term have
- [Will elections be held in December 2026 in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/will-elections-be-held-in-december-2026-in-south-sudan/) - This piece discusses the possibilities of national elections being held in South Sudan in December 2026. The piece identifies several challenges ahead of the planned elections, including ongoing political turmoil, party divisions, and the installed implementations of the 2018 Revitalized agreements (R-ARCSSS), among others. The piece provides some proposed solutions for organising credible and peaceful
- [Digital Memory as Resistance: NGOs and Immigrant Women Using Social Media to Preserve Collective Trauma Through Intersectionality](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/digital-memory-as-resistance-ngos-and-immigrant-women-using-social-media-to-preserve-collective-trauma-through-intersectionality/) - This book chapter explores the role of digital memory as a form of resistance among immigrant women. Using the example of a South Sudanese immigrant woman, Fatima, the chapter focuses on how women utilize social media to preserve collective trauma and assert their identities, and the role of non-governmental organisations in amplifying these narratives, fostering
- [Rethinking Aid in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-aid-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - Based on consultations with South Sudanese participants and representatives of grassroots organisations and international non-governmental organizations in Kampala, Uganda, this briefing explores the perspectives of national civil society actors on the shifting aid systems. The briefing found a significant, but under-recognised resilience of grassroots and community-based humanitarian responses stemming from mobilization of socio-cultural support systems,
- [From Segmentary ‘Tribes’ to Ethnic Nationalism: A Historical Study of Nuer Identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-segmentary-tribes-to-ethnic-nationalism-a-historical-study-of-nuer-identity/) - The report explores factors that shape the evolution of Nuer society from segmentary to ethnic group, especially how they have defined boundaries between themselves and others throughout history based on the cultural and structural contexts that shape their identity. Despite evolving over time, the report found the Nuer identity is now confronted with challenges and
- [Beyond Research: Who Funds Knowledge](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-research-who-funds-knowledge/) - This podcast explores the politics of knowledge production, especially the flow of funding and related implications of the influence from the Global North. Focusing on the structural barriers that shape the visibility, voice, and ownership of knowledge products, the podcast found that the Global North funding systems shape research agendas, with locally led research remaining
- [South Sudan: From 10 States to 32 States and Back Again - What lessons can be taken from South Sudan’s experience of boundary and state management?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-from-10-states-to-32-states-and-back-again-what-lessons-can-be-taken-from-south-sudans-experience-of-boundary-and-state-management/) - Last year, South Sudan reintroducted 10 subnational states in South Sudan, in place of the 32 states controversially created in 2017. Far from being an obscure matter of administrative organization, the initial, dramatic redivision of territory in the midst of protracted violence and large-scale displacement had a significant impact on representation, as well as social,
- [Escalation of violence drives mass displacement from Nagero County](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/escalation-of-violence-drives-mass-displacement-from-nagero-county/) - This brief assesses the situation of increased forced displacement from Western Equatoria to Western Bahr el Ghazal states following to the escalation of violence in Nagero County in September 2025. The authors identify rising acute humanitarian needs, especially in Bazia of Wau County, raising concerns for the the future, particularly related to food availability and
- [Meeting Report: The impact of global aid funding cuts on people and programmes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/meeting-report-the-impact-of-global-aid-funding-cuts-on-people-and-programmes-in-south-sudan/) - This report was written by Leben Nelson Moro and Jennifer Palmer for the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP). This meeting report from a roundtable discussion organised by SSHAP and the University of Juba explores some of the impacts of aid funding cuts in South Sudan amid a severe economic recession - made worse
- [Beyond Rhetoric - Feminist Leadership for a Transformative Women, Peace and Security Agenda at 25](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-rhetoric-feminist-leadership-for-a-transformative-women-peace-and-security-agenda-at-25/) - This report was written by Abigael Baldoumas, Anila Noor, Duncan Knox, Fionna Smyth, Helen Kezie-Nwoha, and Maria Alabdeh, as part of the Hands Off Our Spaces Campaign. Using the case studies of four countries, including South Sudan, the report discusses the progress of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda against the backdrop of its
- [Dynamic livelihoods in conflict and recurrent crises: stories of change from Ethiopia and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dynamic-livelihoods-in-conflict-and-recurrent-crises-stories-of-change-from-ethiopia-and-south-sudan/) - This research report was written by Leigh Mayhew, Simon Levine, and Caitlin Sturridge (Overseas Development Institute (ODI); Abraham Diing Akoi, and Fekadu Adugna Tufa; produced as part of Supporting Pastoralism and Agriculture in Recurrent and Protracted Crises (SPARC) project. The report examines the nature of change processes in livelihood practices, facilitating conditions, and the persistent barriers
- [Predatory Peace: Fiscal Fragmentation and Coercive Statebuilding in South Sudan and Beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/predatory-peace-fiscal-fragmentation-and-coercive-statebuilding-in-south-sudan-and-beyond/) - Assessing the peace agreements in South Sudan since the 1970s, the article discusses the extent to which these agreements reconfigure predatory fiscal practices, rather than dismantle them. The paper finds that elite power-sharing agreements often entrench predatory revenue systems, including extortion, leading to the elite redistribution of rents, which help to stabilise ruling coalitions and
- [A Country For Old Men: The State of the Nuer White Armies of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-country-for-old-men-the-state-of-the-nuer-white-armies-of-south-sudan/) - This Briefing Paper explores the state of the Nuer self-defence groups. Focusing on the White Army in Upper Nile and Jonglei, especially its structure and links with other military and political forces, the paper finds that the White Armies operate independently with distinct motivations and objectives, albeit they at times join with other armed forces.
- [Managing risk and security: How humanitarian organisations adapt in conflict zones](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/managing-risk-and-security-how-humanitarian-organisations-adapt-in-conflict-zones/) - This paper was written by Marie-Luisa Messerschmidt and Emelie Guth. This thesis explores how humanitarian organisations navigate and manage security issues in the conflict zones. Using case studies of three countries, including South Sudan, this report highlights the importance of conducting risk assessments and integrating local people and knowledge, thereby fostering community engagement, to better understand the local
- [Oil extraction, grievances, and conflict: evidence from Niger Delta and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-extraction-grievances-and-conflict-evidence-from-niger-delta-and-south-sudan/) - This article was written by Hamid E. Ali, Mohammad M. Aghdam, and Shahjahan Bhuiyan. Using two country case studies, including South Sudan, this report explores the intersection between grievances and violent conflict in oil-rich regions. The report finds that the prevalence of violent conflict in oil-rich areas is mainly due to the exclusion of certain
- [Climate Variability and Wildlife Conflict Amplify Poverty and Food Insecurity in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-variability-and-wildlife-conflict-amplify-poverty-and-food-insecurity-in-east-africa/) - This article was written by Leopody Gayo, Flora Felix Manyama, and John Maina Nyongesa. Using case studies of Eastern African countries, including South Sudan, this report examines the impact of climate crises and human-wildlife conflicts on household income and livelihoods. The report reveals that both these phenomena have fueled competition over scarce resources and caused
- [An exploration into the intersections of gender, conflict, and violence in the lives of women and girls in Nimule and Yei, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-exploration-into-the-intersections-of-gender-conflict-and-violence-in-the-lives-of-women-and-girls-in-nimule-and-yei-south-sudan/) - This report was written by D. Alemna, T. Bradley (University of Portsmouth); K. Downie, B. Akok, P. Garang, G. Kwenda, A. Onen & K. Peter (Likikiri Collective) This report explores how the ongoing conflict and mass displacement intersect with gender norms. Focusing on Nimule payam of Magwi County, and Yei, the report finds that physical,
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-abyei/) - This fact sheet was put together by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). This report assesses the intersection between climate, peace, and security in the Abyei Administrative Area. As communities largely depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as cattle herding, farming, and seasonal migration, the report finds
- [Trends in Civic Space and Elections in South Sudan: Findings from the 2025 Public Perceptions of Peace Survey](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trends-in-civic-space-and-elections-in-south-sudan-findings-from-the-2025-public-perceptions-of-peace-survey/) - This report was written by David Deng, Sophia Dawkins, Christopher Oringa, and Jan Pospisil. This Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) and PeaceRep survey report examines how the South Sudanese public perceives safety, elections, civic space, and trust in political institutions. The report finds that only around 25% of the respondents feel safe due to worsening insecurity, such as renewed
- [CSRF Analysis: Conservation with the People - considering local communities' perspectives](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-conservation-with-the-people-considering-local-communities-perspectives/) - Wildlife conservation and land management knowledge and practices are deeply enshrined in the socio-cultural and economic life of South Sudanese communities that live around wildlife areas. Some of these indigenous conservation practices have been eroded by crises, climatic hazards and small arms proliferation, which drive and enable greater reliance on wildlife as a source of
- [Enhancing community-based social protection for sustainable use of aid in South Sudan: Guidance for conflict and context sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-community-based-social-protection-for-sustainable-use-of-aid-in-south-sudan-guidance-for-conflict-and-context-sensitive-aid/) - This research was conducted by Ranga Gworo, David Otim and Gaya Raddadi of the CSRF South Sudan Team, As donor aid is shrinking, the importance of social protection is growing, with more focus on how the most vulnerable members of communities can survive. The purpose of this research is to analyse how humanitarian aid-based social
- [South Sudanese Women in Peace Building and Conflict Resolutions: Prospects and Hurdles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-south-sudanese-women-in-peace-building-and-conflict-resolutions-prospects-and-hurdles/) - This book chapter discusses the role of women in peacebuilding and conflict resolution processes in South Sudan. The report finds that despite their active role in peacebuilding initiatives, they continue to face obstacles, such as the inadequate implementation of the 35% representation quotas in the agreement, toxic masculinity and cultural barriers and envy and suspicions.
- [Tall Tales and Borderline Cases: Narratives as meaningful contraband](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tall-tales-and-borderline-cases-narratives-as-meaningful-contraband/) - In the early hours of the morning of 24 May 2013, a group of South Sudanese vigilantes attacked the town of Obo in the Central African Republic (CAR), having covered the distance of 100 km from the South Sudan/CAR border to Obo on foot. An unprovoked international attack in violation of CAR’s sovereignty could be
- [“A boy should be a fighter” Addressing harmful masculinities driving cattle-related violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-boy-should-be-a-fighter-addressing-harmful-masculinities-driving-cattle-related-violence/) - The report discusses the relationship between the socialisation of boys and the cattle-related violence in South Sudan. The report finds that the boys’ socialisation to defend their communities, their livelihoods, and “their” girls and women, against other communities by force causes cattle-related violence, marginalizes women and girls, and normalises gender-based violence both in intimate relationships
- [Building Peace in South Sudan: Local Voices and Lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-peace-in-south-sudan-local-voices-and-lessons/) - These two thematically linked publications from ZOA-Dorcas outline the positive impact of Peace Committees and the community-based sociotherapy approach implemented in Jonglei State of South Sudan as part of a five-year multi-sectoral project. Showcasing lessons from setting up Peace Committees by training local Peace Promoters in multiple communities close to Bor, the first report highlights
- [From conflict to cattle: Gender, Culture and Climate in South Sudan’s Pastoralist Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-conflict-to-cattle-gender-culture-and-climate-in-south-sudans-pastoralist-violence/) - This report explores the intersection between gender, cattle-related conflict, and climate change among South Sudan’s pastoralist communities. The report concludes that deeply embedded cattle economies linked to gender-based violence, marriage, status, and social cohesion, have been entangled with militarised cattle raising, environmental degradation, and harmful gender norms. The report provides a set of recommendations, including
- [Unscripted Peace: Community-Led Mediation Processes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unscripted-peace-community-led-mediation-processes-in-south-sudan/) - This report was written by Joane Holliger and the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at ETH Zürich. Using the case of the Pieri peace process in South Sudan, this report discusses challenges faced by international peace and localization efforts during community-led mediation processes. The report argues that strong local ownership has helped in the design
- [Racist violence as border-making in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/racist-violence-as-border-making-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - This briefing note was written by Nicki Kindersley, Amar Jamal, and Machot Amuom Malou for XCEPT. This briefing explores how elite mobilization, access to resources and labour, and identity-based politics, influence Sudan’s and South Sudan’s legitimacy and future. It finds that racial and ethnic profiling, targeted violence, and collective punishment are not merely incidental, but
- [Seen But Not Heard: Community voices on peacekeeping in CAR, DRC, Mali and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seen-but-not-heard-community-voices-on-peacekeeping-in-car-drc-mali-and-south-sudan/) - This analysis paper explores the experiences and perceptions of affected communities on the protection of civilians, the role of the peacekeeping operations, and other security protection structures in four countries, including South Sudan. The report found that despite the presence of peacekeeping operations, the affected populations continue to face threats due to the missions’ limited
- [CSRF Analysis: Gender Dynamics in Community Social Protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-gender-dynamics-in-community-social-protection/) - This report, written by Joseph Ding Majok and Elizabeth Nyibol Malou, provides an analysis of gender dynamics in community social protection in Northern Bahr El Ghazal (NBG), South Sudan. The analysis is based on field research and a review of desk literature conducted in March 2025. Semi-structured key informant interviews and focus group discussions were
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-gender/) - CSRF has conducted a meta-analysis for gender, analysing a selection of relevant, key literature and extracting some of the most salient questions for donor-funded programming. Read the meta-analysis here.
- [CSRF Meta-Analysis: Gender](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-gender-2/) - Focusing on gender in South Sudan, this meta-analysis provides an overview of the literature available on gender dynamics with a special attention on women. It looks at their role in politics and peacebuilding, conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and explores the changing roles of women in times of conflict.
- [A Rock and Hard Place: Operating challenges for aid organizations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rock-hard-place-operating-challenges-aid-organizations-south-sudan/) - By examining the history of humanitarian engagement in Southern Sudan during OLS and in Darfur, the research aims to identify parallels with the current landscape in South Sudan. This report focuses on the practical implications that the changing operating realties have for international organizations operating in South Sudan as well as those dependent on an effective
- [No longer an inter-communal conflict: stopping crimes against humanity in southern Abyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-longer-an-inter-communal-conflict-stopping-crimes-against-humanity-in-southern-abyei/) - Focusing on the long-running conflict in Abyei, especially between Nyok Dinka and Twic communities. The report finds that the ongoing violence risks turning into instances of crime against humanity and genocide, and it discusses factors that hamper efforts to address the violence, including the unresolved and final status of Abyei. The report shares insights on
- [The role of culture in conflict and peacebuilding among the Balanda and Jurchol communities in Western Bahar El Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-culture-in-conflict-and-peacebuilding-among-the-balanda-and-jurchol-communities-in-western-bahar-el-ghazel/) - This paper discusses the role of symbolic communication in conflict and peace in South Sudan. Using the case study of Jur River and Wau Counties of South Sudan‘s Western Bar El Ghazal State, the paper concludes that symbolic communication plays an instrumental role in both causing conflict and fostering peace. To provide sustainable peace, the
- [Cultures and practices of local civilian self-protection in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cultures-and-practices-of-local-civilian-self-protection-in-south-sudan/) - This article was written by Chas Morrison, Haji Elias Hillary, and Diria Vicky Thomas. This paper examines types of cultural practices used for civilian self-protection, early warning and conflict preparedness, and their psychological implications in South Sudan. The paper finds the existence of a variety of relevant cultural practices, such as the use of symbols,
- [Spoiling the Broth? The Impact of Militia Violence on Peace Negotiations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spoiling-the-broth-the-impact-of-militia-violence-on-peace-negotiations/) - This article was written by Barış Arı, Luke Abbs,and Phillip Nelson. Using the case of Sudan and South Sudan, this paper explores the extent to which militia groups influence the likelihood of a peace agreement to succeed. The paper finds that while militia groups’ violence against the government or rebel groups can decrease the possibility
- [Cuts in food aid have critically undermined the refugee policy of self-reliance in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cuts-in-food-aid-have-critically-undermined-the-refugee-policy-of-self-reliance-in-uganda/) - This LSE blog post was written by Constanza Torre and Charlotte Brown. The blog examines the impact of the current food aid cut on Uganda’s self-reliance policy for refugees. Specifically, the blog explores how the refugee prioritization based on vulnerability has led some refugees to either receive little food or lose out, forcing some to
- [Informality and criminality in East Africa’s gold trade](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/informality-and-criminality-in-east-africas-gold-trade/) - Using the case studies of three countries, including South Sudan, the analysis paper discusses the role of artisanal mining in sustaining organised crime in the sector. The paper finds that the lack of an adequate regulatory framework in the artisanal mining sector sustains criminality, including illegal mercury trade, illicit trade in explosives and chemicals, with
- [Disaster capitalism in South Sudan: climate change and other disasters create opportunities for profitable exploitation of people and resources](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disaster-capitalism-in-south-sudan-climate-change-and-other-disasters-create-opportunities-for-profitable-exploitation-of-people-and-resources/) - This blog discusses how the rapid rise in crises—floods, droughts, rebellions, and national wars in Sudan and South Sudan—intersect with vested commercial interests. The paper suggests that commercial investors have profited from rents, taxes, fees, and debts by building a cheap and mobile labour force in oilfields, farms, mines, and businesses and compounds along the
- [Climate change and conflict in South Sudan: Community perceptions and implications for conflict-sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-and-conflict-in-south-sudan-community-perceptions-and-implications-for-conflict-sensitive-aid/) - This report explores how climate change can intersect with conflict in South Sudan. Using case studies of Kapoeta and the Mangala-Bor corridor, the report finds that climatic events, such as drought and flooding, remain key contributors to migration and violence, including gender-based violence. To mitigate the effects of climate change on conflict, the report provides
- [Towards a conflict-sensitive HDP nexus in South Sudan: a collection of lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-a-conflict-sensitive-hdp-nexus-in-south-sudan-a-collection-of-lessons/) - The humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus as an attempt to enable a more coherent and efficient collective response to dynamic and interconnected crises has received increasing prominence in South Sudan. While there are examples of how an HDP nexus can contribute to more effective aid in conflict-affected contexts, its application also carries conflict sensitivity
- [Environment, conflict and peace in South Sudan: Implications for conflict sensitive aid](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/environment-conflict-and-peace-in-south-sudan-implications-for-conflict-sensitive-aid/) - South Sudan has a diverse array of ecosystems, rich biodiversity in both flora and fauna, and an abundance of natural resources, including large areas of natural forests, considerable water sources and deposits of petroleum, gold and other minerals. The majority of the population in South Sudan are dependent on natural resources for subsistence livelihoods, particularly
- [CSRF Analysis: Towards Integrated Development - Building positive and conflict sensitive partnerships between the aid and private sector in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-towards-integrated-development-building-positive-and-conflict-sensitive-partnerships-between-the-aid-and-private-sector-in-south-sudan/) - This analysis was written by: Audrey Bottjen, the Imatong Emplyoment Solutions Team, and the CSRF team South Sudan has a diverse private sector, from sole traders and producers working in rural and urban markets to small and large local, national and international companies with different scales of investment. Both the private and aid
- [2020 Scenarios Report: Hope for peace in South Sudan, fragmentation a risk](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2020-scenarios-report-hope-for-peace-in-south-sudan-fragmentation-a-risk/) - Throwback: based on extensive consultations, this report from 2016 discusses the future of South Sudan following the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan in 2015. Specifically, the report outlines five possible scenarios for the future of the country, such as a possible return to war
- [Succession Fever Deepens South Sudan’s Malaise](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/succession-fever-deepens-south-sudans-malaise/) - This in-depth briefing by the International Crisis Group (ICG) gives an overview over the current political fault lines at South Sudan’s national level. The country is entering a dangerous, uncertain new phase, and facing a confluence of grave threats exacerbated by the succession crisis and its fallout. The article highlights how the power struggle for
- [The intersection of mobility, environmental and climate change, and conflict in the East and Horn of Africa: A synthesis of the existing knowledge and remaining research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-intersection-of-mobility-environmental-and-climate-change-and-conflict-in-the-east-and-horn-of-africa-a-synthesis-of-the-existing-knowledge-and-remaining-research/) - Using case studies of eight countries, including South Sudan, this report examines how environmental degradation, climate change, and conflict intersect with human mobility and vice versa. The article found that environmental degradation, climate change and conflict affect human mobility; and that human mobility affects environmental management, especially natural resource management, land use and ecological sustainability.
- [Influencing change through flexible funding - conversations with women’s rights organisations in Nigeria, South Sudan and Yemen](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/influencing-change-through-flexible-funding-conversations-with-womens-rights-organisations-in-nigeria-south-sudan-and-yemen/) - Using the case study of 19 women’s right organisations in three African countries, including South Sudan, this article assesses the funding challenges these organisations face and the related impact of flexible, long-term funding support. The paper provides practical steps for donors and international NGOs to design more inclusive and equitable funding approaches focusing on strengthening
- [Glimmers of Confidence in Pibor, South Sudan – where the Triple Nexus Grows Unscripted](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/glimmers-of-confidence-in-pibor-south-sudan-where-the-triple-nexus-grows-unscripted/) - This book chapter, by Jaap Vuijk, examines a non-programmatic, grassroots approach to implementing the Triple Nexus in Pibor, South Sudan. The chapter found that communities engage in activities that link humanitarian, development, and peace objectives as a strategy to cope with their crises. The chapter provides insights into how humanitarian responses intersects with development and
- [Strengthening institutional capability to adopt conflict-sensitive approaches: Five lessons from the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility in South Sudan, 2016–2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-institutional-capability-to-adopt-conflict-sensitive-approaches-five-lessons-from-the-conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-in-south-sudan-2016-2018/) - There is growing recognition of the interaction between aid and the drivers of conflict. In South Sudan, the scale and nature of this international assistance make it inevitable that aid will affect the economic, social and political drivers of conflict for better or worse. This has led to increased interest in and support for promoting
- [Contextualised conflict sensitivity guidance for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contextualised-conflict-sensitivity-guidance-south-sudan/) - Humanitarian or development assistance delivered in complex, highly contested and conflict-affected contexts such as South Sudan will inevitably impact on conflict dynamics. These may be positive or negative, direct or indirect, intentional or unintended. Conflict sensitivity is an approach that helps humanitarian and development actors maximise the potential positive, and minimise any potential negative impacts
- [Tambura: Violence, Displacement and Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tambura-violence-displacement-and-response/) - The organised local and sub-national violence in Tambura County has resulted in high levels of displacement within and beyond the county since June 2021. While the conflict has been presented as ‘inter-communal’ or ‘ethnic’, it has its roots in inter-elite conflicts at the national and sub-national levels. The humanitarian response, which is urgently needed, should
- [‘This caused our journey’: the relationship between sexual and gender-based violence and cross-border Sudan to South Sudan migration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/this-caused-our-journey-the-relationship-between-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-and-cross-border-sudan-to-south-sudan-migration/) - This report examines how sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) intersects with migration, affecting women and girls. The report finds that SGBV plays a leading role in forcing women and girls to migrate from war-hit Sudan into South Sudan, where they feel relatively safe, but face challenges of accessing food, shelter, and health services. The report
- [South Sudan: An extreme public health crisis persists on the Sobat River-Corridor (July 2025)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-an-extreme-public-health-crisis-persists-on-the-sobat-river-corridor-july-2025/) - Based on the assessment on the Sobat-River Corridor, the report assesses the humanitarian situation in Nasir and Ulang counties, after the large-scale violence that began in March has subsided. The report finds that the two areas continue to battle hunger and malnutrition, resulting from persistent violence, severe flooding, and declining healthcare system, and an intractable
- [Does Federal System Perform Better in Managing Diversity and Reducing Conflicts in Africa? The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/does-federal-system-perform-better-in-managing-diversity-and-reducing-conflicts-in-africa-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - This article discusses how the governance system has evolved from the colonial to the post-colonial periods in South Sudan. Focusing on the implications of different governance styles on diversity and conflict, the article finds that centralised or unitary governance has largely contributed to violence and disunity compared to a decentralised system. The article suggests that
- [The art(s) of conflict disruption in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-arts-of-conflict-disruption-in-south-sudan/) - Through an ethnographic study, this paper explores how the use of arts can disrupt conflict in a context marred by ongoing violence in South Sudan. The paper finds that artistic practices help disrupt conflict through highlighting the justice needs and hopes among conflict-affected communities. Finally, the paper outlines the risks involved in using artist practices
- [Bridging the Cattle Raids: Traditional Justice and Mediation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridging-the-cattle-raids-traditional-justice-and-mediation-in-south-sudan/) - Focusing on the phenomenon of cattle raiding among pastoral communities in South Sudan, this article explores the role that traditional justice and mediation play in addressing the violence associated with the practice. The article argues that although traditional justice and mediation mechanisms have been effective, they face challenges from formal state institutions and armed groups.
- [Conflict-Sensitive Returns and Reintegration in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitive-returns-and-integration/) - This CSRF report focuses on the return and reintegration resulting from the current influx of returnees and refugees from Sudan and other neighbouring countries. Specifically, the report explores the risks associated with return and reintegration as well as opportunities for conflict sensitive reintegration and durable solutions initiatives. To inform the current approaches to returns and
- [Between drought and deluge: the fragility of resilience in Kakuma refugee camp](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/between-drought-and-deluge-the-fragility-of-resilience-in-kakuma-refugee-camp/) - Focusing on Kenya’s Kakuma Refugee Camp, which hosts thousands of South Sudanese refugees, the report explores how refugees adapt their livelihoods amid the dwindling of food rations and limited opportunities for employment. The report found cultivating crops near the seasonal lake as the last resort due to refugees’ structural vulnerabilities and international neglect, and highlights
- [CSRF Research: The people in South Sudan's wildlife conservation story](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-research-the-people-in-south-sudans-wildlife-conservation-story/) - South Sudan’s wildlife conservation sector has only recently come to prominence, with new evidence of species, including the largest mammalian migration on the planet, raising some of the country’s National Parks and Game Reserves to Key Biodiversity Area status. Conservation has been a late starter, due in large part to the country’s more visible needs
- [Housing land and property challenges and best practices in West Nile settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/housing-land-and-property-challenges-and-best-practices-in-west-nile-settlements/) - This report provides an overview of the main housing, land and property (HLP) issues as well as offering best practices on how to address these, with examples on how approaches adapted to changing circumstances. The report is informed by NRC’s three years of experience (between June 2021 and May 2024) in providing legal aid services
- [Faced with floods: Shifting livelihood strategies among South Sudan’s pastoralists](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/faced-with-floods-shifting-livelihood-strategies-among-south-sudans-pastoralists/) - Amid compounded shocks faced by South Sudan – such as conflict, displacement, climate change, and recently protracted flooding, this analysis focused on alternative livelihood strategies of South Sudan’s pastoralist communities. In particular, the analysis provides an overview of the change in livelihood portfolio, and the social impacts this has. For instance, shifts in gender and
- [Women in authority in South Sudan: Connections, challenges, and strategies for leadership](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-in-authority-in-south-sudan-connections-challenges-and-strategies-for-leadership/) - This research makes concrete programmatic, administrative and funding priorities for supporting women’s leadership work – rooted in a thorough investigation of the ways women of different socio-economic background fight to take up positions of authorities in the country. The process is recognized as being non-linear, uneven and socially complex, with stark differences between urban and
- [The Identity Work of Journalists and Humanitarians in South Sudan’s Protection of Civilians Sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-identity-work-of-journalists-and-humanitarians-in-south-sudans-protection-of-civilians-sites/) - The article aims to problematizes the notion of civilians in South Sudan’s Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites. In particular, the research focuses on the notions of protectors and protected in PoC sites, investigating in more detail the broader and more complex identities of “civilians” in everyday practice, juxtaposing these with the simplistic bureaucratic or legal
- [Youth Participation in South Sudan’s Civil Wars: The Perception of Victimhood](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-participation-in-south-sudans-civil-wars-the-perception-of-victimhood/) - This paper aims to investigate the negative involvement of young people in South Sudan pre and post-independence conflicts. Through primary and secondary data, the paper argues these young people – who indeed took arms in the conflicts – were victims of their political and economic circumstances, and as such should also be included in post-conflict
- [Revitalizing Towards Peace or Relapsing Into Chaos? Implementation of South Sudan’s 2018 Agreement and the Upcoming Elections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/revitalizing-towards-peace-or-relapsing-into-chaos-implementation-of-south-sudans-2018-agreement-and-the-upcoming-elections/) - Making use of the Peace Accords Matrix methodology, this report provides a comparative analysis of the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) and its renegotiated timeline, and similar agreements in other countries. The reports thus identifies and analysis critical gaps in the R-ARCSS implementation,
- [Seeking the meaning of traditional healing and spiritual protection](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seeking-the-meaning-of-traditional-healing-and-spiritual-protection/) - Using the case study of Faratit communities in Western Bar El Ghazel State, this paper explores the importance and use of traditional health practices. The paper identifies factors that motivate these communities to pursue traditional and spiritual services, as well as the related approaches to access these informal health services. Taking into account the enduring
- [The Role of South Sudanese Civil Society Organisations in the Implementation of SDG16](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-south-sudanese-civil-society-organisations-in-the-implementation-of-sdg16/) - Focusing on the Sustainable Development Goals, this paper discusses how South Sudanese organizations implement SDG16. The paper identifies obstacles that face South Sudanese organisations and shares some key recommendations on how to enhance the peacebuilding work of South Sudanese organizations. Read more here
- [Roadblocks and revenues: The politics of passage](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/roadblocks-and-revenues-the-politics-of-passage/) - Using case studies of several Sub-Saharan countries, including South Sudan, this paper explores the interplay between checkpoints, conflict, trade and political authorities. The paper finds that roadblocks or checkpoints enhances a claim to authority, which in turn affects trade and mobility. The paper shares insights on how checkpoints dynamics affect how statehood and territorial control
- [Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-considerations-for-responding-to-floods-in-south-sudan-through-the-humanitarian-peace-development-nexus/) - In common with many other African countries, the Republic of South Sudan is increasingly experiencing devastating floods linked to climate change. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño regulate the climate of Equatorial Eastern Africa. In 2019, a dipole warming in the western Indian Ocean, worsened by climate change, created higher than average evaporation
- [Key Considerations for Responding to Floods in South Sudan Through the Humanitarian-Peace-Development Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-considerations-for-responding-to-floods-in-south-sudan-through-the-humanitarian-peace-development-nexus-2/) - Using the nexus lens, this brief discusses the drivers and the impact of flooding on local communities in South Sudan, including peace, health, livelihoods and governance. The brief also identifies and number of food response efforts and related perceptions of communities towards them. The brief provides a set of suggestions on how to enhance coordination
- [South Sudan: "We survive through the water”: Shifting livelihood coping strategies in Greater Upper Nile - June 2024](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-we-survive-through-the-water-shifting-livelihood-coping-strategies-in-greater-upper-nile-june-2024/) - This research report focuses on coping strategies by South Sudanese households during severe food insecurity. Using the case of Leer, Pagak, and Rubkona countries of Upper Nile, the report finds that a combination of factors including conflict, displacement and flooding, have undermined the main livelihood means of local communities, with wild fruits and fishing becoming
- [Oil in the Crosshairs: Environment, peace, and security implications from the war in Sudan and spillover effects on South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-in-the-crosshairs-environment-peace-and-security-implications-from-the-war-in-sudan-and-spillover-effects-on-south-sudan/) - This analysis paper examines the political and environmental implications of the war on Sudanese and South Sudanese oil infrastructure. Specifically, the paper finds that the attacks by warring parties in Sudan on oil infrastructure and refineries have caused environmental pollution from crude oil contamination that affected soils and nearby ecosystems, promoting the construction of unsafe
- [CSRF Working Paper: Experiencing peace: Exploring South Sudanese and aid sector’s understanding of ‘peace dividends’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-working-paper-experiencing-peace-exploring-south-sudanese-and-aid-sectors-understanding-of-peace-dividends/) - The end of the R-ARCSS transition period and the possibility of elections make this a key moment for peace and stability in South Sudan. In many areas, despite an escalation of incidents of violence after R-ARCSS, increased government control in areas across South Sudan means that many state and county governments are actively pursuing an
- [ELECTIONS AND CIVIC SPACE IN SOUTH SUDAN: FINDINGS FROM THE 2024 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF PEACE SURVEY](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/elections-and-civic-space-in-south-sudan-findings-from-the-2024-public-perceptions-of-peace-survey/) - Introduction As of June 2024, the future of the transitional process in South Sudan remains uncertain. According to the National Elections Amendment Act (2023), the National Elections Commission (NEC) must announce the date of elections six months in advance, so if elections were to be held in December 2024, the NEC would need to announce
- [South Sudan: forecasted floods threaten to accelerate public health crisis, spur mass displacement, and further disrupt livelihoods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-forecasted-floods-threaten-to-accelerate-public-health-crisis-spur-mass-displacement-and-further-disrupt-livelihoods/) - Key Messages: • Another major flood event is likely to occur in South Sudan over the second half of 2024, according to government officials, UN agencies, and independent research groups, threatening to deepen an already severe humanitarian crisis. Though piecemeal hydrological data enable only a rough prediction of the floods’ scale and whereabouts, humanitarian actors
- [Between challenges and opportunities in South Sudan: The Role of South Sudanese Civil Society Organisations in the Implementation of SDG16](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/between-challenges-and-opportunities-in-south-sudan-the-role-of-south-sudanese-civil-society-organisations-in-the-implementation-of-sdg16/) - Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) are key players in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 16 in South Sudan, with various components of the goal either implicitly or explicitly forming part of their agendas. As the world’s youngest state and a post-conflict society, South Sudan presents a challenging socio-political and logistical context for the work of
- [UNDERSTANDING THE LOSS OF ELEPHANTS IN SOUTH SUDAN](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-the-loss-of-elephants-in-south-sudan/) - Introduction Elephants are iconic animals in South Sudan, featuring on bank notes and state flags and in many myths and sayings. ‘When the elephants fight, the grass suffers’ is one example widespread across the African continent: a popular expression about the effects that conflicts among political and military leaders have on ordinary people. The size
- [Legal protection needs of refugees self-settled in secondary cities in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/legal-protection-needs-of-refugees-self-settled-in-secondary-cities-in-uganda/) - In recent years, there has been a notable trend among asylum seekers and refugees in Uganda, as they increasingly relocate and self-settle in urban areas. This shift towards urbanisation, particularly in Uganda’s secondary cities, has prompted a closer examination of the legal protection challenges faced by these displaced populations. This report focuses on four such
- [Herders who fish: Findings from pastoral and agropastoral communities in Kenya and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/herders-who-fish-findings-from-pastoral-and-agropastoral-communities-in-kenya-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract This chapter examines diversification into fishing by pastoral and agropastoral households and communities in Kenya and South Sudan and how and when this diversification overlaps with sedentarization. Various factors, including climatic events, conflict, privatization, development schemes, and national policies, can result in a decrease in the strategic mobility that is central to pastoral success
- [Conflict considerations in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s National Adaptation Plans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-considerations-in-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-changes-national-adaptation-plans/) - ABSTRACT Many places affected by violent conflict are also those with the lowest capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change and, therefore, some the most vulnerable. Consequently, it is here where climate change most likely results in social tensions that could escalate into or sustain conflicts. This double burden of compounding conflict and
- [The road (not) taken: The contingencies of infrastructure and sovereignty in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-road-not-taken-the-contingencies-of-infrastructure-and-sovereignty-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - Abstract This article offers a longitudinal study of the complex entanglements between infrastructure and sovereignty in the Horn of Africa. By analysing Ethiopia's imperial transport corridors, the political economy of Djibouti's Red Sea ports, and the Greater Nile Oil Pipeline between South Sudan, Khartoum, and global markets, we underline the co-production of infrastructure and sovereignty
- [War and the Borderland: Northern Bahr el-Ghazel during the sudan conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-and-the-borderland-northern-bahr-el-ghazel-during-the-sudan-conflict/) - The devastating war in Sudan between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has also had a profound impact on the country’s neighbours, particularly South Sudan. This is especially the case for areas that border Sudan, including Upper Nile, the Ruweng Administrative Area, and Northern Bahr el-Ghazal (NBG). RVI has been working
- [Peace in Transition: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peace-in-transition-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - What people whose lives have been severely affected by armed violence actually think about peace and what peace means has been a vastly underrated area of research. The PEACEptions project addresses this research gap by conducting a series of mixed methods investigations in a number of countries. One case studies under investigation is South Sudan,
- [South Sudan on Edge as Its Neighbour’s War Disrupts Oil Exports](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-on-edge-as-its-neighbours-war-disrupts-oil-exports/) - Income from oil exports is critical to keeping South Sudan’s factious elites together. The war in neighbouring Sudan has led earnings to fall precipitously, threatening instability in Juba and highlighting anew the need to bring the Sudanese conflict to a close. Link to publication
- [The Disappearance of Intra-Communal Violence as a Legacy of SPLM/A Rebel Governance in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-disappearance-of-intra-communal-violence-as-a-legacy-of-splm-a-rebel-governance-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT South Sudan has a long history of civil wars and intra-communal violence. Northern Bahr el-Ghazal (NBeG) state, including Aweil East County, similarly to other pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities, stood out in terms of intra-communal violence. However, since the second civil war (1983–2005), larger-scale local-level violence has substantially reduced and conflicts are settled in different
- [Women navigating a culture of exclusion in peace and conflict resolution processes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-navigating-a-culture-of-exclusion-in-peace-and-conflict-resolution-processes/) - This report examines the roles of women in peace and conflict resolution processes in South Sudan. It highlights how women navigate systemic exclusion and use cultural practices like songs and dance to assert their voices and influence decisions. Despite historical gender norms restricting their participation, women have made significant contributions to peacebuilding. The report emphasizes
- [Dominance without Legitimacy: Tong Akeen Ngor’s Reign in Northern Bahr el Ghazal State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dominance-without-legitimacy-tong-akeen-ngors-reign-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-state/) - KEY FINDINGS • Tong Akeen Ngor, the governor of Northern Bahr el Ghazal state, has consolidated his grip on power by buying support, detaining members of the opposition, and ingratiating himself with South Sudanese President Salva Kiir. Tensions have emerged between Tong Akeen and his patron, Vice-President Hussein Abdel Bagi. • The war in Sudan
- [GIRL CHILD BLOOD COMPENSATION PRACTICE AMONG THE LOTUKO IN EASTERN EQUATORIA STATE](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/girl-child-blood-compensation-practice-among-the-lotuko-in-eastern-equatoria-state/) - Girls and women in South Sudan face numerous barriers and challenges: customary law often denies women the right to own land, girls’ access to education remains precarious and harmful traditional practices continue to place women and girls at risk of gender-based sexual violence. In South Sudan the traditional practice of blood compensation for murder is
- [TOWARDS HUMANITARIAN ACTION THAT INTENTIONALLY PROMOTES PEACE IN SOUTH SUDAN](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-humanitarian-action-that-intentionally-promotes-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Summary Humanitarian action that promotes peace and addresses the root causes of conflict as part of a broader crisis-response model is crucial to enhancing food security and community resilience in South Sudan. In the conflict-prone Upper Nile state, the Humanitarian Response (HR) Project of the Malakal branch of the South Sudan Red Cross (SSRC) has
- [“We survive through  the water”: Shifting livelihood coping strategies in Greater Upper Nile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/we-survive-through-the-water-shifting-livelihood-coping-strategies-in-greater-upper-nile/) - SUMMARY South Sudan’s independence in 2011 launched a wave of optimism among South Sudanese and international observers alike. In the intervening years, however, many South Sudanese have known only hardship, as the gains of independence have failed to materialize. Political instability frequently turns violent, despite continuous efforts to broker peace. Recurrent setbacks have eroded trust
- [When Policies Backfire: Well-meaning donor policies can lead to bad aid – with examples from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-when-policies-backfire-well-meaning-donor-policies-can-lead-to-bad-aid-with-examples-from-south-sudan/) - This policy brief highlights the role that donor headquarters play in shaping the incentives and rules of the aid system, influencing implementing partner decisions, policies, and investments. It takes a deeper look at how some well-meaning policies can unexpectedly backfire, leading to new challenges, inefficiencies or in some cases, perpetuate conflict. To do so, it
- [Spotlight on HDP Implementation in South Sudan - Localisation from a Decolonial Perspective](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spotlight-on-hdp-implementation-in-south-sudan-localisation-from-a-decolonial-perspective/) - This paper aims to shed light on opportunities and challenges of the implementation of the humanitarian, development, and peace (HDP) nexus in South Sudan, and particularly investigating how localisation can be embedded in the HDP nexus in line with a decolonial perspective. This is achieved by identifying the origins of the HDP nexus in South
- [Land and justice pathways in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-justice-pathways-in-south-sudan/) - Unclear land rights, overlapping land claims and uncertain land security have characterised the history of South Sudan, and being exacerbated by the regular cycles of violence. By taking the cities of Torit and Wau between 2021 and 2022 as case studies, this article considers the practical interventions for land justice and the dynamics of land
- [Of Rule not Revenue: South Sudan’s Revenue Complex from Colonial, Rebel, to Independent Rule, 1899 to 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/of-rule-not-revenue-south-sudans-revenue-complex-from-colonial-rebel-to-independent-rule-1899-to-2023/) - Analysing South Sudan’s politics of taxation from 1899 to 2023, this article argues that the ethos of taxation in the region has been and remains primarily oriented around predatory and coercive strategies of rule. Patterns of taxation and their origin are presented by considering taxation practices in colonial, post-colonial rebel-led, and independent South Sudan, to
- [On the Elections Act, 2023: The Challenges of the Allocation of Additional Geographical Constituencies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/on-the-elections-act-2023-the-challenges-of-the-allocation-of-additional-geographical-constituencies/) - With the next general elections set to take place in December 2024, this Review aims to tackle crucial questions around the delineation of new geographical constituencies in line with the recently passed South Sudan’s National Elections Act, 2023. The Review analyses the constituency threshold formula proposed by in the Act and uses the suggested calculation
- [South Sudan: Delivering Good Governance and Zero Tolerance for Corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/7-south-sudan-delivering-good-governance-and-zero-tolerance-for-corruption/) - The paper reflects on the practice of good governance in South Sudan, focusing in particular on the forces hindering the fight against corruption in the country. Through data collection, the paper identifies the most common manifestations of corruption in South Sudan society as embezzlement, tribalism, and bribery, which thrive in the context of weak law
- [Negotiating the social service tax: Contested revenue generation in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-the-social-service-tax-contested-revenue-generation-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - By focusing on the case study of the negotiations over social service tax in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal state, this article provides insights on state formation processes, inter-governmental negotiations and citizen-state relations in South Sudan. This is achieved by considering the economic and political developments that have shaped local and state level negotiations, such as the
- [CSRF Analysis: South Sudanese Women Negotiating Agency in Conflict Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-south-sudanese-women-negotiating-agency-in-conflict-resolution/) - Women in South Sudan are subject to limited access to political, economic, social resources due to the country’s rigid patriarchal structure. Nevertheless, women have been negotiating their agency and influence for decades, playing a crucial role in state-building, peacebuilding, and development processes. Beyond their formal role as agents of peace, considering the informal dimensions through
- [CSRF Meta-Analysis: Governance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-governance-in-south-sudan/) - This meta-analysis offers an overview of the literature on governance in South Sudan in the CSRF repository by exploring salient and timely questions for donor-funded programming. These questions focus on the reason why local governance structures differ in South Sudan and the implications for aid actors; the relations between national, state, and local governance institutions
- [Assets as Armies in South Sudan: Local Peace Mediation in the Path of Elites’ Cattle](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assets-as-armies-in-south-sudan-local-peace-mediation-in-the-path-of-elites-cattle/) - This article discusses the cycle of violence and ways to address it in South Sudan. The article finds that the elites’ ownership of cattle is one of the main drivers of guns proliferation and cycles of violence, with the elite using cattle migration as a means for land grab. To address this elite-driven cycle of
- [Bring Enough Cows to Marry: Bride price, Conflict, and Gender Relations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/6-bring-enough-cows-to-marry-bride-price-conflict-and-gender-relations-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the practice of bride prices in South Sudan and its related social, economic, and political implications on gender relations and violent conflict. The report suggests that the bride price appears to contribute to gender-based violence and violent conflict in the country. The report also provides insights on how stakeholders can tackle these
- [“RAPE TAKES PLACE GRADUALLY, NOT SUDDENLY”: An Analysis of the Realities of SGBV in Wau (Western Bahar El Ghazal), South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rape-takes-place-gradually-not-suddenly-an-analysis-of-the-realities-of-sgbv-in-wau-western-bahar-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - This report examines the extent to which sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) intersects with the ongoing cycles of violence in South Sudan and cultural norms. Using the case study of Wau town, the report finds a high prevalence of SGBV and identifies challenges that hamper efforts to address it, as well as provides recommendations on
- [Community engagement with armed actors in South Sudan: reducing violence and protection risks](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-with-armed-actors-in-south-sudan-reducing-violence-and-protection-risks/) - This report discusses community engagement with armed actors, and identifies factors, actions, and actors can influence such engagement. The report finds that community engagement with armed actors presents both opportunities and challenges. Finally, the report provides suggestions on how national, and international peace, protection and humanitarian actors can effectively engage with armed actors through enhancing
- [Lessons on transition in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-on-transition-in-south-sudan/) - Using South Sudan as a case study, this evaluation report focuses on the impact of aid programming in the country from 2005-2011. Specifically, the report identifies several factors that hinder the transition, including the security and governance issues. Finally, the report draws and shares some lessons from transition and recovery programming that can help to
- [Everyday Protection: Learning from United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/everyday-protection-learning-from-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-sites/) - ‘Protection of Civilians’ (PoC) has been a dominant focus of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions in recent decades. At the same time, ‘Protection of Civilians’ is a contested and ambiguous concept, with its practical meanings often established in the realities of implementation. The paper explores the concept of ‘protection of civilians’ and its related impact
- [Humanitarian Situation Overview: Ethiopia - South Sudan Cross-Border Displacement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-situation-overview-ethiopia-south-sudan-cross-border-displacement/) - Severe humanitarian needs and rising violence has spurred widespread displacement of South Sudanese refugees from Ethiopia into South Sudan. Many of those displaced intend to remain in South Sudan and require support to reintegrate. Needs in areas of return are high, and outcomes are likely to worsen with the onset of rains, particularly for those
- [How can the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus work from the Bottom Up? A Discussion Paper on Implementation Challenges from a Decolonial Perspective. Insights from Iraq, Mali and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-can-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-work-from-the-bottom-up-a-discussion-paper-on-implementation-challenges-from-a-decolonial-perspective-insights-from-iraq-mali-and-south-sudan/) - Using the case study of three countries, including South Sudan, this paper explores the extent to which a bottom-up approach has been integrated in the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) nexus process, particularly from the perspective of humanitarian actors. Specifically, the paper finds that this integration has been challenging mainly due to power imbalance intrinsic to the political
- [Climate, Peace and Security Research Paper: Insights on Climate, Peace and Security](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-research-paper-insights-on-climate-peace-and-security/) - This report explores the intersection between climate change, peace, and security as well as social, economic and political vulnerabilities at the global level. The report’s findings show that the interplay of climate change, peace, and security transcends borders and intersects with livelihoods and existing conflict risks. The paper concludes with recommendations for how the UN
- [Wunlit peace meeting: a shared vision for peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/wunlit-peace-meeting-a-shared-vision-for-peace/) - On the backdrop of the 1999 Wunlit Peace Conference, this briefing focuses on contentious issues in the Wunlit Triangle across Unity, Warrap, and Lakes States, as discussed by local communities. It also provides recommendation from participants on how communities can peacefully resolve disputes across boundaries. Read more here
- [Women, Peace and Security: Barometer Report South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-peace-and-security-barometer-report-south-sudan/) - This report aims at shedding a light on needs and perspective of local women in South Sudan in Bor and Malakal, as well as offering recommendations for aid actors. The report argues that despite the existence of several laws protecting their safety, women still feel insecure. This is partly due to the lack of enforcement
- [Farmers-Herders’ Conflict Undermines Peace building Efforts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/farmers-herders-conflict-undermines-peace-building-efforts-in-south-sudan/) - This article provides a multidimensional report of the persistent farmers-herders conflict in South Sudan, delving into its historical background, root causes, far-reaching consequences, potential prevention/management strategies and recommendations for actors and policymakers in South Sudan.
- [Caught Between Crises in South Sudan: Flood-Induced Migration of Dinka Bor Cattle Herders into the Equatoria Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/caught-between-crises-in-south-sudan-flood-induced-migration-of-dinka-bor-cattle-herders-into-the-equatoria-region/) - This report covers the intensifying crisis related to migration of Dinka Bor herders from Jonglei State to the Equatoria region due to recurring floods. Specifically, it investigates the effects of the catastrophic floods that have since July 2020 forced herders to move their cattle to higher ground. While some returned to Bor after the receding
- [Making Local Knowledge Work – 20 years of research in Eastern and Central Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-local-knowledge-work-20-years-of-research-in-eastern-and-central-africa/) - This Anthology was developed by the Rift Valley Institute, and it includes their research produced over the period of 2001 and 2021. As such, the Anthology spans a vast array of topics, including elections, epidemics, mobilisation and resistance, war, etc. Read more here
- [Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan – Patterns in Perceptions of Safety since the 2018 R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan-patterns-in-perceptions-of-safety-since-the-2018-r-arcss/) - This report provides an assessment of South Sudanese's perceptions of everyday safety for the period of 2018 to 2023, identifying an overall positive trend with differing views when broken down to genders, age groups, locations, and marital status. For instance, women in IDP camps have experience a worrying regression in their safety in 2022-2023. Conflict
- [CSRF Case Study # 4 – Understanding the Nature of Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-4-understanding-the-nature-of-conflict/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study # 3 – Navigating Complex Dilemmas](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-3-navigating-complex-dilemmas/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study #2: Baselines and Programme Design](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-2-baselines-and-programme-design/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [CSRF Case Study #1: Inclusion and Consultation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-case-study-1-inclusion-and-consultation/) - This paper is one of four case studies commissioned by the CSRF in February 2022 to better understand where and how contributions to conflict sensitivity have been made, and to draw out lessons for future engagement by the CSRF or other similar facilities. The case studies examine and compare outcomes at the activity, programme, sector,
- [Invisible - The regional displacement crisis triggered by the Sudan conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/invisible-the-regional-displacement-crisis-triggered-by-the-sudan-conflict/) - Focusing on five neighbouring countries, including South Sudan, this report examines the experience of the refugees and returnees fleeing the Sudanese conflict. The report argues that the presence of the refugees and returnees in countries affected by conflict is likely to aggravate tensions. It also provides recommendations on how the international community can address and
- [Paying for peace: The political economy of the Juba Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/paying-for-peace-the-political-economy-of-the-juba-peace-agreement/) - This report discusses the political economy of the Juba peace agreement, which was signed by the government of Sudan and a host of rebel groups in 2020. The report argues that the JPA has tried but failed to address inequality between the centres and the peripheries. This is particularly due to its power and wealth
- [Crisis upon crisis: Conflict and climate induced challenges in Rotriak](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crisis-upon-crisis-conflict-and-climate-induced-challenges-in-rotriak/) - The report focuses on the dynamics in Rotriak, which is currently hosting South Sudanese returnee fleeing the conflict in Sudan. Specifically, the report identifies four key challenges in the area, which are compounded by the return and the climate change: these include, its sensitive location, factors of insecurity, concerns over protection and community relationships. Finally,
- [CSRF Analysis: Biometric Registration and Conflict Sensitivity: Potential Risks and Opportunities for Aid Actors in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-biometric-registration-and-conflict-sensitivity-potential-risks-and-opportunities-for-aid-actors-in-south-sudan/) - This report focuses on the use of biometric registration technology in the delivery of humanitarian aid in South Sudan. The report identifies conflict sensitivity risks and opportunities associated with the use of biometric technology, especially in conflict-affected and remote areas. Finally, the report outlines some recommendations on how to use biometric technology in a more
- [CSRF Briefing: Field-based Reflections and Conflict Sensitivity Lessons of the PfPRR in Rubkona, Leer & Mayendit, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-briefing-field-based-reflections-and-conflict-sensitivity-lessons-of-the-pfprr-in-rubkona-leer-mayendit-south-sudan/) - This briefing provides field-based reflections and Conflict Sensitivity Lessons of the Partnership for Peace, Recovery and Resilience (PfPRR) in Rubkona, Leer & Mayendit, South Sudan. The reflections build on the CSRF’s accompaniment to PfPRR stakeholders in Rubkona/Bentiu and point at some key lessons learned, including the significance of the PFPRR as platform for collaboration, the
- [Aiding the Peace: Revisiting Key Lessons from the CPA Years for International Engagement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aiding-the-peace-revisiting-key-lessons-from-the-cpa-years-for-international-engagement-in-south-sudan/) - This paper reflects international actors’ prevalent and persistent assumptions about South Sudan and illustrates how these have shaped international engagement for the last two decades. Drawing on the eminent “aiding the peace” evaluation report of 2010 and recent developments in South Sudan, this paper offers relevant recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to identify solutions to
- [CSRF Analysis: Why do chiefs matter for aid actors and conflict sensitivity? The role of chiefs in conflict-sensitive aid and peacebuilding](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-analysis-why-do-chiefs-matter-for-aid-actors-and-conflict-sensitivity-the-role-of-chiefs-in-conflict-sensitive-aid-and-peacebuilding/) - This analysis provides a snapshot on the diverse role of chiefs in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding engagements in South Sudan. It highlights their prominent role in local governance, service delivery, community mobilisation, allocation of resources, etc., and thus showcasing the need for aid actors to better understand their role and interaction with aid provision. Lastly,
- [CSRF Discussion Paper: Adaptive Management for Aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-csrf-discussion-paper-adaptive-management-for-aid-in-south-sudan/) - This CSRF discussion paper is intended to support policy makers, programme designers, donors, and managers with theory and proposed objectives that can be used to integrate greater adaptation into humanitarian, development, and peacebuilding programmes in South Sudan. The paper builds on CSRF support to stakeholders within the Partnership for Peacebuilding, Resilience and Recovery (PfPRR) to
- [Key Actors in the Juba Peace Agreement: Roles, Impacts, and Lessons](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-actors-in-the-juba-peace-agreement-roles-impacts-and-lessons/) - This report (1 of a series of 3) provides an analysis of the key actors in the Juba Peace Agreement (JPA). The negotiations for the JPA started in September 2019 in the South Sudanese capital by representatives of Sudan’s new civilian-military transitional government and a collection of Sudan’s armed and civilian opposition groups comprising the
- [Operationalizing the 2023 National Elections Act: Opportunities and Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/operationalizing-the-2023-national-elections-act-opportunities-and-challenges/) - This Weekly Review provides an assessment of South Sudan's National Elections Act, 2023. At only 14 months (at the time of writing) await from the election's planned date, the Review analyses the National Elections Act (Amendment 2023) passed by the Revitalized National Legislature, its merits and shortcomings. Lastly, the Review provides a series of policy
- [Harming or helping?  Social media in crises – Sean McGovern](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/harming-or-helping-social-media-in-crises-sean-mcgovern/) - This Perspective piece provides evidence and analysis on the effects of the use of social media (including WhatsApp) on conflict and violence in South Sudan. Read here
- [Climate-Related Security Risks in IGAD Countries: Re-Envisioning National Adaptation Planning](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-related-security-risks-in-igad-countries-re-envisioning-national-adaptation-planning/) - This paper examines climate-related security risks in the IGAD region with a particular focus on National Adaptation Planning (NAP). It explores these risks from four pathways contained in the IGAD Conceptual Framework for climate-security nexus, namely: threats to food and water security, climate-induced mobility, historical grievances and cultural practices, and governance and fragility. Read
- [Ensuring an Effective Social Protection Response in Conflict-Affected Settings: Findings from the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ensuring-an-effective-social-protection-response-in-conflict-affected-settings-findings-from-the-horn-of-africa/) - This Working Paper explores the interaction between social protection and conflict in the Horn of Africa. Conflict and political instability are habitual risks identified in the Horn of Africa, where social protection is a well-established field of intervention. By drawing from three country case studies, the paper provides recommendations for development partners on how to
- [Situation update: Jemma’s War: Political Strife in Western Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/situation-update-jemmas-war-political-strife-in-western-equatoria/) - This reports provides a status update on the conflict in Western Equatoria, specifically referring to the political factors: divided cabinet, border dilemmas, and cattle-related issues. Read more here
- [Spiritual Contestations – The Violence of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spiritual-contestations-the-violence-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This book (OPEN ACCESS) provides a fresh perspective on conflict and peace-making that highlights the cosmologies and invisible entities that state, society and religious authorities draw on to claim or reclaim legitimacy and control. Drawing on archive, ethnographic and oral history research, as well as participant observations of the elite peace negotiations since 2013, Pendle
- [Fuel to the fire: EU banks and investors tied to violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fuel-to-the-fire-eu-banks-and-investors-tied-to-violence-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the links between European banks and companies investments in the South Sudanese oil sector and their complicity to violence in the country. The report outlines concrete steps on how to change current business practices to mitigate the risks of fueling violence in the country. Read more here
- [“The body does not carry the name”: Community perspectives on displacement, humanitarian categorisation, and durable solutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-body-does-not-carry-the-name-community-perspectives-on-displacement-humanitarian-categorisation-and-durable-solutions/) - Gauging the community perceptions of displacement, categorisation and durable solution, the report argues that humanitarian categorisation based on places of origin has led to the exclusion of some IDPs from assistance. The report also concludes that most IDPs associated the end of their IDP status with factors, such as ability to secure self-reliance, land, housing
- [Conflict, climate change, food security, and mobility in the Karamoja Cluster: A study to analyse interactions among conflict, food security, climate change, migration and displacement factors](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-climate-change-food-security-and-mobility-in-the-karamoja-cluster-a-study-to-analyse-interactions-among-conflict-food-security-climate-change-migration-and-displacement-factors/) - This report presents the findings of a study commissioned by FAO, IGAD CEWARN, IGADCBDFU and Interpeace, undertaken between November 2021 and April 2022, and aimed at analysing resource-based in the Karamoja Cluster. The report provides a conflict analysis of the border area spanning across Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, and Uganda, and identifies key drivers of
- [Changing Lakes State? Rin Tueny’s Inclusive Deterrence Approach in Practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/changing-lakes-state-rin-tuenys-inclusive-deterrence-approach-in-practice/) - This Briefing Paper from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project—analyses the components of Rin Tueny’s, current Lakes State Governor, ‘inclusive deterrence’ approach in Lakes state, South Sudan, and its blind spots. The report finds that, since assuming office in 2021, the governor has largely succeeded in
- [Stuck in transit: Malakal and Paloch, Upper Nile State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/stuck-in-transit-malakal-and-paloch-upper-nile-state-south-sudan/) - Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP), in partnership with Solidarité International (SI) conducted an assessment on conflict sensitivity and the challenges faced by communities affected by the Sudan crisis, and particularly IDPs who are stranded in Malakal and Paloch. As a result, this report assesses their current humanitarian situation, and identifies several challenges faced by these IDPs, including
- [Hiding in plain sight: IDP's protection strategies after closing Juba's protection of civilian sites](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hiding-in-plain-sight-idps-protection-strategies-after-closing-jubas-protection-of-civilian-sites/) - This report explores how Protection of Civilian (PoC) site residents guarantee their own safety and protection, following the handing over of the POC in Juba by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan's (UNMISS) to the Revitalised-Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGoNU). Read here
- [Crisis in Sudan: Briefing Note on Displacement from Sudan to South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/231043/) - This briefing focuses on the historical and socio-political dynamics that need to be taken into consideration by humanitarian agencies when they are providing assistance and protection to South Sudanese fleeing from Khartoum and other parts of Sudan to South Sudan, and to Sudanese fleeing Sudan to seek refuge in South Sudan. Read here
- [Tackling conflict drivers for peace and security in Warrap state, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tackling-conflict-drivers-for-peace-and-security-in-warrap-state-south-sudan/) - This briefing – based on an inter-county dialogue Saferworld held in Kuajok last year – explores conflict, peace, security and gender-based violence concerns in Warrap State. Specifically, the briefing identifies several factors causing insecurity in Warrap state, including the proliferation of small arms, conflicts over grazing and water, cattle raiding, among others, with heavy toll
- [Rethinking the Triple-Nexus: Integrating Peacebuilding and Resilience Initiatives in Conflict Contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-the-triple-nexus-integrating-peacebuilding-and-resilience-initiatives-in-conflict-contexts/) - This article explores the integration of peace components in H-D-P nexus programming drawing from qualitative examples across four countries, including South Sudan. Specifically, the article proposes an analysis of how local communities are using integrative peace/conflict approaches to enhance resilience in contexts with ongoing violence. Read here
- [Food security programming: Strengthening preparedness, responses and prevention](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-security-programming-strengthening-preparedness-responses-and-prevention/) - This report assesses the intersection between the global food crisis and food security programming, drawing from the experience of multiple countries - including South Sudan. The report provides a set of recommendations and ways forward to overcome some of the challenges presented, and enhance food security programming in a gender- and conflict-sensitive manner. Read here
- [All Alone in the Governor’s Mansion: Sarah Cleto’s Travails in Western Bahr el Ghazal State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/all-alone-in-the-governors-mansion-sarah-cletos-travails-in-western-bahr-el-ghazal-state/) - Focusing on the governor of Western Bar El Ghazel state, Sarah Cleto, this Situation Update discusses successes and challenges of her administration. Despite her grassroots popularity, members of the opposition are calling for her removal. Attempts to replace Cleto, however, have been stalled by internal power struggles—highlighting the complexities of Western Bahr el Ghazal’s ethnic
- [The politics of being Murle in South Sudan: state violence, displacement and the narrativisation of identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-being-murle-in-south-sudan-state-violence-displacement-and-the-narrativisation-of-identity/) - The article offers a nuanced account of how identities are negotiated and contested in South Sudan, by focusing on how Murle and ŋalam identities were deployed in different ways in different places in overlapping periods during a time of armed conflict. The article focuses on the 2012-2014 period of war between the South Sudanese government
- [Beyond Hunger: the gendered impacts of the Global Hunger Crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/beyond-hunger-the-gendered-impacts-of-the-global-hunger-crisis/) - The world is in the midst of a devastating, and escalating, hunger crisis. At least 345 million people across 82 countries are currently facing or are at risk of acute food insecurity, with 50 million people on the brink of starvation, teetering on the edge of famine (Source: World Food Programme). This report presents new
- [Return to a Displaced Nation: The Sudan Crisis and South Sudan’s Returnees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/return-to-a-displaced-nation-the-sudan-crisis-and-south-sudans-returnees/) - This report explores the implications of the displacement from Sudan to South Sudan. With two-third of the population needing humanitarian assistance prior to Sudan’s conflict, the report argues that the current displacement presents a huge challenge to the already fragile situation. Finally, the report provides suggestions on how stakeholders (the government of South Sudan, the
- [Making Markets: South Sudan’s war economy in the 21st century](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-markets-south-sudans-war-economy-in-the-21st-century/) - Focusing on the 2005-2020 period, the report discusses the political economy among South Sudanese elites. The report explores how the recent reduction in oil production and revenue has shifted the political economy, and related elite loyalty, from the one based on oil to one based on land ownership. The report argues that the new quest
- [IOB evaluation: Inconvenient Realities - An evaluation of Dutch contributions to stability, security and rule of law in fragile and conflict-affected contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/iob-evaluation-inconvenient-realities-an-evaluation-of-dutch-contributions-to-stability-security-and-rule-of-law-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-contexts/) - This evaluation assesses the combined Dutch efforts to promote stability in fragile contexts and break the vicious cycle between (ethnic) tensions, armed conflict, instability and weak governance. It focuses on the period 2015-2022, and includes all Dutch foreign instruments, including diplomatic efforts, development cooperation and military interventions. Read more here
- [Challenging Norms: Marginalised Women and Informal Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenging-norms-marginalised-women-and-informal-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - This article in the Horn of Africa Bulletin conducts a thorough analysis of the persistent exclusion of women from decision-making processes in peacebuilding initiatives across the Horn of Africa, employing South Sudan as a case study. The article takes a deep dive into outlining the importance of women's inclusion in peace processes, not just as
- [The Body Count: Controlling Populations in Unity State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-body-count-controlling-populations-in-unity-state/) - This report is a new Situation Update from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project. It discusses Nguen Monytuil Wejang’s reign (one of the longest serving governors in South Sudan), its violence, and its attempts to control both populations and humanitarian resources. Read more here
- [Seeking harmony in hardship: A Conflict Sensitivity Report on Renk, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-seeking-harmony-in-hardship-a-conflict-sensitivity-report-on-renk-south-sudan/) - The sudden outbreak of conflict in Sudan and the sheer amount of displacement has been an immense challenge. Given the scale of the needs and the number of partners involved, the overall humanitarian response in Renk has overcome many difficulties and has been making positive progress. This report highlights four areas to prioritise in Renk
- [Youth Gangs and overcoming waithood in a United Nations Protection of Civilians Site in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-gangs-and-overcoming-waithood-in-a-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-site-in-south-sudan/) - This article investigates contestations over the roles and legitimacy of gangs within the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Bentiu, South Sudan. Drawing on qualitative interviews, it argues that ‘gangs’ represented the medium through which everyday struggles and processes of social contestations were negotiated between youth, elders, and
- [Conflict sensitivity/Do No Harm (DNH) in development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding practice – reflections and emerging trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-do-no-harm-dnh-in-development-humanitarian-and-peacebuilding-practice-reflections-and-emerging-trends/) - This special issue focuses on the understanding and application of two closely related concepts, “do no harm” (DNH) and “conflict sensitivity”, and their critical engagement in the academic literature. Mary Anderson published her seminal book Do No Harm: How aid can support peace – or war in 1999, which popularised the idea of conflict sensitivity
- [Local Self‐Governance and the State in South Sudan: Studying Gendered Tenure Relations in Times of Uncertainty](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-self‐governance-and-the-state-in-south-sudan-studying-gendered-tenure-relations-in-times-of-uncertainty/) - With governance increasingly regarded as co-governance, states’ capacity to steer, correct, and discipline a wide range of self-governing actors becomes crucial for states’ effectiveness, efficiency, and democracy. This article investigates that capacity and the relationship between formal institutions and customary self-governance in areas of limited statehood. In South Sudan, the field of land governance can
- [VAWG in South Sudan: Evidence Review](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/vawg-in-south-sudan-evidence-review/) - This review report discusses the prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV), including its forms and drivers in South Sudan.Key takeaways: Women and girls in South Sudan face multiple forms of violence across their life course and in multiple settings, with serious impacts on health and well-being. Women and girls in South Sudan experience high levels of
- [Attacked from Both Sides: Abyei’s Existential Dilemma](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/attacked-from-both-sides-abyeis-existential-dilemma/) - Despite many high-profile interventions, Abyei remains mired in a violent impasse. Conflict between the Ngok and Twic Dinka continues, and the territory’s political future remains in limbo. Attacked from Both Sides: Abyei’s Existential Dilemma—a new Situation Update from the Small Arms Survey’s Human Security Baseline Assessment for Sudan and South Sudan (HSBA) project—discusses the causes
- [Speaking with a ‘soft voice’: professional and pragmatic civilities amongst South Sudanese NGO leaders](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/speaking-with-a-soft-voice-professional-and-pragmatic-civilities-amongst-south-sudanese-ngo-leaders/) - This article examines the forms of ‘civility’ promoted by South Sudanese NGO leaders and staff in their efforts to navigate a context of pervasive political repression. Drawing on in-depth, life-work history interviews, it shows how the careful cultivation of a ‘non-political’ identity was a way of securing space to operate in a highly militarised, politically
- [From conflict to conflict: Protection needs and responses in South Sudan amid the Sudan crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-conflict-to-conflict-protection-needs-and-responses-in-south-sudan-amid-the-sudan-crisis/) - This report focuses on the protection needs and risks faced by returnees and host communities in South Sudan. The needs of the 7,457 Sudanese refugees (and almost 4000 others nonSudanese or South Sudanese nationality) who have so far arrived in South Sudan remain critical. Though many of the needs of and risks faced by these
- [Law and Famine: Learning from the Hunger Courts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/law-and-famine-learning-from-the-hunger-courts-in-south-sudan/) - Activists and scholars are seeking to end famine by promoting international legal accountability for starvation. This article deepens our understanding of the relationship between the politics of famine and law by observing the ongoing prevalence and power of legal norms and institutions during times of famine. It reveals the widespread use of hunger courts in
- [Education and Female Youth in Displacement in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-and-female-youth-in-displacement-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - There is a demonstrated relationship between early marriage and education. Female youth who are out of school are more likely to marry, and those youth who marry while in school, are more likely to drop out. By analyzing the stories of 140 female youth displaced by conflict in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of
- [Global initiative on out-of-school children: South Sudan country study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/global-initiative-on-out-of-school-children-south-sudan-country-study/) - The report is a part of a global initiative to highlight the challenges of out-of-school children (OOSC) and builds on a study of out-of-school children in South Sudan that was initiated in 2013, updating the data to reflect the acute conflict that has occurred in the country since then. The study was funded as part
- [Our Search for Peace: Women in South Sudan’s National Peace Processes, 2005-2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/our-search-for-peace-women-in-south-sudans-national-peace-processes-2005-2018/) - South Sudanese women have played critical roles in efforts to achieve peace in South Sudan, yet their contributions have been under-recognized and under-documented. This paper contributes to remedying this by sharing women’s stories of their roles in peace making through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005), the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South
- [Still In Danger: Women and girls face sexual violence in South Sudan despite peace deal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/still-in-danger-women-and-girls-face-sexual-violence-in-south-sudan-despite-peace-deal-2/) - In July and August 2019, a Refugees International team visited Juba and Malakal in South Sudan and interviewed dozens of UN, government, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) officials, as well as internally displaced people (IDPs) living in Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) in Juba and Malakal. They also interviewed several local women’s groups. The team asked
- [Strengthening responses to conflict-related sexual violence against boys deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-responses-to-conflict-related-sexual-violence-against-boys-deprived-of-their-liberty-in-situations-of-armed-conflict/) - Each year thousands of children are deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict, many because of their actual or alleged association with parties to the conflict or on alleged national security-related grounds. The increasing numbers of children being detained is a concern in itself, but also because child detainees are highly vulnerable to
- [Child Marriage Atlas: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-marriage-atlas-south-sudan/) - The Child Marriage data from 2010 shows that 52% of girls in South Sudan are married before their 18th birthday and 9% are married before the age of 15. 57% of the South Sudanese population are under the age of 18. Pre-conflict child marriage rates do not vary significantly among girls of different education levels,
- [South Sudan: Household Health Survey 2010](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-household-health-survey-2010/) - The South Sudan Household Health Survey (SHHS 2) marks the second household and health study in post-conflict South Sudan. The scope of the SHHS 2 includes: - HOUSEHOLD: Household characteristics; household listing; education; water and sanitation; insecticide treated nets; salt iodization - WOMEN: Women’s background; child mortality; live birth history; desire for last birth (results
- [Gender-based Violence Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-based-violence-knowledge-attitudes-and-practices-survey-in-south-sudan/) - Gender-based violence (GBV) is pervasive throughout South Sudan. The renewed fighting in 2016 has only worsened the deep suffering and humanitarian needs of civilians, with conflict seriously exacerbating gendered violence. GBV has devastating impacts, resulting in long-term physical, psychological and social traumas that can affect individuals, families and communities for decades. The effects of such
- [Study on the Traditional and Changing Role of Gender and Women in Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/study-on-the-traditional-and-changing-role-of-gender-and-women-in-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - This report is the result of a short-term study on the traditional and changing roles of gender and women in peace-building. The study involved field research in five locations (Aweil, Bentiu, Bor, Rumbek and Torit). The purpose of the study is to research how the traditional and changing roles of women/girls and men/boys, conflict dynamics
- [Young Women in Political Institutions in South Sudan: Lessons from Lived Experiences](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/young-women-in-political-institutions-in-south-sudan-lessons-from-lived-experiences/) - This paper examines the current state of women’s participation in organized politics through the lens of young women’s political experiences. It contextualizes women’s participation in party politics in its history and shares findings from conversations with young women about their experiences and challenges in their political work. It finds that young women in politics are
- [Education-focused gender analysis case studies: Pibor and Juba, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-focused-gender-analysis-case-studies-pibor-and-juba-south-sudan-2/) - This study was conducted with funding from the Danish International Development Agency (Danida) provided specifically to prepare for the launch of Oxfam education projects in Pibor and Juba in South Sudan. However, its findings will also be useful to the wider NGO community working in the country, with recommendations provided for the Government of South
- [Improving the Prospects for Peace in South Sudan: Spotlight on Measurement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/improving-the-prospects-for-peace-in-south-sudan-spotlight-on-measurement/) - A convergence of entrenched insecurity and climate change is having serious socio-economic implications in South Sudan where humanitarian conditions, including food insecurity, continue to deteriorate. In 2022, 8.9 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance, out of a population of 11 million. In 2022, the World Food Programme (WFP) provided food assistance to nearly
- [Third-Party Mediation in Sudan and South Sudan: Longer-Term Trends](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/third-party-mediation-in-sudan-and-south-sudan-longer-term-trends/) - This report draws from a preliminary dataset on third-party mediation in Sudan and South Sudan (1988-2022) to determine if and how the growing presence of non-Western powers – especially out-of-region ones – indicates their greater involvement in peace processes and mediation. Findings indicate that conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan have been, and remain to
- [Sudan conflict: assessing the risk of regionalization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-conflict-assessing-the-risk-of-regionalization-2/) - This paper focuses on the potential for a regionalization of the conflict between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), including external involvement by Sudan’s neighbours and cross-border spill-over. KEY POINTS There has been limited regional engagement in Sudan’s conflict and there are currently strong disincentives for involvement. For now, most
- [Protecting Women from Violence in the United Nations Protection of Civilians Sites, South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protecting-women-from-violence-in-the-united-nations-protection-of-civilians-sites-south-sudan/) - This article explores the everyday politics of protecting women from war and atrocities, based on ethnographic work within the United Nations Protection of Civilians sites, South Sudan. It examines the heterogenous ways that peacekeepers and displaced people conceptualised and enacted women's rights and protection inside the sites. Protection and gender were variously interpreted, resisted, and
- [Acting in Advance of Flooding: Early action in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/acting-in-advance-of-flooding-early-action-in-south-sudan/) - This brief presents findings and takeaways from a research study focused on the process and perceptions of implementing early action in South Sudan, including in the Bentiu Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camp. These include insufficient knowledge transfer from headquarters to sub-national offices within UN agencies, lack of discretionary decision-making power at these offices and underdeveloped
- [Toxic Floods? Climate, Natural Hazards and Risks to South Sudan’s Oil Infrastructure](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/toxic-floods-climate-natural-hazards-and-risks-to-south-sudans-oil-infrastructure/) - Fossil Fuel Industry adds Despair to South Sudanese Communities Facing Flood Disaster A new analysis by PAX, with contributions from Utrecht University, demonstrates how severe flooding in South Sudan spawns environmental risks around its national oil infrastructure. The report uses satellite imagery and a hydrological model to identify how the increasing seasonal flood impacts can
- [Sudan Crisis: Cross-Border Assessment - Returnee / Refugee Household Survey](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-crisis-cross-border-assessment-returnee-refugee-household-survey/) - KEY MESSAGES • Nearly all households who were interviewed in South Sudan were South Sudanese nationals who reported having fled active conflict in urban areas in Khartoum State. • Findings indicate households endured dangerous journeys to reach the border, with most households reporting having faced difficulties, including racism and discrimination, transportation issues, and difficulties due
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: regional dynamics and their impact in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-regional-dynamics-and-their-impact-in-south-sudan/) - This meta-analysis provides an overview of the literature available on South Sudan’s regional dynamics. Covering the 2011-2023 period, it explores the relations between South Sudan and its neighbors and the related political, economic and security implications. It provides a selection of relevant publications and extracts some of the most salient questions for donor-funding programming on
- [CSRF Meta-analysis: Economy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-meta-analysis-economy-2/)
- [Community Engagement and Inter-Agency Collaboration across the Humanitarian-Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-and-inter-agency-collaboration-across-the-humanitarian-development-peace-hdp-nexus-in-south-sudan/) - This paper presents five lessons on community engagement in the context of the Humanitarian- Development-Peace (HDP) Nexus in South Sudan. More coordinated and collaborative approaches to community engagement have potential to address weaknesses in current approaches that prioritise the short-term information needs of the aid system at the expense of community priorities. The lessons focus
- [PROTECTION CLUSTER SOUTH SUDAN: Conflict and Food Insecurity MAY 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protection-cluster-south-sudan-conflict-and-food-insecurity-may-2023/) - The Protection Cluster has recorded an increase in incidents of rights violations associated with the current foodcrisis that is intensifying in South Sudan. In addition, food distribution as well as agencies engaged in these effortsare at significant risk of having their operations disrupted and their staff put in danger by sub-national andintercommunal violence, bureaucratic impediments,
- [Deadly Violence in the Disputed Abyei Area](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/deadly-violence-in-the-disputed-abyei-area/) - Abyei has been a center of tension and violence in recent years. This report focuses on the recent round of violence in and around Abyei, explaining the underlying causes of the conflict, the escalation of violence over the past year, and what likely lies ahead if political measures are not taken to address the unresolved
- [Refugees and asylum seekers from South Sudan in Gambella region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-from-south-sudan-in-gambella-region/) - Operational context At the end of June 2020, Ethiopia hosted 342,765 South Sudanese refugees of whom 319,130 were sheltered in seven camps in the Gambella Regional State. This includes 83,616 refugees in Nguenyyiel camp, 64,898 refugees in Tierkidi camp, 58,935 in Jewi camp, 45,399 refugees in Kule camp, 43,433 and 9,313 refugees in Pugnido1 and
- [South Sudan Regional Refugee Response Plan, January - December 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-regional-refugee-response-plan-january-december-2022/) - The 2022 Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) for the South Sudan situation outlines the multi-agency response strategy and financial requirements of 102 partners, including humanitarian and development actors as well as civil society, supporting host governments to meet the critical needs of over 2.33 million South Sudanese refugees living across the five main asylum countries.
- [The Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan Summary and Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-juba-agreement-for-peace-in-sudan-summary-and-analysis/) - Executive summaryOn 3 October 2020, Sudan’s Transitional Government and representatives of several armed groups signed the ‘Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan’ (hereinafter ‘Juba Agreement’). This Summary and Analysis paper discusses the Agreement’smain elements, with a particular focus on the main ways in which it impacts the current and future system of government. The main
- [Seeking Peace in South Sudan: The Contributions and Challenges of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/seeking-peace-in-south-sudan-the-contributions-and-challenges-of-the-inter-governmental-authority-on-development-igad/) - The objective of this article is to critically examine the role(s) that the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) has played in the restoration of peace in South Sudan. Methodologically, the article employed a case study qualitative research design as its main focus is analyzing the contributions and challenges of IGAD in seeking peace in South
- [Women’s participation and influence in transitions from conflict: The case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/womens-participation-and-influence-in-transitions-from-conflict-the-case-of-south-sudan-2/) - Following its independence in 2011 from Sudan, the 2013–2018 civil war in South Sudan devastated much of the country. The conflict was also characterised by both widespread targeting of civilians and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). A peace agreement signed in 2018 has largely held, although much of the country is still embroiled in armed
- [Food Insecurity and Conflict-related Sexual Violence -The Links between Conflict and Hunger](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-insecurity-and-conflict-related-sexual-violence-the-links-between-conflict-and-hunger/) - Examples from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, the DRC, Nigeria, South Sudan and Sudan Key findings • Food-related livelihood activities such as tending fields, foraging for food or fetching water make women and girls vulnerable to conflict-related sexual violence attacks in conflicts where conflict parties use such violence. • The scarcity of food during conflict forces
- [Improving the Prospects for Peace in South Sudan: Spotlight on Stabilization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/improving-the-prospects-for-peace-in-south-sudan-spotlight-on-stabilization/) - South Sudan is home to one of the world’s worst hunger crises, a consequence of decades of armed conflict and devastating extreme weather events. Conflict, climate change and hunger have forcibly displaced nearly seven million people, out of a population of 11 million. The World Food Programme (WFP) operates in the middle of this intersection.
- [Coloniality and frictions: Data-driven humanitarianism in North-Eastern Nigeria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coloniality-and-frictions-data-driven-humanitarianism-in-north-eastern-nigeria-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract It is now over a decade since the proclamation of a humanitarian ‘data revolution’, with the rise of ‘innovation’ and the proliferation of ‘data solutions’ rendering data-based humanitarianism an important area of critical investigation. This article contributes to debates within the field by exploring the role of data in the provision of humanitarian assistance
- [A Pause Not a Peace: Conflict in Jonglei and the GPAA](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-pause-not-a-peace-conflict-in-jonglei-and-the-gpaa/) - A reshuffle of Jonglei’s state government is underway, precipitated by the out-going leadership’s inability to quell chronic armed violence and raiding in the state.. While the current rainy season will prevent large-scale raiding in the coming months, attacks on humanitarian convoys and low-level raiding continue, with women and children abducted. There are alarming signs that
- [Women and girls in the informal economy in South Sudan: Understanding Forms of Organizing and Support Systems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-and-girls-in-the-informal-economy-in-south-sudan-understanding-forms-of-organizing-and-support-systems/) - Ma’ Mara Sakit Village, in partnership with the Feminist Humanitarian Network, did research in seven states in South Sudan to understand how women and girls in the informal economy mobilize, organize, and form support networks, the impact of COVID-19 on these groups, and initiate discussions on women’s important role in the informal economy across South
- [How not to hold elections in South Sudan: A discussion paper](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-not-to-hold-elections-in-south-sudan-a-discussion-paper/) - Whether or not, and if, when, and then, how? Open questions on South Sudan’s first elections planned for December 2024 abound. On the one hand is the people’s demonstrated will for election to happen rather sooner than later, on the other is the magnitude of challenges against the backdrop of slow implementation of the peace
- [A Deconstructive Approach to Refugee Self-Reliance: The Case of the Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-deconstructive-approach-to-refugee-self-reliance-the-case-of-the-kalobeyei-integrated-settlement/) - In the last decade, there has been a renewed interest in ‘self-reliance’ as a remedy for protracted refugee crises. While self-reliance has been articulated as a key policy objective, scholars have been preoccupied with a key question: what is self-reliance and what interests does such a policy ultimately serve? Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s post-structuralist thought,
- [Rethinking Inter-Communal Violence in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-inter-communal-violence-in-africa/) - The category of ‘inter-communal violence’ has been increasingly mobilised to interpret subnational violence in contemporary Africa. The paper contends this is an unwelcome trend that risks leaving violence unmoored from political and military systems it is enmeshed within. The paper advances an alternative framework for approaching such violence, using the cases of South Sudan and
- [Conflict shocks and underlying vulnerability: Regulation of mobility and disruption of livelihoods in Tonj East, 2018-2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-shocks-and-underlying-vulnerability-regulation-of-mobility-and-disruption-of-livelihoods-in-tonj-east-2018-2022/) - Beginning in 2018 and escalating in 2020 and 2021, communities in Tonj East have experienced increased exposure toconflict-related shocks, resulting in the regulation of mobility and disruption of livelihoods. Such shocks have impactedlivelihoods and coping capacity and have had acute consequences on food insecurity in the county. Conflict shocks - driven by an interplay between
- [RJMEC report on the status of implementation of the revitalised agreement on the resolution of the conflict in the Republic of South Sudan for the Period 1st January to 31st March 2023](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rjmec-report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-for-the-period-1st-january-to-31st-march-2023/) - This quarterly report of the Reconstituted joint Monitoring and Evaluation Commission (RJMEC) on the status of implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R_ARCSS) is prepared pursuant to article 7.9 of the R-ARCSS and covers the period of 1 January 2023 to 31 March 2023.
- [Corruption Perceptions Index](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/corruption-perceptions-index/) - This year’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reveals that 124 countries have stagnant corruption levels, while the number of countries in decline is increasing. This has the mostserious consequences, as global peace is deteriorating and corruption is both a key cause and result of this. Corruption and conflict feed each other and threaten durable peace. On
- [Crude Dealings: How Oil-Backed Loans Raise Red Flags for Illegal Activity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crude-dealings-how-oil-backed-loans-raise-red-flags-for-illegal-activity-in-south-sudan/) - A three-year investigation by The Sentry into a loan deal between a local company and a regional bank— with the backing of the South Sudan government—has uncovered red flags for illicit business practices, including bribery, tax evasion, and trade-based money laundering. The investigation found clear indications that the arrangement enabled powerful individuals to benefit from
- [Republic of South Sudan: Third Review Under the Staff-Monitored Program, Request for Disbursement Under the Rapid Credit Facility, and Program Monitoring with Board Involvement-Press Release; and Staff Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/republic-of-south-sudan-third-review-under-the-staff-monitored-program-request-for-disbursement-under-the-rapid-credit-facility-and-program-monitoring-with-board-involvement-press-release-and-staf/) - Dire and deteriorating humanitarian situation. About two-thirds of South Sudan’s population is experiencing severe food insecurity, the highest level since independence. This is a result of multiple compounding factors, including severe multi-year floods due to climate shocks, inter-communal violence in parts of the country, and the impact of Russia’s war in Ukraine that is contributing
- [The relationship between Sudan and South Sudan after independence – Interdependences as key variables for sustainable peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-relationship-between-sudan-and-south-sudan-after-independence-interdependences-as-key-variables-for-sustainable-peace/) - This paper focusses on the relation between South Sudan and Sudan and identifies several key variables determining the relations between the two countries. Download
- [South Sudan Economic Monitor: Towards a Jobs Agenda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-economic-monitor-towards-a-jobs-agenda/) - South Sudan faced significant headwinds in FY2020/21, with the pandemic, floods, and violence flareups affecting economic activities. Consequently, the economy is estimated to have contracted by 5.4 percent in FY2020/21. Oil production declined by 5.9 percent as floods affected production and the COVID-19 pandemic delayed new investments to replace exhausted wells. In the agriculture sector,
- [African Economic Outlook 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/african-economic-outlook-2022/) - The release of the 2022 African Economic Outlook comes against a backdrop of two major global crises: the lingering COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The latter erupted as Africa’s economy was on a path of recovery from the ravaging impact of the pandemic, and it threatens to set back the continent’s promising economic prospects.
- [Energy and Water for Sovereignty: South Sudan's Regional Diplomacy and the Geopolitics of the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/energy-and-water-for-sovereignty-south-sudans-regional-diplomacy-and-the-geopolitics-of-the-nile-basin/) - This commentary focusses on South Sudan's regional diplomacy in relation to the Nile Bassin. Download
- [REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN Joint World Bank-IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis: March 2021](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/republic-of-south-sudan-joint-world-bank-imf-debt-sustainability-analysis-march-2021/) - Relative to the last assessment in November 2020, the baseline in this Debt Sustainability Analysis(DSA) has slightly higher oil prices and higher need for food imports due to severe flooding, whichhas destroyed food stocks and crops ahead of the main harvest season, but is otherwise broadlyunchanged. South Sudan’s debt is assessed to be sustainable with
- [Directions for Reform : A Country Economic Memorandum for Recovery and Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/directions-for-reform-a-country-economic-memorandum-for-recovery-and-resilience-in-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan is at a crossroads in its recovery, reconstruction, and development. With weak institutions and recurring cycles of violence, South Sudan remains caught in a web of fragility and economic stagnation a decade after independence. This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) discusses South Sudan’s economic performance since independence, highlighting the need for the country to
- [Directions for Reform : A Country Economic Memorandum for Recovery and Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/directions-for-reform-a-country-economic-memorandum-for-recovery-and-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is at a crossroads in its efforts toward recovery, reconstruction, and development. South Sudan gained independence in 2011, in what was expected to be a new dawn for the conflict-torn country. At the time, optimism was high, given high commodity prices, the country’s abundant natural resources, and international goodwill. However, weak institutions and
- [Framing Education-Civicness-Social Contract Nexus in Africa? The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/framing-education-civicness-social-contract-nexus-in-africa-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT This article attempts to position education not only in the peacebuilding debate but also in the larger good governance debate about what makes a resilient social contract. We subscribe in this paper to a theoretical perspective that attributes the driver of civil wars to governance deficit that is manifested in absence of resilient social
- [Prioritization & Sequencing of Security Council Mandates: The Case of UNMISS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prioritization-sequencing-of-security-council-mandates-the-case-of-unmiss-evaluating-the-mandate-and-political-strategy-for-the-un-peacekeeping-mission-in-south-sudan-ahead-of-the-march-2023-mand/) - On January 25, 2023, the International Peace Institute (IPI), the Stimson Center, and Security Council Report organized a workshop to discuss the mandate and political strategy of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). This discussion was part of a series of workshops that examine how the activities included in peace operations’ mandates can
- [On Navigating the Roadmap: A Path Towards Democratization and Prosperity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/3-on-navigating-the-roadmap-a-path-towards-democratization-and-prosperity/) - On Tuesday, February 21, 2023, the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGoNU) issued a Press Statement. It provided an update to the public, the region, and diplomatic community on the status of the implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), while signaling the commencement of the
- [Entry Points for Women‘s Engagement in Peacemak- ing Efforts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/entry-points-for-womens-engagement-in-peacemaking-efforts-in-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan has experienced armed conflict for more than four decades. The most recent episode at the national level stopped in September 2018, when the conflict parties signed the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflictin the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS). South Sudanese women played an important role in pushing for the R-ARCSS,
- [Hydro-politics in the Sudd Wetland: The implications of past and current water development projects for South Sudan and the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hydro-politics-in-the-sudd-wetland-the-implications-of-past-and-current-water-development-projects-for-south-sudan-and-the-nile-basin/) - Wetlands are under threat globally, declining at a rate three times higher than natural forests. This isreason for concern because healthy wetlands offer a variety of essential services to humans and arecritical ecosystems in the fight against climate change.1 Yet, the governance of wetlands often fallsthrough the cracks of water governance approaches and institutions in
- [Graves, trees, and spray-paint: land tenure formalisation and five normative repertoires in post-conflict South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/graves-trees-and-spray-paint-land-tenure-formalisation-and-five-normative-repertoires-in-post-conflict-south-sudan/) - In the aftermath of war, local government in Western Equatoria, South Sudan, set out to formalize urban land to make it more legible, less conflictual, and ready for the state’s vision of tomorrow. But the process proved problematic, and it caused and rekindled countless land disputes. Based on qualitative research at courts, county offices, and
- [South Sudan, Politics of Liberation and Contest over Juba](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-politics-of-liberation-and-contest-over-juba/) - This book chapter discusses the history of urbanisation of Juba as the capital of South Sudan after the 2011 independence. The article explores how citizens’ expectations in relation to the urbanisation agenda differ from those of the elites, including on service delivery. Finally, it provides insights on how South Sudan’s urban authorities’ response to needs
- [Rising from the depths: Water security and fragility in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rising-from-the-depths-water-security-and-fragility-in-south-sudan/) - In 2022, South Sudan was ranked as the world’s most vulnerable country to climate change and the one most lacking in coping capacity. South Sudan is also one of the world’s most politically fragile countries. Rising from the Depths explores opportunities and trade-offs for aligning South Sudan’s water-related investments and policies with its commitment to
- [Rapid gender analysis on power and participation - Wau, CARE South Sudan (December 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rapid-gender-analysis-on-power-and-participation-wau-care-south-sudan-december-2022/) - South Sudan has experienced cycles of conflict since before its independence in 2011. Since the start of the civil war, the country has faced displacement, violence, and high rates of sexual and gender-based violence. Despite the 2018 peace deal, South Sudan continues to face intermittent violence, political instability, climate shocks, and floods. The humanitarian situation
- [The Humanitarian-Development-Peace-Nexus: Recipes for success from the field: time for action](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-recipes-for-success-from-the-field-time-for-action/) - With the increase in protracted humanitarian crises, there is a growing need for more efficient international cooperation between humanitarian, development and peace policy instruments. The Humanitarian-Development-Peace-Nexus (HDP-nexus) approach aims to overcome institutional dividing lines and achieve more coherent collaboration. While various UN initiatives strategically promote the implementation of the HDP-nexus, the UN Country Teams in
- [HSS Expert Panel Monitor: Q3-Q4 update from Greater Yirol, Lakes State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hss-expert-panel-monitor-q3-q4-update-from-greater-yirol-lakes-state-south-sudan/) - In January 2023, a PAX interviewer conducted 12 interviews with local security experts in Lakes State. The group of experts included local government officials, police chiefs, court officials, communal chiefs, religious leaders, and women leaders. This report summarizes the security dynamics observed by the consulted experts during Q3 and Q4 of 2022. Highlights: All consulted
- [Upper Nile Prepares to Return to War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/upper-nile-prepares-to-return-to-war/) - Upper Nile is on the precipice of renewed armed conflict. After a lull in violence in the past two months, armed groups are mobilizing for possible confrontation as Johnson Olonyi’s Agwelek forces reposition themselves near key ports on the White Nile, and SPLA-IO and Nuer White Army forces mobilize youth in northern Jonglei and southern
- [Land And Conflict: A Toolkit for Intervention 2.0](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-conflict-a-toolkit-for-intervention-2-0/) - The purpose of this toolkit is to introduce readers to the complex relationship between land and violent conflict and to provide guidance on recommended approaches and actions to address some of the root causes of conflict. This understanding can help staff diagnose a problem, support strategic planning, and develop projects and activities that build on
- [Renewable Energy and the United Nations: A Green Spark for Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/6-renewable-energy-and-the-united-nations-a-green-spark-for-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This report examines on how electricity access is the intersection between energy and conflict in South Sudan. The report identifies a number of challenges that hinder investment in electricity projects, such as fragile economy and insecurity. Finally, the report provides some recommendations on how to increase access to electricity can contribute to peace and development
- [Results in Resilience: Identifying Opportunities to Enhance Community Resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/5-results-in-resilience-identifying-opportunities-to-enhance-community-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - This report assesses the community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) approaches in South Sudan. It identifies challenges with the implementation of the CBDRM in the country, such as exclusion of youth and women from decision making process. To enhance the community resilience, it provides some recommendations on disaster risk reduction infrastructure and capacity building for the
- [Financing Food Security: Promises and Pitfalls of the Humanitarian - Development - Peace Nexus in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/financing-food-security-promises-and-pitfalls-of-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus-in-south-sudan/) - This study explores the potential for donor governments and institutions to support the operationalization of the humanitarian, development and peacebuilding (HDP) nexus to respond to the food insecurity crisis in South Sudan and the challenges it presents. South Sudan faces one of the worst hunger crises in the world. Violent conflict, climate shocks and widespread
- [South Sudan’s decades of displacement: Understanding return and questioning reintegration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/3-south-sudans-decades-of-displacement-understanding-return-and-questioning-reintegration/) - This study explores the experiences of displacement, return and reintegration among South Sudanese refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The study identifies a number of challenges that hamper return, such as floods, droughts and insecurity. Finally, it provides a set of recommendations on the design of policies and programmes that can facilitate potential return
- [Working together for peace: Lessons learned from supporting local conflict prevention & resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/2-working-together-for-peace-lessons-learned-from-supporting-local-conflict/) - Based on cases studies from the two neighbouring communities of Payinjair of Unity State and Yirol East of Lakes State, the paper examines the effectiveness of local level conflict prevention and resolution mechanisms. The paper finds that local level mechanisms was instrumental in dispute resolution and violence reduction between them. It shares some insights and
- [Implications of the Conflict in Ukraine on Food Access and Availability in the East Africa Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implications-of-the-conflict-in-ukraine-on-food-access-and-availability-in-the-east-africa-region/) - This WFP’s update highlights the effects of the conflict in Ukraine on availability and access to food in the East Africa region. The update documents that the price of a local food basket in the region has increased by 55.6 percent in twelve months as a result of the rise in energy prices and inflation.
- [Briefing Paper: Strengthening responses to conflict-related sexual violence against boys deprived of their liberty in situations of armed conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-strengthening-responses-to-conflict-related-sexual-violence-against-boys-deprived-of-their-liberty-in-situations-of-armed-conflict/) - This discussion paper examines the intersection between detention and the exposure to the risk of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) among boys in eight conflict-affected countries, including South Sudan. The paper documents a high prevalence of CRSV among boys, though lower than the proportion of girls. To address the social, physical and psychological harms associated with
- [Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons in Sub-Saharan Africa: Using UN Reports on Arms Embargoes to Identify Sources, Challenges and Policy Measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/illicit-small-arms-and-light-weapons-in-sub-saharan-africa-using-un-reports-on-arms-embargoes-to-identify-sources-challenges-and-policy-measures/) - This SIPRI Policy Report synthesizes the data on small arms and light weapons (SALW) diversion from the United Nations Panel of Experts reports on the five UN arms embargoes in place in sub-Saharan Africa in 2022—on the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan (Darfur region). The report
- [Re-thinking approaches to the international constitutional assistance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/re-thinking-approaches-to-the-international-constitutional-assistance-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is a country with longstanding history of international assistance. In fact, her hard-won independence was birthed in part through external financial and political backstopping. Certain international actors have since deepened their engagement by supporting constitutional designs dating as far back as 2005. They also continue to support humanitarian aid, capacity development, and policy
- ['And Everything Became War': Warrap State since the Signing of the R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/and-everything-became-war-warrap-state-since-the-signing-of-the-r-arcss/) - In Warrap state, home to South Sudanese President Salva Kiir and much of the country's political and military elite, many hoped that the signing of a peace agreement in 2018 would bring an end to the violence that had scarred their country for the previous five years. Instead, in Warrap, violence intensified, and pitted communities
- [Connecting Disasters and Climate Change to the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/connecting-disasters-and-climate-change-to-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus/) - As climate change increasingly affects the world, much is said about the rising amounts of aid required to support emergency response, long-term development to adapt, and peacebuilding to ensure that conflict does not undermine these efforts. Bringing these ideas together, some advocate for the addition of a separate climate change stream into the humanitarian, development,
- [Challenges to small arms and light weapons control in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenges-to-small-arms-and-light-weapons-control-in-south-sudan/) - The evolution of armed violence and insecurity and the proliferation of SALW in South Sudan are closely linked to the security context – which is marked by an excess of armed groups, ethnic and tribal militias, local self-defence groups, and widespread ownership of firearms among cattle herders and young people. In this report, we explore
- [Transforming Agriculture in South Sudan: From Humanitarian Aid to a Development Oriented Growth Path](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transforming-agriculture-in-south-sudan-from-humanitarian-aid-to-a-development-oriented-growth-path/) - FAO teamed up with the World Bank on this strategic analysis of the investment, policy and institutional support needed to shift South Sudan’s agriculture sector from humanitarian relief to a development-oriented growth path. The team carried out a thorough review of lessons learned in South Sudan and other conflict-affected countries and held consultations with a
- [Evidence for Action: What Works to Prevent Conflict-Related Sexual Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/evidence-for-action-what-works-to-prevent-conflict-related-sexual-violence/) - This report presents a high-level synthesis of existing evidence and practice on CRSV and other forms of VAWG in conflict affected settings, based on a detailed literature review and consultations with humanitarian stakeholders and survivors’ groups and networks. It identifies entry points from the evidence that can be used to shape effective efforts by the humanitarian and women, peace, and security (WPS) communities
- [South Sudan: African Union’s abandoned commitment to justice in Africa: The case of the hybrid court for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-african-unions-abandoned-commitment-to-justice-in-africa-the-case-of-the-hybrid-court-for-south-sudan/) - It is seven years since the first peace deal was signed in South Sudan and with it a commitment made to set up a African Union-backed up Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS) to investigate and prosecute war crimes and other human rights violations committed in the conflict since 2011. But the creation of the
- [The Meaningful Participation of Women in Solving Our Common Crises: Gendered Perspectives on Climate Change and the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-meaningful-participation-of-women-in-solving-our-common-crises-gendered-perspectives-on-climate-change-and-the-humanitarian-development-peace-nexus/) - Often compounding each other, current trends including climate change, environmental degradation, and increased consumption associated with unsustainable development and population growth, present serious threats to human security at global, national, and local levels. These trends are destabilizing economies, negating development gains, exacerbating gender-based violence against women and girls, and undermining global peace and security. This
- [Anticipating, Mitigating, and Responding to Crises: How Do Information Problems Constrain Action?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/anticipating-mitigating-and-responding-to-crises-how-do-information-problems-constrain-action/) - The explosion in data availability, new analytical tools, and increasing humanitarian need and the imperative of anticipatory action compels us to rethink humanitarian information systems and humanitarian action for the future. Drawing on interviews with humanitarian practitioners, donors, analysts, and researchers and analyses of Early Warning (EW) and information systems and their linkages to Anticipatory
- [Joint Health Staff Survey - Protection of Health Care South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/joint-health-staff-survey-protection-of-health-care-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is the world's most dangerous country to be an aid worker. Frontline health care workers are particularly at risk: five health staff were killed in the first six months of this year. To better understand this violence against health care, IRC, MedAir, Children Aid South Sudan, Impact Health Organization, The Rescue Initiative South
- [A gendered impact of the hunger and drought crisis in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-gendered-impact-of-the-hunger-and-drought-crisis-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - With increasing numbers of drought-affected people in the region coupled with inflation and the impacts of the Ukraine war, there is a need to have a structured approach on how to respond to drought-related humanitarian concerns. The impact of the drought in the Horn of Africa has led to loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, malnutrition,
- [South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2023 (November 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2023-november-2022/) - The 2023 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) focuses on the humanitarian needs of the internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees and vulnerable host communities/non-displaced people in South Sudan and in the Abyei Administrative Area. A staggering 9.3 million (76%) of South Sudan’s population are now in need, driven by long-term deterioration in food security and
- [Taxation and Civicness in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/taxation-and-civicness-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief identifies how three different eras of tax practices continue to inform extractive governance outcomes in South Sudan. The first commenced during colonial occupation of the country from 1899-1956. The next emerged during waves of coercive rebel and Khartoum-led tax practices from 1956 to 2005, and the present era of fragmented taxation and
- [The Periphery Cannot Hold: Upper Nile since the Signing of the R-ARCSS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-periphery-cannot-hold-upper-nile-since-the-signing-of-the-r-arcss/) - Upper Nile is in chaos. A once durable alliance between the national government in Juba and the Padang Dinka in Malakal has given way to a much more uncertain situation, in which the regime of South Sudanese President Salva Kiir sets feuding elites against each other. Disorder has proved an effective tool of rule. In
- [Flood, Displacement and violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/flood-displacement-and-violence-in-south-sudan/) - This interactive report explores how flooding intersects with displacement and violence in South Sudan. Using the case of Jonglei state, the report finds that the recurrent flooding have displaced hundreds of thousands of Jonglei’s population to Equatoria region, and this has sparked competition and conflict over resources, especially between migrating herders and the host communities.
- [Public Authority: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/public-authority-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of public authority from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Respondents shared their views on a range of governance issues, including about whom they trusted to make decisions about their community. Findings suggest that political leaders need to make more targeted efforts
- [Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan: Longitudinal Findings](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan-longitudinal-findings/) - This report presents findings about South Sudanese citizens’ perceptions of peace from a survey in 2021-2022. The three-wave survey recorded the views of 8,843 people from 12 counties across 9 states and special administrative areas, covering urban, rural and IDP camp environments. Respondents were asked questions about their daily experiences of safety, based on indicators
- [Practising peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/practising-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - The purpose of the paper is to reflect on peacebuilding approaches and methodologies adopted by the UK’s Peacebuilding Opportunities Fund (POF) within conflict affected communities for the purpose of drawing relevant lessons for peacebuilding interventions in South Sudan. The paper identifies both learning that strengthens peacebuilding engagement and informs what can be done better when
- [Towards Dealing with the Past in Greater Jonglei: Learning from the Pieri Action Plan for Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/towards-dealing-with-the-past-in-greater-jonglei-learning-from-the-pieri-action-plan-for-peace/) - The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the Pieri Action Plan for Peace to explore learning to inform the direction of future organisational peace programming in Jonglei State. It does so by drawing on an established Dealing with the Past conceptual framework which has been used in many conflict and post-conflict environments.
- [What is Known About Capacity and Coordination of Social Assistance Programmes in Crisis Situations?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-is-known-about-capacity-and-coordination-of-social-assistance-programmes-in-crisis-situations/) - This paper reviews the literature and documented evidence on capacity and coordination issues in crisis situations, where social protection and humanitarian assistance intersect. The paper finds that while there is a burgeoning literature that mentions capacity and coordination, very little of this focuses on crisis situations. Although both terms are mentioned frequently, they are rarely
- [Gender and access to justice in Uganda's refugee settlements: The experiences of South Sudanese refugees, September 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-and-access-to-justice-in-ugandas-refugee-settlements-the-experiences-of-south-sudanese-refugees-september-2022/) - This paper explores the gendered nature of access to justice among South Sudanese refugees in Uganda’s settlements. It draws on qualitative research conducted in the three refugee hosting districts of Lamwo, Adjumani and Kiryandongo, between July and September 2021, including 73 individual interviews and groups discussions with a range of officials and refugees. The objectives
- [Elections: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/elections-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of upcoming national elections, from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. National elections are meant to be the endpoint of South Sudan’s political transition. Data collected before the announcement of the extension of the transitional period demonstrates strong support from South Sudanese
- [Security and Governance: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-and-governance-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents the headline findings about citizens’ perceptions of security and governance from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Respondents shared their views on a range of governance topics, from power sharing to the implications of army unification. Respondents who were otherwise divided about how the government should rule rallied around
- [National Identity: Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-identity-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This policy brief presents a summary of findings about citizens’ perceptions of national identity from a survey of South Sudanese respondents in 2021-2022. Findings can inform discussions about national identity and nation-building in the context of South Sudan’s transitional process. Survey data shows that people retain a great deal of pride in their South Sudanese
- [National Identity: National Survey on Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-identity-national-survey-on-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Perceptions matter. People’s views on peace and security shape how they perceive peace processes with real world consequences. More optimistic views on prospects for peace among a population can give people a stake in their political future and help to generate political momentum for transitional processes. Positive perceptions of peace can reduce the attraction of
- [The food insecurity gap and protracted humanitarian crisis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-food-insecurity-gap-and-protracted-humanitarian-crisis/) - In 2022, record-high food prices, supply-chain disruptions and increasing climate and conflict risks are causing millions of people across the globe to face worsening levels of food insecurity. But the trend toward greater food insecurity is not simply a product of current events. The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2022 highlights that the population
- [Constructing Corruption: Identifying the Enablers Helping Build Violent Kleptocracies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/constructing-corruption-identifying-the-enablers-helping-build-violent-kleptocracies/) - This report looks beyond borders and reviews how enablers—including banks, financial institutions, and professionals, as well as less recognized international operators and insiders—help operate a “successful” kleptocratic regime. It highlights the importance of these enablers and their links to illicit financial flows and associated conflict and human rights abuses, and it provides a checklist for
- [Enhancing resilience in fragile context: evidence from a randomized experiment in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-resilience-in-fragile-context-evidence-from-a-randomized-experiment-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is the youngest state in the world. Yet, since its independence, several shocks and crises brought food security to the edge of collapse. Both humanitarian and development agencies have adopted multisector interventions to enhance resilience. This paper provides data-driven evidence from a randomized impact evaluation in Sudan's Eastern Equatoria state. The intervention adopted
- [Food security and corruption](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/food-security-and-corruption/) - Corruption can worsen food insecurity in several ways, such as by affecting food availability (for example, by reducing the small farmers food production capabilities) or because households have to spend money on bribes that would otherwise be destined for food. Corruption is also predicted to aggravate the current food crisis. There are several corruption risks
- [Resistant Resilience: Agency and Resilience Among Refugees Resisting Humanitarian Corruption in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/resistant-resilience-agency-and-resilience-among-refugees-resisting-humanitarian-corruption-in-uganda/) - Resilience is a dominant humanitarian-development theme. Nonetheless, some humanitarian-development programmes have demonstrably negative impacts which encourage vulnerable people to actively resist these programmes. Based on 12 months ethnographic fieldwork in a Ugandan refugee settlement during 2017–18, this paper argues refugee residents articulated their refusal of humanitarian failure and corruption through active, largely non-political, resistance. I term
- [The Cost of Being Female: Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) of Displaced Female Youth in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cost-of-being-female-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-mhpss-of-displaced-female-youth-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - In following the lives of displaced female youth in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, the research team was struck by how central mental health—in particular poor mental health and psychosocial functioning (MHPSS)—was to the lives of the study participants. This briefing paper outlines the general situation of displaced female youth—unmarried, married, divorced,
- [Ripping off the Band Aid: Putting people at the centre of the humanitarian system](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ripping-off-the-band-aid-putting-people-at-the-centre-of-the-humanitarian-system/) - Millions of people in East Africa are on the brink of famine. Hundreds of millions more around the world continue to starve. In a world where there is enough food for everyone it is an outrage that people die of hunger, that governments and markets cannot make sure there is enough food available and affordable
- [No context is too challenging: Promoting, doing and achieving inclusion in the humanitarian response in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/1-no-context-is-too-challenging-promoting-doing-and-achieving-inclusion-in-the-humanitarian-response-in-south-sudan/) - Disability inclusion has become a crucial issue for humanitarian action, at least at the international policy level. However, little is known about how humanitarian actors are “doing inclusion” in practice. With a case study on South Sudan, this article examines whether the increase in publications, policy tools and guidelines has made humanitarian action more inclusive
- [Analysis: Addressing livestock disputes with courts of former cattle camp leaders in Yirol East, Lakes state](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/analysis-addressing-livestock-disputes-with-courts-of-former-cattle-camp-leaders-in-yirol-east-lakes-state/) - In early September 2021, a group of men sat in the shade of a tree in Nyang, the capital of Yirol East County. The men – some of them former cattle camp leaders – engaged in a lively discussion about livestock. In February 2021, state authorities had temporarily introduced mobile courts made up of former
- [Examining the Prospects of Consociational Power-Sharing as a Conflict Resolution Strategy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/examining-the-prospects-of-consociational-power-sharing-as-a-conflict-resolution-strategy-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan has not escaped the world’s attention even after the signing of the infamous Revitalized Peace Agreement in September 2018 that, for the 12th time, brought the two antagonists –Kiir and Dr. Machar, to the negotiation table since the conflict began in 2013. Even with the aura of a shaky peace, the main question
- [It takes a Village to Raise a Child: South Sudan’s Reengagement Strategy with Key International Financial Institutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/it-takes-a-village-to-raise-a-child-south-sudans-reengagement-strategy-with-key-international-financial-institutions/) - On July 29, 2022, the IMF Executive Board concluded the Article IV consultation with the Republic of South Sudan, and the Management extended the Staff-Monitored Program (SMP), which will allow the authorities to deliver on the remaining structural benchmarks. Accordingly, the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) has enabled the
- [Fragmentation of Peacemaking in South Sudan: Reality and Perception](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fragmentation-of-peacemaking-in-south-sudan-reality-and-perception-2/) - Attempts to manage and resolve the conflict in South Sudan have seen the involvement of numerous international actors, including neighbouring countries—namely Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya—the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the African Union (AU), the so-called Troika (United States, United Kingdom, and Norway), as well as the EU, China and the UN. Interviews with
- [Amending the South Sudan’s Revitalized Peace Agreement: The Implications of the Extension and its Roadmap](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/amending-the-south-sudans-revitalized-peace-agreement-the-implications-of-the-extension-and-its-roadmap/) - On 4 August 2022, the Parties to the Revitalized Peace Agreement agreed to extend the Transitional Period for 24 months. The Parties, led by the Council of Ministers, acted under article 8.4 of the Agreement which provides a three-stage procedure for amending the Agreement. The three stages include: (1) approval by two-thirds of the Council
- [Implementation of “Do No Harm” by UN Peacekeepers in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implementation-of-do-no-harm-by-un-peacekeepers-in-south-sudan/) - Two years after the formation of a transitional unity government that includes South Sudanese President Salva Kiir, his long-time rival Riek Machar, and other opposition leaders, the context in South Sudan is dire. Progress in the implementation of the 2018 Revitalized Peace Agreement─which sought to end a brutal five-year civil war that has resulted in
- [Making the Nexus Real: Moving from theory to practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-the-nexus-real-moving-from-theory-to-practice/) - This report explores both the nexus (small n), as a way of programming, and the HDP Nexus approach (capital N) also called the Triple Nexus, as the approach promoted by the UN and OECD/ DAC, to include necessary ways organizations must work together to be able to o!er programming that achieves our desired impacts.
- [Fragmentation of Peacemaking in South Sudan: Reality and Perception](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fragmentation-of-peacemaking-in-south-sudan-reality-and-perception/) - Attempts to manage and resolve the conflict in South Sudan have seen the involvement of numerous international actors, including neighbouring countries—namely Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia and Kenya—the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the African Union (AU), the so-called Troika (United States, United Kingdom, and Norway), as well as the EU, China and the UN. Interviews with
- [Women's participation and influence in transitions from conflict: The case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/womens-participation-and-influence-in-transitions-from-conflict-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - Focusing on the peace talks process as a driver of change, this case study explores how women participated in and influenced processes of constitutional reform and transitional justice in the post-civil war political settlement, as well as the challenges and limitations of their activities. Following its independence in 2011 from Sudan, the 2013–2018 civil war
- [Community perception of humanitarian assistance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-perception-of-humanitarian-assistance-in-south-sudan/) - This report assess community perceptions of humanitarian assistance in South Sudan. It is based on Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP), protection and conflict sensitivity data from the 2021 expanded Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System (FSNMS+)assessment and seeks to inform an evidence-based approach to community-centred, accountable, and conflict sensitive response planning to support the operationalisation
- [To dredge or not to dredge the White Nile’s tributaries: is the cart before the horse?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/to-dredge-or-not-to-dredge-the-white-niles-tributaries-is-the-cart-before-the-horse/) - Social media is teeming with mixed reactions to Egypt’s plan to dredge the Bahr el Ghazal River to reduce the flood risks in South Sudan. In addition to the mixed public reactions, South Sudanese officials continue to contradict one another in the media, signifying lack of consensus on the project within the government. The Press
- [Local conflict, population dynamics and climate anomalies in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-conflict-population-dynamics-and-climate-anomalies-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - This report explores the association between climate anomalies, population dynamics, conflict and organised violence in Sudan and South Sudan, at the sub-national level and for the years 1989-2015. The analyses are conducted using a spatial approach and with geocoded information on organized violence events, climate anomalies and population dynamics. Our results indicate a positive correlation
- [UN Sanctions as Leverage in Mediation Processes?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-sanctions-as-leverage-in-mediation-processes/) - This article analyzes the role of UN sanctions in the context of peace negotiations in South Sudan from the outbreak of the civil war in December 2013 until the signing of the peace agreement in August 2015. Drawing on the literature regarding third-party intervention in civil wars, it explores whether the UN sanctions regime—established in
- [The Cultural Problematic in Narratives of Violence against Women and Girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cultural-problematic-in-narratives-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG) is endemic in South Sudan. Approaches to end VAWG are barely making a dent in prevalence figures. Global evidence tells us that ending VAWG in conflict-ridden contexts is challenging on many levels. Our research points to the need for social and gender norm change approaches to be better contextualised
- [Better Together? Prospects and Lessons for Improving Coordination and Collaboration between Humanitarians and Peacebuilders in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/better-together-prospects-and-lessons-for-improving-coordination-and-collaboration-between-humanitarians-and-peacebuilders-in-south-sudan/) - Improving collaboration, coordination and learning between humanitarians and peacebuilders is an ongoing challenge. Despite their different approaches, both groups need to rise to this challenge to help achieve their shared goal for the future of South Sudan – that South Sudanese live prosperous, dignified, and secure lives. This paper seeks to provide with a clearer
- [How African Organisations Envision Peacemaking: AU, IGAD and SADC policies and structures for African solutions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-african-organisations-envision-peacemaking-au-igad-and-sadc-policies-and-structures-for-african-solutions/) - The African Union (AU) and Regional Economic Communities (REC) have become pivotal peacemakers in the two decades since they began the construction of a joint African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) with the objective to provide “African solutions to African problems.” The African organisations have developed normative policy frameworks and organisational structures for mediation and
- [Gender norms, conflict sensitivity and transition in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-norms-conflict-sensitivity-and-transition-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan continues to face recurring violent conflict, food insecurity, corruption, and poverty. Despite positive shifts within national legislation on gender equality, political, social, and economic power in South Sudanese society continues to reflect the deep patriarchy within society. The role of women and men, reflecting the gender norms of their respective cultural milieus, in
- [CSRF Context update: (October 2021-March 2022)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/csrf-context-update-october-2021-march-2022/) - This context update aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors interact with the context. The analysis by the Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF) is based on secondary data from various
- [The new state of South Sudan and the hydro-politics of the Nile Basin](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-new-state-of-south-sudan-and-the-hydro-politics-of-the-nile-basin/) - This article discusses South Sudan’s history and politics of water security from 1959 to present. It argues that South Sudan, as a new independent state, faces a number of challenges, not only with Sudan over border demarcation, Abyei, and the potential resumption of Jonglei Canal, but also with the 11 Nile Basic Countries over sharing
- [Life after marriage: an analysis of the experiences of conflict-affected female youth who are married under age 18 in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/life-after-marriage-an-analysis-of-the-experiences-of-conflict-affected-female-youth-who-are-married-under-age-18-in-south-sudan-and-the-kurdistan-region-of-iraq/) - This briefing paper examines the experiences of life after marriage for female youth who married under the age of 18 in South Sudan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This paper outlines the wide range of personal experiences following early marriage. It also describes the intersection between education and early marriage; mental health and
- [National Survey on Perceptions of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-survey-on-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This report summarizes findings of a national survey on perceptions of peace in South Sudan. In August and September 2021, 2,276 respondents were surveyed across 8 primary locations – Aweil, Bentiu, Bor, Juba, Malakal, Pibor, Wau, and Yei – and 25 secondary locations (including IDP settlements and villages outside of these towns). The survey documents
- [Scenarios for South Sudan in 2025](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/scenarios-for-south-sudan-in-2025/) - In short, the four scenarios are: 1. Best Case Scenario: A peaceful country... 2. Status Quo: Many uncertainties, selective implementation of R-ARCSS, latent friction among the parties with top leadership of the country seemingly working in collaboration and ostensibly trying to implement reform and transformation agenda of R-ARCSS. However, this is done in accordance with
- [The Logic of Protection Approaches Four Models to Safeguard Civilians from Harm](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-logic-of-protection-approaches-four-models-to-safeguard-civilians-from-harm/) - Every day, civilians suffer in violent conflicts. Attacks by armed forces, militias and rebel groups have left and continue to leave thousands dead or injured, and have resulted in the forced displacement of millions of people. To mitigate or end such violations, different actors – including NGOs, the UN, military forces, religious groups, and community
- [War, Migration and Work: Agricultural Labour and Cross-Border Migration from Northern Bahr el-Ghazal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-migration-and-work-agricultural-labour-and-cross-border-migration-from-northern-bahr-el-ghazal/) - The report "War, Migration and Work" examines the history of labour migration and labour relations in present day South Sudan's Baher El-Ghazal borderlands with Darfur and Kordofan (regions of present day Sudan). Beginning in the nineteenth century, the report charts the evolution of the labour system from slavery to present-day forms of wage-labour, based on
- ["If you don’t cooperate, I’ll gun you down”: Conflict-related sexual violence and impunity in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-dont-cooperate-ill-gun-you-down-conflict-related-sexual-violence-and-impunity-in-south-sudan/) - The United Nations Security Council must renew its arms embargo on the territory of South Sudan amid the state’s failure to ensure accountability for conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) and to protect survivors, witnesses and judicial actors, Amnesty International said today in a new report. The report,“If you don’t cooperate, I’ll gun you down”: conflict-related sexual
- [UN Peacekeeping and Protection of Civilians from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-peacekeeping-and-protection-of-civilians-from-sexual-and-gender-based-violence/) - This report examines how missions are implementing their mandates to protect civilians from SGBV, including CRSV, and assesses good practices, gaps, and opportunities for improvement. The report draws on lessons learned from the UN missions in South Sudan (UNMISS) and the DRC (MONUSCO). It considers how the complexities of preventing and responding to SGBV necessitate
- [Negotiating Disarmament – The Gender Dimension: Barriers to the Inclusion of Women in Disarmament Negotiations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-disarmament-the-gender-dimension-barriers-to-the-inclusion-of-women-in-disarmament-negotiations/) - Disarmament is seen as a key means of preventing conflict recurrence. Women are disproportionately affected by weapons: small arms and light weapons used during conflict are often used post-conflict to commit gender-based violence, and explosive weapons in populated areas can severely limit women’s access to public spaces. Women are involved both as part of armed
- [The Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-r-arcss/) - Only two years after South Sudan gained its independence in 2011, the power struggle between President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar resulted in an atrocious civil war. In 2015, the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS), which was brokered by the Intergovernmental
- [The Impact of Food Insecurity on Women and Girls: Research from Pibor and Akobo counties, Jonglei State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-food-insecurity-on-women-and-girls-research-from-pibor-and-akobo-counties-jonglei-state-south-sudan/) - This briefing presents research undertaken in the midst of a critical food insecurity crisis in Pibor and Akobo counties in order to understand its impact on the lives of women and girls. The research found that women and girls’ household chores, their livelihood opportunities and their access to education have all been impacted. It also
- [The Tragedy of the Unregulated: Why the Government should Reform the Charcoal Sector](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-tragedy-of-the-unregulated-why-the-government-should-reform-the-charcoal-sector/) - Charcoal is increasingly becoming a primary energy choice, accounting for 96% of cooking fuel for the growing urban population of South Sudan (NBS, 2012; Tiitmamer & Anai, 2018). Yet not much is known about the level of government regulation to make the woodfuel, especially the charcoal sector, sustainable. Using individual interviews and focus group discussions
- [Forced Displacement Global Paper: How do we address forced displacement from the perspective of those most at risk?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/forced-displacement-global-paper-how-do-we-address-forced-displacement-from-the-perspective-of-those-most-at-risk/) - Around the world, forced displacement is on the rise. Growing numbers are affected by disasters and, instead of safe, controlled evacuation and where necessary re-settlement, the average length of displacement is 20 years. Further, one in four displaced persons end up in urban informal settlements, often on the edge of cities. It is also critical
- [Child labour, Education and Commodification in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labour-education-and-commodification-in-south-sudan-2/) - Until the latter part of the twentieth century, South Sudanese boys and girls grew food on household farms for their families to eat. Under this system, children’s work and education were hard to distinguish. Today, however, many boys and girls work for money outside of their household farm and use the money to support their
- [Child Labour, Education and Commodification in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labour-education-and-commodification-in-south-sudan/) - Until the latter part of the twentieth century, South Sudanese boys and girls grew food on household farms for their families to eat. Under this system, children’s work and education were hard to distinguish. Today, however, many boys and girls work for money outside of their household farm and use the money to support their
- [The longue durée of short-lived infrastructure – Roads and state authority in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-longue-duree-of-short-lived-infrastructure-roads-and-state-authority-in-south-sudan/) - Drawing on the literature on the temporalities of infrastructure, this article focuses on the cyclical assertion of centralized authority through road-building in South Sudan, where roads are repeatedly built, projects paused, roads ruined, and then rebuilt again. The landscapes of South Sudan are littered with the decaying infrastructure projects of previous governments and political visions,
- [RJMEC report on the status of implementation of the revitalised agreement on the resolution of the conflict in the Republic of South Sudan for the period 1st January to 31st March 2022](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rjmec-report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan-for-the-period-1st-january-to-31st-march-2022/) - This report on the status of implementation of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) covers the period from 1 January to 31 March 2022. It is to be noted that with just over two years since the formation of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National
- [Implications of Ukraine Conflict on Food Access and Availability in the Eastern Africa Region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/implications-of-ukraine-conflict-on-food-access-and-availability-in-the-eastern-africa-region/) - Wheat and wheat products account for one third of the average national cereal consumption in the Eastern Africa Region, with highest consumption per capita in Djibouti, Eritrea and Sudan. Yet, 84 percent of wheat demand in the region is met by imports. The invasion of Ukraine has already had a negative impact on global wheat
- [Complementary approaches between international and local protection advocacy: ‘Don’t speak for me, I’ll speak for myself’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/complementary-approaches-between-international-and-local-protection-advocacy-dont-speak-for-me-ill-speak-for-myself/) - The value of complementary approaches between international humanitarian and local or national actors to carrying out advocacy to strengthen protection of civilians in situations of armed conflict is well-recognised. The growing push to ‘localise’ humanitarian action has strengthened understanding that national actors are critical frontline advocates for protection of affected populations. Integrating this understanding into
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-south-sudan-2/) - The recent flooding in South Sudan is the worst in over 60 years. South Sudan is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, including droughts and flooding. Both long-term climate change, such as the gradual increase in temperatures, and short-term extreme climate events, like increased flooding, have indirect and interlinked implications for peace and
- [Social Cohesion and Refugee-Host Interactions: Evidence from East AfricaSocial Cohesion and Refugee-Host Interactions: Evidence from East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/social-cohesion-and-refugee-host-interactions-evidence-from-east-africasocial-cohesion-and-refugee-host-interactions-evidence-from-east-africa/) - Building upon the literature on contact theory, this paper explores the role of inter-group interaction in shaping social cohesion between refugees and host communities in East Africa. It draws upon first-hand quantitative (n=16,608) and qualitative data collected from refugees and nearby host communities in urban and camp-like contexts in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. Focusing on
- [South Sudan - Building Resources & Shelter Practices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-building-resources-shelter-practices/) - Seasonal floods are a common and extended problem across several regions in South Sudan, causing considerable damage to houses, crops, and livelihoods. In this context, new housing and shelter solutions, besides being flood resilient, should take into account the native construction customs and locally available materials so as to better fit into the building culture
- [South Sudan’s Splintered Opposition: Preventing More Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-splintered-opposition-preventing-more-conflict/) - President Salva Kiir reached deals in January with major opposition commanders who broke away from his main rival Vice President Riek Machar. The accords are a mixed bag, opening space for resolving bitter wrangling over the northern city of Malakal but increasing odds of wider infighting among opposition ex-comrades. The agreements deal with two flashpoint
- [The Ilemi Triangle: Understanding a pastoralist border area](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ilemi-triangle-understanding-a-pastoralist-border-area/) - The PAX report offers an up-to-date account of the dynamics around the Ilemi Triangle, including a deep dive into the interests and perspectives of affected communities. It argues why and how their rights and interests are to be considered in order to resolve the Ilemi question conclusively as well as peacefully. Download
- [A Faulty Prescription? Critiquing Joint Security Units after Peace Agreements in Sudan, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/a-faulty-prescription-critiquing-joint-security-units-after-peace-agreements-in-sudan-south-sudan-and-the-central-african-republic/) - This article critiques the prescription of joint security units called for by civil war peace agreements as a means to integrate armed forces previously in conflict. Drawing on cases from Sudan, South Sudan, and the Central African Republic, this article offers a comparative assessment of the joint security units attempted in each country. As negotiators
- [Better ways to build peace and resilience in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/better-ways-to-build-peace-and-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - Against a backdrop of protracted conflict and civil war, South Sudan has experienced a series of stop-start peace processes. Innovative approaches are now needed at national and local level to address the root causes of violence. This report synthesises the findings of the Network for Innovative Resilience-Building in South Sudan. It shows the importance of
- [Democratic Elections in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/democratic-elections-in-south-sudan/) - Although fraught with numerous implementation issues, the Revitalized Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict (RARCSS) has been credited with bringing relative stability to South Sudan since 20181. The Agreement mandated the creation of a Unity Government, setting the stage for the Transitional Period, which is due to end in 2023. The moment of truth for
- [Disasters as Ambivalent Multipliers: Influencing the Pathways from Disaster to Conflict Risk and Peace Potential Through Disaster Risk Reduction](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disasters-as-ambivalent-multipliers-influencing-the-pathways-from-disaster-to-conflict-risk-and-peace-potential-through-disaster-risk-reduction/) - Disasters, including disaster-related activities, have been shown to precipitate, intensify, and lengthen violent conflicts, yet disasters have also demonstrated the potential to reduce violent conflict, encourage cooperation, and build peace. Disaster-conflict and disaster-peace literature has sought to establish causal and linear relationships, but research has not explored with the same rigour the causal mechanisms linking
- [Path dependency when prioritising disaster and humanitarian response under high levels of conflict: a qualitative case study in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/path-dependency-when-prioritising-disaster-and-humanitarian-response-under-high-levels-of-conflict-a-qualitative-case-study-in-south-sudan/) - In high-conflict scenarios, humanitarian needs often surpass resources, and humanitarians are faced with ongoing challenges of whom to prioritise and where to work. This process is often referred to as ‘targeting’, but this article uses the concept of ‘triage’ to emphasise how prioritisation is a continuous and political process, rather than a one-off exercise to
- [Faith in localisation? The experiences of local faith actors engaging with the international humanitarian system in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/faith-in-localisation-the-experiences-of-local-faith-actors-engaging-with-the-international-humanitarian-system-in-south-sudan/) - Localisation, as it aims to shift power in the humanitarian system, will involve the increased inclusion of local faith actors, those national and local faith-affiliated groups and organisations that are often first, and last, responders in crises and have been responding in humanitarian contexts for many years, but often in parallel to humanitarian coordination mechanisms.
- [Report on the status of implementation of the R-ARCSS (October - December)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/report-on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-r-arcss-october-december/) - This report on the status of implementation of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) covers the period from 1 October to 31 December 2021. It provides a status update on progress or lack thereof in the implementation of the tasks of the R-ARCSS during the
- [Voices on the Conflict in Malakal](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/voices-on-the-conflict-in-malakal/) - This study was undertaken in August-October 2021 on behalf of PAX. It was conceived in the context of human security considerations in the anticipated reclassification of the Protection of Civilians (PoC) site in Malakal. The aim was to understand the perspectives of the various communities of Malakal as well as other key stakeholders on how
- [Transformative Justice in South Sudan: The Transformative Potential of a Contextualized Transitional Justice Process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/229868/) - This chapter takes the ongoing conflict in South Sudan as a starting point for assessing the concept of transitional justice as such and its implementation in the country in particular. Following a brief description of the conflict and the peace processes, the author sheds light on the shortcomings of the established concept of transitional justice
- [South Sudan: Human Rights Priorities for the Government of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-human-rights-priorities-for-the-government-of-south-sudan/) - This briefing paper draws on the work of our organizations over the last decade and credible secondary sources, including UN reports. It proposes ten priorities that should form the basis of a comprehensive human rights agenda that are based on South Sudan’s existing obligations in the Bill of Rights, international and regional law treaties, customary
- [Making or Breaking Silos? Resilience programming in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/making-or-breaking-silos-resilience-programming-in-south-sudan/) - Resilience has been a commonly used concept among development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding actors in South Sudan for some years and putting it into practice has become increasingly relevant in the current context. There are a variety of ways in which resilience is interpreted and practiced in South Sudan. This can impact on coordination and learning
- [Do Not Forget: Aiding and Protecting Civilians in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/do-not-forget-aiding-and-protecting-civilians-in-south-sudan/) - As Security Council members prepare to renew the UNMISS mandate in March 2022, they should reinforce the mission with increased resources and stepped-up diplomatic engagement. The year ahead will come with risks of further political violence, which UNMISS should strive to prevent, especially as the 2023 elections approach. The UNMISS mandate must remain focused on
- [Supporting conflict sensitivity through country-focused facilities - Case Study: South Sudan CSRF](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/supporting-conflict-sensitivity-through-country-focused-facilities-case-study-south-sudan-csrf/) - This case study is one of three on the conflict sensitivity (CS) facilities in Libya, South Sudan, and Yemen that were produced between April and September 2021. It offers an overview about the origin, approaches, evolution and learning of the CSRF in South Sudan. Download
- [Checkpoint economy: the political economy of checkpoints in South Sudan, ten years after independence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/checkpoint-economy-the-political-economy-of-checkpoints-in-south-sudan-ten-years-after-independence/) - This report presents the results from a survey of the political economy of checkpoints along the major trade routes in South Sudan. Between April 2019 and April 2021, enumerators made 13 journeys along major overland and river routes and collected detailed information on the number and location of checkpoints, who operates them, who pays, and
- [The ticking clock in South Sudan could become a time bomb](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ticking-clock-in-south-sudan-could-become-a-time-bomb/) - In February 2022, South Sudan's transitional unity government will be two years old, with just one year remaining to achieve the goals set out in the 2018 'revitalised' peace agreement. Although a fragile ceasefire is largely holding and some progress has been made towards implementing the agreement, most of its tasks remain undone. Download
- [Arms imports in the wake of embargoes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/arms-imports-in-the-wake-of-embargoes/) - Do states circumvent embargoes by supplying weapons across borders to sanctioned countries? We report evidence that arms imports systematically increase in the neighborhood of conflict states under an embargo. Using several alternative research-design specifications, we contend that this pattern is consistent with arms exporters shifting the arms trade to neighbors of conflict states under sanctions,
- [Studying Insecurity from Relative Safety — Dealing with Methodological Blind Spots](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/studying-insecurity-from-relative-safety-dealing-with-methodological-blind-spots/) - Qualitative empirical enquiries into dynamics of security and insecurity often include a blind spot that bear theoretical ramifications because only those areas and respondents that allow for relatively safe fieldwork are studied. To transparently articulate the spheres of projection that creep into our knowledge production, we propose a distinction between inner and outer circles as
- [Strengthening Knowledge Ecosystems - South Sudan Case Study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-knowledge-ecosystems-south-sudan-case-study/) - This case study provides an overview of research actors, knowledge producers and consumers in South Sudan. It provides entry points for research funders to strengthen the research sector in South Sudan and the exchange between science and policy for sustainable development. In order for the South Sudan knowledge ecosystem to turn into a more enabling
- [Localisation and conflict sensitivity: Lessons on good practice from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localisation-and-conflict-sensitivity-lessons-on-good-practice-from-south-sudan/) - There is still much to be understood about South Sudan’s dynamic context. However, there is a wealth of existing research, knowledge, experience, and ongoing discussions around localisation in South Sudan. It is critical that the aid sector continues to prioritise spaces for deep reflection and open dialogue around what ‘localisation’ means in South Sudan, the
- [Negotiating Disarmament: Lessons Learnt from Colombia, Nepal, the Philippines, South Sudan, Sri Lanka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/negotiating-disarmament-lessons-learnt-from-colombia-nepal-the-philippines-south-sudan-sri-lanka/) - Disarmament is often characterized as a necessary condition for peace to prevail in the aftermath of civil conflicts. Yet implementation is contingent on what has been negotiated behind closed doors, a process that so far has received little attention. Without knowledge of the positions, motivations, and interests of parties involved in disarmament negotiations, our understanding
- [South Sudan’s transitional government: Realities, challenges and opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-transitional-government-realities-challenges-and-opportunities/) - South Sudan’s Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity provides a roadmap to resolve the country’s civil war. But the transition has not been smooth due to profound structural political disputes, deep-seated corruption, inter-communal conflicts and a shrinking economic base. This report analyses the challenges facing the transitional government and the opportunities for stabilisation. Download
- [Land, Conflict and Displacement in South Sudan: A Conflict-Sensitive Approach to Land Governance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-conflict-and-displacement-in-south-sudan-a-conflict-sensitive-approach-to-land-governance/) - This paper provides an overview of land governance as it relates to problems of conflict and displacement in South Sudan. The goal is to help aid actors better understand the context in which they are operating and how they might limit the potential for unintended consequences from their interventions and maximise the contribution that they
- [Secession and border disputes in Africa: The case of Sudan and South Sudan border](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/secession-and-border-disputes-in-africa-the-case-of-sudan-and-south-sudan-border/) - Conflicts in Africa are increasingly becoming violent and endemic. Many of these conflicts are related to crises of identities, struggles for resources and power contestations. A few of these conflicts escalate to self-determination, separatist movements, and secession. These conflicts mostly transcend national borders and trigger the alteration and redesigning of national borders, which itself becomes
- [Managing the Interests of the United States, China and Russia in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/managing-the-interests-of-the-united-states-china-and-russia-in-south-sudan/) - This article does not aim to extensively cover South Sudan’s relations with each of the three countries, but to provide an overview of the state of affairs of the relations. Thus, the article is more concerned with the way forward on how South Sudan should manage the competing interests of the three powers and utilize
- [No peace without youth: Continued calls for change in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-peace-without-youth-continued-calls-for-change-in-south-sudan/) - The UN Security Council Resolution 2250 on youth, peace and security (2015) calls for youth to be included in peace negotiations worldwide. In South Sudan, where 70 percent of the population is below the age of 30, youth have been included in the national dialogue aiming at ending violence and conflict in the country. A
- [Security and Justice Reform: Findings from the Conflict Research Programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-and-justice-reform-findings-from-the-conflict-research-programme/) - This memo summarises research on security and justice from CRP’s five sites – DRC, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria – plus additional research on Sudan. Findings suggests that standard strategies for security and justice reform are routinely undermined by the dynamics of conflict. Security Sector Reform (SSR) and Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR) policies
- [Distractions, Distortions and Dilemmas: The Externalities of Protecting Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/distractions-distortions-and-dilemmas-the-externalities-of-protecting-civilians-in-united-nations-peacekeeping/) - This article explores the unintended consequences associated with the protection of civilians (PoC) mandate in United Nations peacekeeping. Drawing primarily on two case studies – the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) and South Sudan (UNMISS) – we advance three lines of argument. First, the gravitational pull of PoC can distract missions from other, often
- [War Versus Peace Logics at Local Levels: Findings from the Conflict Research Programme on Local Agreements and Community Level Mediation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-versus-peace-logics-at-local-levels-findings-from-the-conflict-research-programme-on-local-agreements-and-community-level-mediation/) - This memo summarises research on local agreements and community level mediation undertaken by the Conflict Research Programme (CRP) in five sites – DRC, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, and Syria in collaboration with the Political Settlements Research Programme (PSRP) and the Center for Security Studies in Zurich, Switzerland. The overall conclusion is that local talks and
- [Land Governance and the Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-governance-and-the-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - This paper examines how land governance – or the rules, processes, and structures through which decisions are made about access to land and its use, the manner in which the decisions are implemented and enforced, and the way that competing interests in land are managed – has interacted with the conflict in South Sudan. A
- [An Analysis of Debt Governance and Domestic Resource Mobilization (DRM): The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-analysis-of-debt-governance-and-domestic-resource-mobilization-drm-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - This report provides insights into how domestic resource mobilization and debt governance can be effective tools for economic transformation in South Sudan. The insights shall additionally generate knowledge and information that shall be used by parliamentarians and civic society for advocacy for reforms in the country’s fiscal governance sector. The knowledge and information sharing shall
- [The Role of Kuron Peace Village in Promoting Social Cohesion and Peaceful Co-existence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-kuron-peace-village-in-promoting-social-cohesion-and-peaceful-co-existence-in-south-sudan/) - Peace is a fundamental component of community development, personal growth, and the survival of our planet. At the heart of every faith community, and culture, lies a need to advance peaceful co-existence to enhance productive, meaningful lives and sustainable societies; participation and inclusion can also start from the point of understanding a conflict, from conflict
- [Oil or Nothing: Dealing with South Sudan’s Bleeding Finances](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-or-nothing-dealing-with-south-sudans-bleeding-finances/) - South Sudan’s rotten state finances are derailing the young country from its already fraught path to peace and stability after a brutal civil war. Top officials hold the country’s oil riches close, barring scrutiny of spending and allowing rampant misappropriation of funds. This slush-fund governance is at the heart of South Sudan’s system of winner-take-all
- [Climate Change and Insecurity: Mapping Vulnerability in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-and-insecurity-mapping-vulnerability-in-africa/) - This paper looks at effects of climate change on vulnerable countries in Africa. The authors note that countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and South Sudan are particularly vulnerable to climate change because they are less resilient and have weak governance systems. It also underscores how climate
- [Researching in Conflict: Interviews from the Bridge Network Archive](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/researching-in-conflict-interviews-from-the-bridge-network-archive/) - This paper documents experiences from the Bridge Network, a group of South Sudanese researchers, on how they conduct research in conflict setting. It outlines some of the challenges South Sudanese researchers face, including managing people’s expectations as well as convincing respondents to permit recording of interviews, and how they address these challenges. One researcher noted
- [Surface Tension: ‘Communal’ Violence and Elite Ambitions in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/surface-tension-communal-violence-and-elite-ambitions-in-south-sudan/) - The first of two papers, this analysis explores the magnitude and ramifications of ‘communal’ violence in South Sudan in recent years and challenges those who attempt to portray it as ‘ethnic’ or due to the absence of state control. Linking the increased incidence of violence to national and inter-elite rivalries, it argues that these are
- [Coping Strategies of Food Insecure Households in Conflict Areas: The Case of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coping-strategies-of-food-insecure-households-in-conflict-areas-the-case-of-south-sudan/) - The surge in acute food insecurity due to conflict calls for sound evidence-based policy-making. Unfortunately, the knowledge on behaviors of households when they face a food shortage in these situations is under-reported in the literature. The paper contributes to the covering of this gap by presenting the food consumption and livelihood-based coping mechanisms used by
- [Protecting Together: Lessons from Mali and South Sudan on Coherence between Human Rights and Military Components in UN Peace Operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/protecting-together-lessons-from-mali-and-south-sudan-on-coherence-between-human-rights-and-military-components-in-un-peace-operations/) - This report looks at cooperation between the military and human rights components of the UN peace operations in South Sudan and Mali. The authors identified cultural differences between military and human rights components and turnover among the military peace keepers as key challenges for both missions, and areas of good practice that can address these
- [HSBA MAAPSS Webinar: SPLA-IO Split](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/maapss-update-no-7-spla-io-split/) - The Small Arms Survey’s Mapping Actors and Alliances Project for South Sudan (MAAPSS) held its sixth closed-door webinar on Thursday 26 August. The webinar focused on analyzing the recent split in the Sudan People's Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-IO), at a state-by-state level. The webinar also gave attention to the way the SPLA-IO split has
- [Independent Review of the IPC South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/independent-review-of-the-ipc-south-sudan/) - The October/November 2020 Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) analysis process in South Sudan broke down when the South Sudan IPC Technical Working Group (TWG) was unable to reach technical consensus on the severity of food insecurity in six critical counties. In response, and following a request from the Government of South Sudan (GoSS), the
- [Competing Vulnerabilities: An Assessment of Conflict Dynamics among Host and Refugee Communities in Maban County, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/competing-vulnerabilities-an-assessment-of-conflict-dynamics-among-host-and-refugee-communities-in-maban-county-south-sudan/) - This report presents the results of a conflict assessment carried out in Maban County, South Sudan in October-November 2020 by the Danish Refugee Council’s Peacebuilding unit (also known as Danish Demining Group – DDG). Maban County in Upper Nile State is a complex area that has a long history of conflict and is of key
- [IGAD Regional Women's Land Rights Conference Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/igad-regional-womens-land-rights-conference-report/) - The conference is part of the work envisaged under equal land rights from women and youths. The IGAD Land Governance Unit focuses on strengthening the implementation of land governance in-country, translating regionally developed tools and frameworks into implementable tools by Member States for improved tenure security, reduced conflict, improved food security, and increased economic wellbeing
- [Geographies of unease: Witchcraft and boundary construction in an  African borderland](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/geographies-of-unease-witchcraft-and-boundary-construction-in-an-african-borderland/) - African borderlands – such as those between South Sudan, Uganda and Congo – are often presented by analysts as places of agency and economic opportunity, in contrast to hardened, securitized borders elsewhere. We emphasize, however, that even such relatively porous international borders can nevertheless be the focus of significant unease for borderland communities. Crossing borders
- [Education in South Sudan:   Focusing on Inequality of Provision   and Implications for National Cohesion](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-in-south-sudan-focusing-on-inequality-of-provision-and-implications-for-national-cohesion/) - This article examines the provision of basic education services after the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War in 2005, focusing on the condition of the services and its implications for national cohesion during the period after the birth of the South Sudanese state. It argues that the way basic education services were provided after
- [Good Governance as a Means to Peaceful Coexistence in Eastern Equatoria State,  South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/good-governance-as-a-means-to-peaceful-coexistence-in-eastern-equatoria-state-south-sudan/) - This study examined how good governance could be a means to peaceful co-existence in Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan. The study was anchored on three theories of; good governance, collaborative governance and democratic peace. The key findings of the study were that bad governance and poor leadership hinder peaceful coexistence, participation of citizens in decision
- [South Sudan Humanitarian Fund Annual Report 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-humanitarian-fund-annual-report-2020/) - The humanitarian situation for people in South Sudan remains dire. By the end of the year, the number of people in need reached an all-time high of 8.3 million, compared to 7.2 million and 7.5 million at the same time in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In this regard, the humanitarian context continues to be characterized
- [Violence Against or Obstruction of Health Care in South Sudan in 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-against-or-obstruction-of-health-care-in-south-sudan-in-2020/) - The Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition (SHCC) identified 18 incidents of violence against or obstruction of health care in South Sudan in 2020, compared to three such incidents in 2019. The violence affected mainly health workers working for local and INGO health providers. The increasing number of incidents are claimed to stem from mounting local
- [Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - After years of conflict, there is an opportunity for peace in South Sudan, but an effective economic recovery process must underpin the political settlement. The aim of this work is to inform policy for more productive urban jobs in peacebuilding and recovery in South Sudan and for first steps toward private sector development. To this
- [Is there a youth livelihoods crisis in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-there-a-youth-livelihoods-crisis-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is in a state of profound economic transition, heavily influenced by conflict and large-scale population displacement and return. This transition has fundamentally changed the way in which people live, particularly their relationship with work and money. Young people, particularly women, have generally suffered disproportionately as they try to navigate this rapidly changing and
- [Paying 'buckets of blood' for the land: moral debates over economy, war and state in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/paying-buckets-of-blood-for-the-land-moral-debates-over-economy-war-and-state-in-southern-sudan/) - This paper challenges the prevailing focus on ethnic division and conflict in Southern Sudan in recent years, demonstrating that even within ethnically divisive debates over land, there are shared, transethnic levels of moral concern. These concerns centre on the commodification and monetisation of rural and kinship resources, including human life itself, epitomised in ideas of
- [What Happened at Wunlit? An oral history of the 1999 Wunlit Peace Conference](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-happened-at-wunlit-an-oral-history-of-the-1999-wunlit-peace-conference/) - This report is an account of the Wunlit meeting in the words of the original participants, conducted in the light of the continuing state of conflict in South Sudan and the relevance of the history of peace-making to the current political situation. It is produced as part of the South Sudan Customary Authorities Project, funded
- [South Sudan at 10: An MSF record of the consequences of violence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-at-10-an-msf-record-of-the-consequences-of-violence/) - This report offers a consolidated account of MSF's experience in South Sudan since 9 July 2011. In so doing, it seeks to serve as a record and reminder of the human toll of violence, since independence, as seen by MSF – through its staff and patients. It is based on interviews with more than 100
- [Clearing the Dimming Vision of the Liberation of South Sudan: Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of Independence](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/clearing-the-dimming-vision-of-the-liberation-of-south-sudan-celebrating-the-10th-anniversary-of-independence/) - This review is based on the author's presentation to the Roundtable convened by UNMISS in Juba on the 6-7 July 2021, to Commemorate the 10th Anniversary of South Sudan's independence. The remarks and views reflected in the review are the author's and not to be attributed to UNMISS or the Sudd Institute. Download
- [Examining Women and Girls’ Safe Spaces in Humanitarian Contexts: Research Findings from Northwest Syria and South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/examining-women-and-girls-safe-spaces-in-humanitarian-contexts-research-findings-from-northwest-syria-and-south-sudan/) - In response to the crucial need for evidence around Women and Girls’ Safe Spaces (WGSS) programming globally, CARE USA conducted a study to examine the effectiveness of WGSS in the lives of women and girls in two conflict-affected settings, Northwest Syria and South Sudan. Within each setting, the study utilized a cross-sectional design and compared
- [South Sudan: Youth, Violence and Livelihoods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-youth-violence-and-livelihoods/) - This report explains the realities of life for South Sudan’s youth population, the majority of whom are living in conditions of extreme economic precarity. Young people face enormous challenges in trying to survive and progress in their lives. This is happening in the context of overarching neglect of the citizenry by the government, corruption, ethnic
- [Institutions and Pastoralist Conflicts in Africa: A Conceptual Framework](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/institutions-and-pastoralist-conflicts-in-africa-a-conceptual-framework/) - Pastoralist conflicts are important global development outcomes, especially in Africa. Analysing relevant literature on this phenomenon, we identify “institutions” as a key but fragmented theme. This blurs a composite understanding of how institutions affect these conflicts and their management. Hence, this article proposes a conceptual framework that brings harmony to this discourse by analysing 172
- [Aid, Peacebuilding, and Human Security: Japan’s Engagement in South Sudan, 2011–2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/aid-peacebuilding-and-human-security-japans-engagement-in-south-sudan-2011-2017/) - The article examines the case of Japan’s peacebuilding in South Sudan from 2011 to 2017 and asks how Japan’s shift towards a more proactive defence posture affects the place of human security in its foreign policy agenda. Using the framework of neoclassical realism, the article argues that human security remains a critical element of Japanese
- [Transactional politics and humanitarian crisis: lessons for policy from the political marketplace framework](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transactional-politics-and-humanitarian-crisis-lessons-for-policy-from-the-political-marketplace-framework/) - This memo summarizes observations and conclusions from the Conflict Research Programme/World Peace Foundation research on the political marketplace framework and humanitarian crises. It draws upon seven country-specific case studies (Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria and Yemen) and on theoretical and cross-cutting analysis. Its primary focus is on food insecurity and
- [Human Security Survey 2020 Annual Summary Report Jonglei State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/human-security-survey-2020-annual-summary-report-jonglei-state-south-sudan/) - This report reflects on the 2020 Human Security Survey (HSS) outcomes of Jonglei State, South Sudan, which took place over the course of three weeks in July and August 2020, as well as a community security dialogue which took place in February 2021 in Jonglei State's capital, Bor. During the three-day dialogue the main survey
- [Failure of States, Fragility of States, and the Prospects of Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/failure-of-states-fragility-of-states-and-the-prospects-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This article discusses the concepts of failure of states, fragility of states, and the prospects of peace in South Sudan. The article focuses specifically on judicial structural deformities in South Sudan under the qualitative and normative research methodologies, with structural functionalism as theoretical framework. Where preceding works had concentrated their South Sudanese peace-building recommendations on
- [Timing of transitional justice mechanisms and the implications for the South Sudan peace process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/timing-of-transitional-justice-mechanisms-and-the-implications-for-the-south-sudan-peace-process/) - The South Sudan peace agreement provides for transitional justice mechanisms aimed at fostering justice and reconciliation. They include the Commission for Truth, Reconciliation and Healing (CTRH) and the Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS). Drawing on qualitative data obtained from interviews, document reviews, and archival research conducted between October 2019 and June 2020 in Addis
- [Citizen Perspectives on the National Dialogue in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/citizen-perspectives-on-the-national-dialogue-in-south-sudan/) - This report provides an overview of the National Dialogue in South Sudan with a focus on citizen perceptions of the process. It lays out the current context in which the National Dialogue is situated, the history of past dialogues as well as the initiation and evolution of the current process. The report concludes with a
- [Learning towards a national agenda for reconciliation: Review of key national-level peace and reconciliation initiatives (2012-2020) – recurring patterns and themes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/learning-towards-a-national-agenda-for-reconciliation-review-of-key-national-level-peace-and-reconciliation-initiatives-2012-2020-recurring-patterns-and-themes/) - There is a regular echo of consensus that South Sudan’s agenda for reconciliation needs to be indigenous to the country and based on the particularity of the experience here. Yet, there is no digestable synthesis of the lessons learned or reflection among key actors as to how lessons from the earlier national-level processes could be
- [Learning towards a national agenda for reconciliation: Tensions to manage moving forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/learning-towards-a-national-agenda-for-reconciliation-tensions-to-manage-moving-forward/) - The core argument of this paper is that it is possible to engage in meaningful peacebuilding and reconciliation activities in South Sudan, despite the many complexities and tensions. However, serious re-thinking is required to develop and design more strategic and context-sensitive approaches. Consideration of the tensions raised here, and devising methodologies to manage them that
- [What drives the cattle camps? Exploring the dynamics of pastoralist communities in western Lakes State, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-drives-the-cattle-camps-exploring-the-dynamics-of-pastoralist-communities-in-western-lakes-state-south-sudan/) - There is a normalisation of violence that permeates the reality of the cattle camps in Lakes State. There is also rich tradition, legacy, community, discipline, organisation and an aspiration for a peaceful and prosperous future. Often the conversation around the cattle camps is anchored around the moment of violence and the ‘problem’ of cattle camp
- [Cultural engagement for change: a case study of the Otuho people](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/cultural-engagement-for-change-a-case-study-of-the-otuho-people/) - This case study sets out learning from programmatic engagement from the UK’s Peacebuilding Opportunities Fund (POF) among the Otuho people of Eastern Equatoria State. The programme promoted a cultural engagement process aimed to strengthen women’s peace and security at a time when Otuho society undergoes a 22-year cycle of generational change when leadership structures are
- [The Impact of Logging Activities on Local Communities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-logging-activities-on-local-communities/) - This research project was commissioned in response to a growing concern among civil society, faith-based organisations, affected communities, and refugees about the negative impact of logging on local communities in South Sudan, particularly in the Equatorian Region and Greater Bahr El Ghazal. It was envisaged that through the initial research and deeper understanding of the
- [Adaptive Peacebuilding in Greater Jonglei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/adaptive-peacebuilding-in-greater-jonglei/) - This ‘Lessons Learned’ Paper combines a narrative section with the peacebuilding principles that the team has identified through the process. The narrative element below deliberately also takes the updates as they were written at the time, rather than re-editing after the fact. Whilst this makes for a less flowing narrative, it allows another angle of
- [What's new in Upper Nile](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/whats-new-in-upper-nile/) - The MAAPSS Update No. 6 provides an overview of the developments taking place in Upper Nile State. The beginning of the year saw the appointment of a Shilluk governor for Upper Nile, Budhok Ayang Kur, and his Padang Dinka deputy, James Tor Monybuny. Their appointments have sent shockwaves through the state, and greatly increased instability
- [Unity State: New appointments and developments](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/unity-state-new-appointments-and-developments/) - The MAAPSS Update No. 5 provides an overview of new appointments and developments in Unity State. Following the establishment of the Ruweng Administrative Area, Unity state is now a mono-ethnic Nuer state, as well as in theory being the well-spring of SPLA-IO support, as well as the birthplace of Riek Machar, the opposition’s leader. In
- [Understanding Humanitarian Access and the Protection of Civilians in an Era of Depoliticized War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-humanitarian-access-and-the-protection-of-civilians-in-an-era-of-depoliticized-war/) - This report is based on fieldwork in Unity, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states from August-December 2020. Due to access issues for research related to Covid-19, some of this research was conducted remotely. The report surveys the humanitarian access issues produced by conflict in 2020 through a series of focused case studies. These case studies are
- [Hybrid governance in South Sudan: the negotiated state in practice](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hybrid-governance-in-south-sudan-the-negotiated-state-in-practice/) - This article draws on empirical data collected in Yei River County, South Sudan, to contribute to debates on hybrid governance in Africa. Current literature offers a limited understanding of the practical workings of hybridity, and particularly of whether and under what circumstances hybridity may meet the interests and solve the problems of citizens. This article
- [What lessons could be drawn from the Kenyan High Court judgement on BBI for constitutional consolidation in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-lessons-could-be-drawn-from-the-kenyan-high-court-judgement-on-bbi-for-constitutional-consolidation-in-south-sudan/) - The High Court of Kenya recently handed down a decision that reinforces the role of courts to protect the constitution against executive overreaches. To constitutional lawyers and academics, the decision is a triumph for constitutionalism and the rule of law. In this piece, we discuss lessons that may be drawn from the decision for constitutional
- [The National Dialogue Final Resolutions: What the Presidency should Do](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-national-dialogue-final-resolutions-what-the-presidency-should-do/) - In December 2020, the South Sudan National Dialogue Steering Committee (NDSC) published its concluding report regarding the National Dialogue (ND) process. This final report summarizes the Committee’s main findings and respective recommendations. A vast majority of the views criticizes the SPLM and its leaders for a colossal failure to govern South Sudan. The NDSC asserts
- [Deconstructing borders: Mobility strategies of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/deconstructing-borders-mobility-strategies-of-south-sudanese-refugees-in-northern-uganda/) - Taking the current presence of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda as a case-study, this paper explores how different forms of mobility enable them to better cope with the harsh conditions caused by their displacement. Based on extensive field research, the results of this article show how for South Sudanese refugees, crossing borders can be
- [Tribal Conflict over Natural Resources on the Sudan – South Sudan Border: The Case of the Abyei Territory](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/tribal-conflict-over-natural-resources-on-the-sudan-south-sudan-border-the-case-of-the-abyei-territory/) - This paper explores the major causes, processes and consequences of natural resource conflicts between tribes across the Sudan – South Sudan border region, with the main emphasis on the Abyei territory. Data for the study have been gathered from primary and secondary sources. The research revealed that the conflict over ownership of Abyei’s renewable and
- [Curse or Blessing? How cheap oil influences conflict dynamics](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/curse-or-blessing-how-cheap-oil-influences-conflict-dynamics/) - This Conflict Series Brief analyses the effects of the recent pandemic-induced oil price shock on three vulnerable, conflict-affected countries. This is done by testing the two competing theories of the resource curse and of the rentier state, each offering a different interpretation of the oil-conflict nexus: The resource curse theory posits that an abundance of
- [The ambiguities of self-determination: IGAD and the secession of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-ambiguities-of-self-determination-igad-and-the-secession-of-south-sudan/) - This paper examines the 1994 Declaration of Principles (DoP) for the resolution of the Sudanese civil war, adopted by the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). This was the only occasion on which an African inter-state organization included separation as an option for resolving a civil war. It was the basis for South Sudan's independence in
- [Land and reparative justice in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-and-reparative-justice-in-south-sudan/) - This report provides a coherent account of the historical, legal and practical realities of land, reparations and transitional justice in South Sudan. The first section describes the methodology and the demographic distribution of the respondents. A detailed statistical account of the respondents is provided in a table format. The nexus between land, reparations and transitional
- [Understanding the Livestock Economy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-the-livestock-economy-in-south-sudan/) - The overall aim of this study is to generate evidence from South Sudan on the importance of livestock to livelihoods and the wider economy through (1) exploring the importance of livestock to livelihoods and how this has changed over time; (2) examining the state of livestock markets and how they are changing/evolving; and (3) exploring
- [Competing authorities and norms of restraint: governing community-embedded armed groups in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/competing-authorities-and-norms-of-restraint-governing-community-embedded-armed-groups-in-south-sudan/) - International humanitarian actors and academics continue to struggle to understand armed group conduct and how to restrain this conduct when it violates moral, legal and humanitarian norms. Armed groups that lack a visible, explicit formal hierarchical command structure, equivalent to those found in state militaries, have proved a particular puzzle. A growing body of scholarship
- [Guidelines to conflict sensitive research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guidelines-to-conflict-sensitive-research/) - Doing research in conflict contexts is crucial. But how do you best conduct research – in all disciplines – in conflict-affected contexts? These guidelines are designed for all levels of researchers – from research student to professor – who conduct research in settings that are conflict-affected. These guidelines take you through 9 steps of a research
- [Conflict Sensitivity Tools and Guidance](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-tools-and-guidance/) - This guide provides simple tools which can be used to identify these potential effects and to strengthen conflict sensitivity. It can be used alongside existing processes to inform the development of new portfolios, programmes, projects and activities across the range of HMG development, diplomacy, defence, and domestic security engagement and to review current activities for
- [Benefits-Harms Handbook](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/benefits-harms-handbook/) - The purpose of this document is to help relief and development organizations hold themselves responsible for the overall impact of their programs. It offers a set of streamlined tools, designed for flexible use by programmers with different needs, resources, time and experience. The handbook is the output of CARE staff in Sudan, South Sudan, Rwanda,
- [Gender analysis of conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-analysis-of-conflict/) - This toolkit for gender analysis of conflict is intended to help national and international non-governmental organisations and other peacebuilding practitioners to integrate gender perspectives into conflict analysis, providing a foundation for more gender-sensitive peacebuilding programmes. While there are many different ways in which the links between gender and conflict can be analysed, this toolkit focuses
- [Planning projects and actions - a conflict sensitivity checklist](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/planning-projects-and-actions-a-conflict-sensitivity-checklist/) - This tool helps to ensure that in planning or carrying out any project, we are being sensitive to the conflict context at all times. It provides a list of questions for a community to consider as they plan and carry out a project. The questions help a group to think through the intended and unintended
- [The “Do No Harm” Framework for Analyzing the Impact of Assistance on Conflict: A Handbook](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-do-no-harm-framework-for-analyzing-the-impact-of-assistance-on-conflict-a-handbook/) - The DO NO HARM “Analytical Framework” was developed from the programming experience of many assistance workers. It provides a tool for mapping the interactions of assistance and conflict and can be used to plan, monitor and evaluate both humanitarian and development assistance programmes. Download
- [Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding: Programming Guide](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-and-peacebuilding-programming-guide/) - The Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding Programming Guide is a tool for UNICEF field staff and leadership to understand, situate and operationalize conflict sensitivity and peacebuilding through UNICEF’s existing work or new initiatives in different contexts and in partnership with other stakeholders. Download
- [How to guide to conflict sensitivity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/how-to-guide-to-conflict-sensitivity/) - The guide was developed by the Conflict Sensitivity Consortium, a group of 35 humanitarian, development and peacebuilding agencies of which Saferworld is a member. The consortium, a four year initiative funded by UK Aid, was set up to take advantage of members’ collective experience to strengthen their own policy and practice on conflict sensitivity and
- [The War(s) in South Sudan: Local Dimensions of Conflict, Governance, and the Political Marketplace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-wars-in-south-sudan-local-dimensions-of-conflict-governance-and-the-political-marketplace/) - This report explores the dynamics of local conflict and governance through the recent civil war across South Sudan, using five ‘case study’ locations: Gogrial, Malakal, Leer, Nimule, and Abyei. Evident through this research was that, while public authority – both formal and informal – and political marketplace dynamics, varied considerably across the five research sites,
- [Strengthening community resilience in conflict: learnings from the Partners for Resilience programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-community-resilience-in-conflict-learnings-from-the-partners-for-resilience-programme/) - This report describes the main findings and recommendations of research carried out for the Partners for Resilience (PfR) alliance on how the PfR programme is affected by – or may affect – conflict. Although PfR works in different conflict-affected countries and contexts, it does not address conflict or insecurity explicitly. This is potentially problematic for
- [Bridging divisions in a war-torn state: reflections on education and civicness in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridging-divisions-in-a-war-torn-state-reflections-on-education-and-civicness-in-south-sudan/) - Despite civil war and economic crisis, the educational sector in South Sudan has made tentative gains since 2011. This paper explores the everyday governance of schools in South Sudan, and the struggles of teachers to deliver education amid violence and predation and with scarce resources. The paper presents an analysis of policy data on education
- [Civicness in South Sudan secondary school curriculum](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civicness-in-south-sudan-secondary-school-curriculum/) - Throughout Sudan’s, and later South Sudan’s history, education has been used by successive governments to shape an official national identity and to promulgate an accepted concept of citizenship. One way education systems do this is through formal curricula, which aim to inculcate particular values and skills into the student body. This paper explores how the
- [The Impact of FDI in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-impact-of-fdi-in-south-sudan/) - The primary goal of this study was to establish the impacts that FDI has had on South Sudan. Based on the ethnography design, this study’s data collection approach involved a review of secondary data. The location-based approach and the institutional FDI fitness theories are the models that underpin the study. The results of the study
- [Women in Mainstreaming Peace and Security in South Sudan: Lessons Learnt and Way Forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-in-mainstreaming-peace-and-security-in-south-sudan-lessons-learnt-and-way-forward/) - The paper examined the essence of women in Mainstreaming Peace and Security in South Sudan by exploring lessons Learned and Way forward. The study has assessed some instruments used in support of UN Resolution 1325 to empower women in promoting peace and security within the country. The paper has examined UNSCR 1325 by understanding the
- [“If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-are-born-a-girl-in-this-crisis-you-are-born-a-problem-patterns-and-drivers-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-affected-south-sudan/) - This article presents the results of a qualitative study on the context and different forms of violence committed against women and girls in South Sudan. The study documents many forms of sexual and physical violence against women and girls in South Sudan, including conflict-related sexual violence, intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, child and forced
- [“If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-you-are-born-a-girl-in-this-crisis-you-are-born-a-problem-patterns-and-drivers-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-affected-south-sudan-2/) - This article presents the results of a qualitative study on the context and different forms of violence committed against women and girls in South Sudan. The study documents many forms of sexual and physical violence against women and girls in South Sudan, including conflict-related sexual violence, intimate partner violence, nonpartner sexual violence, child and forced
- [Prioritization and Sequencing of Security Council Mandates: The Case of UNMISS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prioritization-and-sequencing-of-security-council-mandates-the-case-of-unmiss/) - The UN Security Council is expected to renew the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in March 2021. In this context, the International Peace Institute (IPI), the Stimson Center, and Security Council Report organized a virtual workshop on February 10, 2021, to discuss UNMISS’s mandate and political strategy. Similar workshops were
- [On the Status of Implementation of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/on-the-status-of-implementation-of-the-revitalised-agreement-on-the-resolution-of-the-conflict-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan/) - This Report on the status of implementation of the activities of the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) is prepared pursuant to Chapter VII, Article 7.9 of the R-ARCSS and covers the period 1st October to 31st December 2020. With almost a year into the Transitional
- [Promoting peace and resilience in Unity state, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/promoting-peace-and-resilience-in-unity-state-south-sudan/) - In this brief Saferworld provides a context update about the current situation in the town of Bentiu – the capital of the oil-rich Unity state. Saferworld presents safety and security challenges identified by communities, authorities and civil society such as revenge killings, cattle raiding, gender-based violence, environmental pollution and unemployment in Bentiu town and Protection of Civilian (PoC)
- [No Refuge: South Sudan's Targeting of Refugee HRDs Outside the Country](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-refuge-south-sudans-targeting-of-refugee-hrds-outside-the-country/) - This report focusses on South Sudanese human rights defenders (HRDs) who face threats, intimidation and harassment in neighboring countries. Download
- [South Sudan: The Fractured State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-the-fractured-state/) - In this chapter John Young explores the political history of the state in South Sudan. This chapter is part of the book "The Nation State: A Wrong Model for the Horn of Africa" by John Young, John Markakis and Günther Schlee published in March 2021. Download
- [Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-south-sudan/) - South Sudan is highly vulnerable to climate change, including flooding, droughts and, most recently, a locust infestation. Long-term climate change, like a gradual increase in temperature, and short-term changes, like increased flooding, have indirect and interlinked implications for peace and security in South Sudan. Download
- [Knowledge Will Not Save Us: Stuck in the mud in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/knowledge-will-not-save-us-stuck-in-the-mud-in-south-sudan/) - A literary essay that tells the story of southern Sudan since 1983, and the emergence of a dominant military class in the country, sustained by international support and the indifference of the diplomatic corps. Link to publication
- [Armed violence involving community-based militias in greater Jonglei (January – August 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/armed-violence-involving-community-based-militias-in-greater-jonglei-january-august-2020/) - GENEVA/JUBA (15 March 2021) – The UN issued a report on Monday calling on the South Sudanese authorities to hold accountable the military and political figures who are supporting community-based militias in the Greater Jonglei region, in order to prevent further violence. Organised and heavily-armed community-based militias from the Dinka, Nuer and Murle communities carried
- [Local Content in Practice: Improving the Participation of South Sudanese in the Petroleum Industry](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-content-in-practice-improving-the-participation-of-south-sudanese-in-the-petroleum-industr/) - Publication Summary Local content requirements promote national capacity, employment, economic diversification, and economic growth (Kazzazi and Nouri 2012, Tordo et al., 2013). Local content develops capacities that link the oil and gas sector to other industries. While over 80% of the oil and gas sector’s workforce is South Sudanese, little is known about their earning
- [South Sudan’s Other War: Resolving the Insurgency in Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-other-war-resolving-the-insurgency-in-equatoria/) - A rebellion in Equatoria, South Sudan’s southernmost region, is undermining the already troubled peace between the main belligerents in its civil war. Mediators should push for a wider compact that accommodates Equatorian grievances and includes the insurgent general in talks about the country’s political future. What’s new? Despite a 2018 deal bringing South Sudan’s main warring
- [Situation in South Sudan - Report of the Secretary-General (S/2021/172)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/situation-in-south-sudan-report-of-the-secretary-general-s-2021-172/) - Introduction The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 2514 (2020), by which the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) to 15 March 2021 and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the Mission’s mandate every 90 days. The report covers political and security
- [Pragmatic Mobilities and Uncertain Lives: Agency and the Everyday Mobility of South Sudanese Refugees in Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/pragmatic-mobilities-and-uncertain-lives-agency-and-the-everyday-mobility-of-south-sudanese-refugees-in-uganda/) - Abstract This article investigates the pragmatic, everyday journeys of South Sudanese refugees in northern Uganda’s Palabek Refugee Settlement through a mobilities-focused analytical lens. Despite the repatriation of vast numbers of refugees, little is known about the diversity of refugees’ later movements. Recognition of this complexity is important. Although many of the South Sudanese interlocutors take
- [“Securitized” UK aid projects in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Nigeria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/securitized-uk-aid-projects-in-africa-evidence-from-kenya-nigeria-and-south-sudan/) - Abstract Motivation In 2020, the UK merged the Department for International Development (DFID) with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), as the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). This policy move strengthens the trend to securitize development, whereby the provision of aid is motivated by national security concerns. Purpose Many researchers have raised concerns about
- [Transitional Justice in South Sudan: A Case for Sustainable Peace, Accountability, Reconciliation and Healing](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-justice-in-south-sudan-a-case-for-sustainable-peace-accountability-reconciliation-and-healing/) - Publication Summary The justice versus peace dichotomy or lack thereof has spawned both legal practice and international law literature for decades. As the debate pertains to the application of transitional justice specifically against the backdrop of mass political violence or civil wars, some jurists, legal practitioners and other scholars suggest that, on the one hand,
- [Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility: Context Update Factsheet (October-December 2020)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-october-december-2020/) - This Context Update Factsheet aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision-making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors might interact with this context. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s analysis covers the period October-December 2020 and is based on
- [Chiefs’ Courts, Hunger, and Improving Humanitarian Programming in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chiefs-courts-hunger-and-improving-humanitarian-programming-in-south-sudan/) - This report explores the important role chiefs' courts play in food security and in addressing hunger in South Sudan by reallocating food to vulnerable community members. Their role is particularly important in view of famine and recurrent extreme food insecurity affecting South Sudan. The authors suggest that chief courts potentially offer useful data for famine
- [Conflict Sensitivity Analysis: United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) Protection of Civilian (PoC) Sites Transition: Bentiu, Unity State, and Malakal, Upper Nile State](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-analysis-united-nations-mission-in-south-sudan-unmiss-protection-of-civilian-poc-sites-transition-bentiu-unity-state-and-malakal-upper-nile-state-2/) - This Conflict Sensitivity Analysis (CSA) was requested by the Inter-Cluster Coordination Group in October 2020 and examines the conflict sensitivity implications of the transition of UN Protection of Civilian sites in Bentiu, Unity State, and Malakal, Upper Nile State, from sites under the protection of United Nations Mission in South Sudan to camps for internally
- [Exploring resource scarcity and contextual influences on wellbeing among young refugees in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement, Uganda: findings from a qualitative study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/exploring-resource-scarcity-and-contextual-influences-on-wellbeing-among-young-refugees-in-bidi-bidi-refugee-settlement-uganda-findings-from-a-qualitative-study/) - Background Contextual factors including poverty and inequitable gender norms harm refugee adolescent and youths’ wellbeing. Our study focused on Bidi Bidi refugee settlement that hosts more than 230,000 of Uganda’s 1.4 million refugees. We explored contextual factors associated with wellbeing among refugee adolescents and youth aged 16–24 in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement. Conclusions Resource scarcity
- [Sudan and South Sudan: an unamicable political divorce](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-and-south-sudan-an-unamicable-political-divorce/) - South Sudan became a juridical state in July 2011. Its statehood materialised after protracted north-south civil wars were brought to an end by the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). The CPA set forth self-rule for an interim period and a referendum on independence for the South Sudanese in January 2011. While the two states split
- [Feed management and utilization guidelines for pastoral and agropastoral areas](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/feed-management-and-utilization-guidelines-for-pastoral-and-agropastoral-areas/) - The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) developed these guidelines with the overall objective to protect and improve the productivity of the ruminant livestock species of South Sudan. Focussing on the best use of local feed resources, the guidelines mainly target livestock extension workers promoting livestock feed development good practices to pastoral
- [Housing, Land and Property (HLP) Challenges in South Sudan: January 2021](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/housing-land-and-property-hlp-challenges-in-south-sudan-january-2021/) - There are numerous issues that continue to undermine the full realisation of HLP rights for the people of South Sudan and HLP is recognized as a growing key protection concern across the country. The HLP Technical Working Group (HLP TWG) strives to ensure the integration of HLP rights and concerns in humanitarian responses, and to
- [Is Education a Pathway to Fostering Civicness and a Resilient Social Contract in Africa?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-education-a-pathway-to-fostering-civicness-and-a-resilient-social-contract-in-africa/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). We attempt in this paper to locate education not only in the peacebuilding debate,
- [Gender equality and civicness in higher education in South Sudan: debates from University of Juba circles](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-equality-and-civicness-in-higher-education-in-south-sudan-debates-from-university-of-juba-circles/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). If universities are to contribute to political transformation and civicness in conflict settings, they
- [The language policy in South Sudan: implications for educational development](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-language-policy-in-south-sudan-implications-for-educational-development/) - This report is part of the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). South Sudan’s independence in 2011 reopened the debate about the use of indigenous languages
- [Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-conflict-and-civicness-in-south-sudan-an-introduction/) - This is the introduction piece to the collection of publications on "Education, Conflict and Civicness in South Sudan", which is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Association (SSSA) and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The collection of essays is interested in exploring the political significance of unequal
- [Toward a Viable Future for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/toward-a-viable-future-for-south-sudan/) - What’s new? In February 2020, South Sudan’s two main belligerents began forming a unity government pursuant to a peace deal inked a year and a half earlier. But the pact is fragile, smaller conflicts are still ablaze and the threat of return to full-blown civil war remains. Why does it matter? Forthcoming elections could test the peace
- ["These walls have ears": The chilling effect of surveillance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/these-walls-have-ears-the-chilling-effect-of-surveillance-in-south-sudan/) - Executive Summary This report provides new insights into the surveillance capacity of the Government of South Sudan and the impact of how this is abusively deployed without safeguards. Cumulatively, electronic and physical surveillance –both in practice and perception –have created a pervasive climate of fear and self-censorship. While many human rights defenders continue to courageously
- [Sitting on a Time Bomb: Oil Pollution Impacts on Human Health in Melut County, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sitting-on-a-time-bomb-oil-pollution-impacts-on-human-health-in-melut-county-south-sudan/) - While South Sudan is endowed with 3.5 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, the exploitation of this natural wealth is turning into a catastrophe for some local communities, particularly in Melut County. Through focus group discussions, individual interviews, and field observations, the authors found the following: Many households in Paloch, Melut County, are in close
- [The Triumph of Democratic Institutions in the US: Lessons for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-triumph-of-democratic-institutions-in-the-us-lessons-for-south-sudan/) - The inauguration of President Joe Biden on the 20th of January 2021 is a triumph of democracy and democratic institutions in the United States. There were some genuine concerns that peaceful transfer of power might not happen for the first time in American history. President Trump’s refusal to concede the election he had genuinely lost,
- [The ‘Nuer of Dinka money’ and the demands of the dead: contesting the moral limits of monetised politics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-nuer-of-dinka-money-and-the-demands-of-the-dead-contesting-the-moral-limits-of-monetised-politics-in-south-sudan/) - This article critiques explanations of South Sudan’s armed conflicts since 2013 that have relied on over-simplified theories of identity or monetised politics. Instead, this article explores the renegotiation of the meanings of monetary exchanges in politics and the inter-linked remaking of political identities. Warring coalitions in South Sudan have mobilised support using different notions of
- [Contributing to people’s safety and peace in Cueibet, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/contributing-to-peoples-safety-and-peace-in-cueibet-south-sudan/) - Cueibet – a county in Lakes state – is the current epicentre of intra-communal violence in the state. Although most people living in the county are from the Gok Dinka sub-tribe, relations among people from various clans within the Gok Dinka have been conflict-ridden, exacerbated by an abundance of small arms and light weapons in
- [Enhancing people’s resilience in Northern Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-peoples-resilience-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - This brief provides a context update about the current situation in Northern Bahr el Ghazal –a county in northern South Sudan. The authors present safety and security challenges identified by communities, authorities and civil society such as food insecurity, gender-based violence, land and border disputes, weak justice systems and a lack of security services to turn to. They also provide recommendations for how best to
- [Social Connections and Displacement from South Sudan to Uganda: Towards a Relational Understanding of Survival during Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/social-connections-and-displacement-from-south-sudan-to-uganda-towards-a-relational-understanding-of-survival-during-conflict/) - Abstract South Sudanese fled their communities in large numbers following the outbreak of political violence in 2013, with an estimated 4.5 million forcibly displaced by mid-2018. Of neighbouring countries, Uganda hosts the greatest number of South Sudanese refugees. Based on qualitative data collected in 2018 and 2019 in two refugee settlements in the West Nile
- [Buffering State-making: Geopolitics in the Sudd Marshlands of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/buffering-state-making-geopolitics-in-the-sudd-marshlands-of-south-sudan/) - ABSTRACT This paper explores the history and ongoing transformation of the South Sudanese Sudd marshlands as a buffer zone in a variety of subsequent projects of domination and their sub-version. Its argument will be that the contemporary geopolitics of the Sudd cannot be understood properly without unwinding the historical layers of contestation and conflict around
- [Reappraising the effectiveness of intelligence methods of a violent non-state sovereignty: a case-study of the SPLA insurgency in the Sudan (1983 –2005)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reappraising-the-effectiveness-of-intelligence-methods-of-a-violent-non-state-sovereignty-a-case-study-of-the-spla-insurgency-in-the-sudan-1983-2005/) - ABSTRACT The development of Intelligence Studies has provided new and exciting insights into war, societies, ideologies, institutions, and even cultures and mindsets, even if the geographical reach of these studies has been largely limited to the West. One area that remains under-studied in general is that of insurgent intelligence, thereby underplaying the significance of a
- [Formulative Strategy: Why the African Union-led International Mediation in South Sudan Failed to Prevent Atrocity Crimes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/formulative-strategy-why-the-african-union-led-international-mediation-in-south-sudan-failed-to-prevent-atrocity-crimes/) - Abstract The puzzle of the African Union mediation is that it enjoys regional effectiveness in leading peace processes and yet often fails to prevent atrocity crimes. While existing studies focus on the lack of capacity to explain failures, the author draws on atrocity mediation literature that emphasizes coercive strategies for ripening to explore widely significant
- [Building a Foundation for Justice in South Sudan: An Agenda for the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGONU)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-a-foundation-for-justice-in-south-sudan-an-agenda-for-the-revitalized-transitional-government-of-national-unity-r-tgonu/) - Addressing the legacies of mass human rights violations is a daunting task for any society emerging from conflict. The challenges are all the more complex in South Sudan, where people have struggled with civil wars, state repression, and developmental neglect for generations. With the current conflict, transitional justice – or the range of judicial and
- [South Sudan: Justice Landscape Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-justice-landscape-assessment/) - Introduction This report presents the main findings of a justice landscape assessment that the Transitional Justice Working Group (TJWG) conducted between June and July 2020. In recent years, progress towards the Hybrid Court for South Sudan, as provided for in the September 2018 peace agreement, has stalled. Protracted delays in implementing the peace agreement, ongoing
- [No Time to Mourn: An anthology by South Sudanese Women](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-time-to-mourn-an-anthology-by-south-sudanese-women/) - No Time to Mourn is a collection of short stories, poems, artwork and photography penned, produced and presented by South Sudanese women. It reflects the lives of the women writers and artists, and at the same time gives voice to the very real lived experiences and lives of every woman of South Sudanese heritage. The
- [Violence, Globalization and the Trade in "ethnographic" Artefacts in nineteenth-century Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-globalization-and-the-trade-in-ethnographic-artefacts-in-nineteenth-century-sudan/) - Abstract This article explores the links between African artefacts in European museum collections and the slave and ivory trade in Sudan in the nineteenth century. It examines how ‘ethnographic’ collections were acquired from southern Sudan and how this process was entangled with the expansion of predatory commerce. Presenting evidence from contemporary travel accounts, museum archives
- [The problem of the missing dead](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-problem-of-the-missing-dead/) - Abstract This article examines what scholars can learn about civilian killings from newswire data in situations of non-random missingness. It contributes to this understanding by offering a unique view of the data-generation process in the South Sudanese civil war. Drawing on 40 hours of interviews with 32 human rights advocates, humanitarian workers, and journalists who
- [Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility: Context Update Factsheet (January-March 2021)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-resource-facility-context-update-factsheet-january-march-2021/) - This Context Update Factsheet aims to support a conflict-sensitive approach to decision-making by aid actors and policy makers in South Sudan through an improved understanding of South Sudan’s context, conflict dynamics and how aid actors might interact with this context. The Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility’s analysis covers the period January-March 2021 and is based on
- [Enhancing peace, safety and security in Maridi, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-peace-safety-and-security-in-maridi-south-sudan/) - In this brief Saferworld provides a context update about the current situation in Maridi – one of eight counties in Western Equatoria in South Sudan. Saferworld presents safety and security challenges for communities, local government, sub-national and national governments as well as the international community to consider and we provide recommendations for how best to
- [South Sudan: Hussein Abdel Bagi deepens his control of the borderland](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-hussein-abdel-bagi-deepens-his-control-of-the-borderland/) - Key points • Since Salva Kiir appointed Hussein Abdel Abgi as one of his five vice-presidents he has strengthened his control over the borderland region between South Sudan and Sudan, now occupying political space previously filled by Paul Malong (former SPLA Chief of Staff). • Abdel Bagi has deepened his control of the re-formed Northern
- [Violence, Crime and Gender in South Sudan: Reflections from the Field on Militias and Gangs](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-crime-and-gender-in-south-sudan-reflections-from-the-field-on-militias-and-gangs/) - Summary This research paper reflects on the myriad ways in which militarised and criminalised forms of authority in South Sudan, specifically militias and gangs interpret norms around gender equality and the prevention of gender-based violence (GBV). It is founded on extended local fieldwork conducted throughout the first half of 2019 across four field locations, including:
- [The Normative Agency of Regional Organizations and Non‐governmental Organizations in International Peace Mediation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-normative-agency-of-regional-organizations-and-non‐governmental-organizations-in-international-peace-mediation/) - Abstract This article analyzes the increasingly prominent role of regional organizations (ROs) and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting norms in mediation processes. In particular, the authors seek to understand the processes by which RO and NGO mediators promote the inclusivity norm to negotiating parties and the outcomes that result. The authors employ the concepts of
- [Women, Peace and Security: Prevention and Resolution of Communal Conflicts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-peace-and-security-prevention-and-resolution-of-communal-conflicts/) - Introduction Communal violence has attracted both research and policy attention in recent years. Global developments, such as climate change and its aggravating effects on farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria, election violence in India and Kenya, or attempts by UN peacekeepers to protect civilians from attacks by communal militias in Mali and South Sudan have brought such
- [MOVEMENT PATTERNS AND HUMANITARIAN NEEDS IN SOUTH SUDAN: SCENARIOS](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/movement-patterns-and-humanitarian-needs-in-south-sudan-scenarios/) - Possible developments of movement and settlement patterns and humanitarian needs in the next six months (January - June 2021) after the redesignation of the Protection of Civilians sites. Download
- [South Sudan’s latest peace deal has been lauded as a milestone in the country’s long road to peace and stability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-latest-peace-deal-has-been-lauded-as-a-milestone-in-the-countrys-long-road-to-peace-and-stability/) - Abstract South Sudan’s latest peace deal has been lauded as a milestone in the country’s long road to peace and stability. The Revitalised Agreement for the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) outlines power-sharing arrangements between rivals President Salva Kiir and main rebel/opposition leader Riek Machar, and provides a blueprint for a sustainable peace
- [“What Crime Was I Paying For?” Abuses by South Sudan’s National Security Service](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-crime-was-i-paying-for-abuses-by-south-sudans-national-security-service/) - Summary South Sudan’s National Security Service (NSS) was established in 2011, after the country gained independence. The 2011 Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, mandates the NSS to collect information, conduct analysis, and advise relevant authorities. But since its establishment, the NSS has gone much further than merely collecting information. Within months of
- [The South Sudan National Dialogue: What Next?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-south-sudan-national-dialogue-what-next/) - Introduction On December 14, 2016, South Sudan’s President, Salva Kiir Mayardit, declared the National Dialogue (ND) process and appointed eminent personalities and civil society representatives to lead it. At the time, the second spell of the civil conflict was raging in parts of Upper Nile, Equatoria, and Bahr el Ghazal regions. Numerous attempts by the
- [Impact Evaluation Report on MFA-NCA Scholarships Programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/impact-evaluation-report-on-mfa-nca-scholarships-programme/) - Brief introduction This Consultancy Report of MFA/NCA Scholarship Programme for young South Sudanese covers the period 2004 to 2019. The evaluation assessed the impact of the MFA/NCA scholarship programme on South Sudan Society since 2004 including the period after independence of South Sudan. The MFA/NCA Scholarships under the evaluation consists of the Women Scholarship Programme
- [The Establishment of the African Union Hybrid Court for South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-establishment-of-the-african-union-hybrid-court-for-south-sudan/) - Introduction On August 25, Transitional Justice Working Group of South Sudan, Human Rights Watch, and Institute for Security Studies held a webinar for the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) members and other officials to discuss the urgency for the establishment of the AU Hybrid Court for South Sudan, as a key factor
- [Insights from Surveys on Business and Enterprises in South Sudan: Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/insights-from-surveys-on-business-and-enterprises-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses jobs in businesses and NGOs in the towns of South Sudan. It is based on a 2019 business survey that includes informal and micro enterprises, as well as a dedicated survey of foreign-owned businesses. The business community is typical of a low-income post-conflict country, but with a particularly weak productive sector and
- [Reviving Markets and Market-Linked Agriculture in South Sudan : Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reviving-markets-and-market-linked-agriculture-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses the state of markets and of jobs in market-linked agriculture in the towns of South Sudan. It is based on a 2019 market trader survey end extensive qualitative work. Agriculture provides most urban livelihoods, and there is high potential for raising production. However, insecurity has disrupted all elements of agricultural markets, from
- [Job Outcomes in the Towns of South Sudan: Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/job-outcomes-in-the-towns-of-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan/) - This study assesses jobs outcomes in the towns of South Sudan, based on a 2017 household survey and a dedicated 2019 youth jobs survey. It discusses how years of conflict have touched nearly all livelihoods, leaving few productive jobs, and causing high poverty. Most urban households diversify their job activities little, and rely on household
- [South Sudan’s devastating floods: why there is a need for urgent resilience measures](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-devastating-floods-why-there-is-a-need-for-urgent-resilience-measures/) - This review explores the magnitude of this year’s flood and its impacts in Bor Town. We used a boat to get us around the town surveying the extent of flood water and measuring its depth in the streets and in the residential neighborhoods. We also used the GPS to capture the geographical coordinates submerged under
- [Newly evolving pastoral and post-pastoral rangelands of Eastern Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/newly-evolving-pastoral-and-post-pastoral-rangelands-of-eastern-africa/) - Abstract Over the past two decades, the rangelands of Eastern Africa have experienced sweeping changes associated with growing human populations, shifting land use, expanding livestock marketing and trade, and greater investment by domestic and global capital. These trends have coincided with several large shocks that were turning points for how rangeland inhabitants make a living.
- [Community Engagement in  UN Peacekeeping Operations: A People-Centered Approach to Protecting Civilians](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/community-engagement-in-un-peacekeeping-operations-a-people-centered-approach-to-protecting-civilians/) - As the practice of the protection of civilians (POC) has evolved in peacekeeping missions, the UN has increasingly focused on “people-centered” approaches. As a result, community engagement has emerged as a core component of POC efforts. By engaging with communities, missions can build trust, gather information, and build a protective environment, ultimately improving their ability
- [Fluid States and Rigid Boundaries on the East Bank of the Nile in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fluid-states-and-rigid-boundaries-on-the-east-bank-of-the-nile-in-south-sudan/) - The R-ARCSS was designed as an all-encompassing package of measures that would help end the civil war in South Sudan. Yet, in reality it does not efficiently address some of the root causes of the conflict. More than addressing those in a manner that connects both bottom-up and top-down drivers of tension, it focuses on
- [Addressing the security needs of adolescent girls in protracted crises: Inclusive, responsive, and effective?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/addressing-the-security-needs-of-adolescent-girls-in-protracted-crises-inclusive-responsive-and-effective/) - ABSTRACT Adolescent girls face significant and often unique forms of insecurity in protracted crises. Yet, their specific needs tend to be overlooked by international agencies, and they are rarely consulted as programs are developed and implemented. Drawing from field research conducted in four crisis contexts—Lake Chad (Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon), South Sudan and Uganda, Lebanon
- [No safe place: Prevalence and correlates of violence against conflict-affected women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-safe-place-prevalence-and-correlates-of-violence-against-conflict-affected-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Abstract Background Conflict and humanitarian crises increase the risk of both intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence against women and girls. The authors measured the prevalence and risk factors of different forms of violence against women and girls in South Sudan, which has suffered decades of conflict, most recently in 2013. Methods A population-based
- [Reformsunder the R-ARCSScould become mere Transitions without Democratic Change](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reformsunder-the-r-arcsscould-become-mere-transitions-without-democratic-change/) - This policy brief rings alarm bells for the parties to the R-ARCSS, its guarantors,and civil society actors that unless certain actions are urgently taken, reforms under the revitalized peace agreement may fail to yield positive change in facilitating South Sudan’s transition to constitutional democracy, peace and national unity. What follows is a summary of main
- [The Macroeconomic Environment for Jobs in South Sudan : Jobs, Recovery, and Peacebuilding in Urban South Sudan - Technical Report II](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-macroeconomic-environment-for-jobs-in-south-sudan-jobs-recovery-and-peacebuilding-in-urban-south-sudan-technical-report-ii/) - This study assesses the macro-fiscal framework for jobs in South Sudan, working with the limited macro-fiscal data available on the fiscal years 2019 and 2020. The macroeconomic environment can hardly be more difficult for South Sudanese looking to make a living. For workers, the dramatic contraction of non-oil output since the beginning of the conflict
- [The Triple Nexus in South Sudan: Learning from Local Opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-triple-nexus-in-south-sudan-learning-from-local-opportunities/) - Abstract South Sudan is a poignant case study for understanding the opportunities as well as the more controversial ideas within the Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus. The characteristics of the protracted crisis in the country, its root causes and the long-standing experience with a pragmatic, integrated approach on community level make the Triple Nexus for local actors an
- [Sustaining the Women, Peace, and Security Agenda: The Role of UN Peacekeeping in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sustaining-the-women-peace-and-security-agenda-the-role-of-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/) - Abstract Peacebuilding is less likely to succeed without the participation and consideration of women. In the last two decades, peace operations deployed on the African continent under the banner of the United Nations and the African Union have included mandates focused on strengthening women’s participation in peace processes, ensuring the protection of women and girls,
- [Lessons in Failure: Peacebuilding in Sudan/South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-in-failure-peacebuilding-in-sudan-south-sudan/) - Abstract Common to most protracted conflicts that relapse into war is a disconnect between elites and local communities, which typically suffer the most when the former undermine peace agreements to further their own narrow interests. The central argument in this chapter, drawing heavily on the recent history of Sudan/South Sudan and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement
- [Strengthening community resilience in conflict: learnings from the Partners for Resilience programme](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/strengthening-community-resilience-in-conflict-learnings-from-the-partners-for-resilience-programme-2/) - This report describes the main findings and recommendations of research carried out for the Partners for Resilience (PfR) alliance on how the PfR programme is affected by – or may affect – conflict. Although PfR works in different conflict-affected countries and contexts, it does not address conflict or insecurity explicitly. This is potentially problematic for
- [WOMEN LEADING LOCALLY: Exploring women’s leadership in humanitarian action in Bangladesh and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/women-leading-locallyexploring-womens-leadership-in-humanitarian-action-in-bangladesh-and-south-sudan/) - This report examines women’s leadership in locally led humanitarian action with case studies from Bangladesh and South Sudan. It seeks to understand whether and how local humanitarian leadership (LHL)—with its transfer of resources and power to local and national humanitarian actors (LNHAs)—can promote or constrain women’s leadership. Download
- [Guidance framework for understanding different forms of violence and their implications in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/guidance-framework-for-understanding-different-forms-of-violence-and-their-implications-in-sout/) - This guidance framework is the output of discussions involving representatives from operational aid agencies and groups in South Sudan. The purpose of this guidance framework is: 1. To facilitate more nuanced understanding of organised violence in South Sudan and address potentially misleading use of catch-all terms (e.g. ‘inter-communal violence’ or ‘cattle raiding’) 2. To facilitate
- [Adjusting Terminology for Organised Violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/adjusting-terminology-for-organised-violence-in-south-sudan/) - February 2020 saw the formation of the executive of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU). Since then fighting between the signatories to the Revitalised Agreement on Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (RARCSS) has been significantly reduced, as parties broadly respect the ceasefire. However, although the agreement largely brought an end to
- [Breaking Out of the Borderlands: Understanding migrant pathways in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/breaking-out-of-the-borderlands-understanding-migrant-pathways-in-northern-bahr-el-ghazal-south-sudan/) - Breaking Out of the Borderlands is the second report by Dr Nicki Kindersley and Joseph Diing Majok on South Sudan’s changing borderland economy. The first report in the series—Monetized Livelihoods and militarized Labour in South Sudan’s Borderlands—described the protracted state of social and economic crisis that has gripped the borderland region of Northern Bahr el-Ghazal.
- [South Sudan’s demography – Looking to 2050](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-demography-looking-to-2050/) - The population dynamics presented in this paper have serious implications for South Sudan’s human development and political stability. Using census data and UN estimates, this briefing paper highlights South Sudan’s recent demographic patterns and trends, starting in 2008 into 2050. The projections presented are based on an exponential growth regime, and the analysis seeks to
- [Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violenceagainst women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nowhere-to-go-disclosure-and-help-seeking-behaviors-for-survivors-of-violenceagainst-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Abstract Background: Despite high rates of violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and humanitariancontexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support r services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police). Methods: This paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and
- [Conflict Sensitivity Analysis: Considerations for the Humanitarian Response in Mangalla](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-sensitivity-analysis-considerations-for-the-humanitarian-response-in-mangalla/) - The extensive flooding in South Sudan in 2020 has led to significant displacement across the country. Over the past few months, there has been a large influx of primarily flood-affected Dinka into the Mangalla area, in the northern part of Juba County, Central Equatoria. While many of these Internally Displaced People (IDPs) were displaced by
- [Trading Grains in South Sudan: Stories of opportunities, shocks and changing tastes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trading-grains-in-south-sudan-stories-of-opportunities-shocks-and-changing-tastes/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [Security sector spending and public safety in South Sudan, 2006–2018](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/security-sector-spending-and-public-safety-in-south-sudan-2006-2018/) - Abstract This analysis draws from security and state spending data to measure the human security experience in South Sudan. The results show amore volatile security environment following independence. Defence expenditure and human security, as measured in the number of insecurity episodes, are unrelated. Descriptive evidence indicates that human security and security expenditure tend to vary
- [Dynamics of National and Local Conflicts in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dynamics-of-national-and-local-conflicts-in-south-sudan/) - South Sudan has experienced an upsurge in armed violence since March 2020. While not yet threatening the newly formed revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity, the new fighting in various parts of the country has the potential to severely hamper the already fragile transitional process the country is currently undertaking. In this policy brief, Christopher
- [Civil Wars in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/civil-wars-in-sudan-and-south-sudan/) - Definition: This article revisits debates about the root causes of civil wars with the aim of providing a coherent framework for addressing such drivers and building sustainable peace. It is argued in this article that the civil war is better explained by the absence of resilient social contract rather than the dominant theoretical perspectives that
- [Back on their feet: The role of PoCs in South Sudan and the potential for returning ‘home’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/back-on-their-feet-the-role-of-pocs-in-south-sudan-and-the-potential-for-returning-home/) - On the 4 September 2020, the Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG) in South Sudan announced in a press conference that UNMISS had begun to ‘progressively withdraw its troops and police from the Bor and Wau PoCs’, and to redesignate the sites ‘no longer PoC sites but camps for internally displaced people (IDP) under
- [Local Peace Agreement in Abyei: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-peace-agreement-in-abyei-achievements-challenges-and-opportunities/) - Executive Summary Executive SummaryIn February 2016, after a series of meetings between Ngok Dinka and Misseriya chiefs, a peace agreement was signed in Noong (west of Abyei). The local mediation was initiated in 2015 by Chief Nyuon Pagot, after a lack of cooperation between the two communities since the 2011 Abyei conflict. During this period,
- [Fuelling Poverty: The challenges of accessing energy among urban households in Juba, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/fuelling-poverty-the-challenges-of-accessing-energy-among-urban-households-in-juba-south-sudan/) - In South Sudan, access to energy is crucial for survival, recovery and resilience in what is an extremely challenging economic and security environment. Fuelling Poverty—a product of the Energy on the Move project—examines the challenges of meeting everyday energy needs for the urban population of Juba. Recent urbanisation, conflict and economic crisis have fundamentally reshaped
- [Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children: Prevention and Response Services in Uganda’s Refugee-Hosting Districts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-based-violence-and-violence-against-children-prevention-and-response-services-in-ugandas-refugee-hosting-districts/) - KAMPALA, October 8, 2020—Displaced communities and those that host large numbers of refugees face high risks of violence, including sexual exploitation and abuse, according to a new World Bank assessment. The recently-launched study, Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children: Prevention and Response Services in Uganda’s Refugee-Hosting Districts shows that identifying negative impacts that could result
- [The Cowardly Man Raises his Children: Refugee Gang Violence and Masculine Norms in Cairo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-cowardly-man-raises-his-children-refugee-gang-violence-and-masculine-norms-in-cairo/) - Sudanese, South Sudanese, and African refugee communities in Cairo, Egypt have raised the issue of gang violence as a major concern for their communities for over a decade. Despite the damaging effects violence has on refugee communities, humanitarian organizations in Cairo have only launched a limited number of interventions to address gang violence due its
- [Synthesis of Evaluations in South Sudan:Lessons Learned for Engagement inFragile and Conflict-Affected States](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/synthesis-of-evaluations-in-south-sudanlessons-learned-for-engagement-infragile-and-conflict-affected-states/) - South Sudan is one the largest recipients of official development assistance. Given the complexity of the operational environment, there is a need to learn from the lessons gained to-date. This article seeks to enable better-informed decision making based on a synthesis from humanitarian and development evaluation reports, which offer insight for engagement in other fragile
- [Population movement baseline report: Movement and displacement in South Sudan, 1983-2019](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/population-movement-baseline-report-movement-and-displacement-in-south-sudan-1983-2019/) - Since the Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983, South Sudan has seen significant levels of displacement driven by conflict, resource stress, climate shocks, and disease. Movement, already an endemic feature of life in South Sudan, has enabled many South Sudanese households or household members to escape or mitigate years of shocks, but those deciding to
- [The Political Practice of Peacekeeping: How strategies for Peace Operations are developed and implemented](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-political-practice-of-peacekeeping-how-strategies-for-peace-operations-are-developed-and-implemented/) - The 2018 Action for Peacekeeping Declaration (A4P) commits UN peace operations to pursue political objectives based on integrated strategies and solutions. This emphasis on political solutions echoes the widely-accepted mantra of the High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO), which proposed that peace operations undergo a fundamental shift towards the primacy of politics. While there
- [Lost in Translation: The interaction between international humanitarian aid and South Sudanese accountability systems](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-in-translation-the-interaction-between-international-humanitarian-aid-and-south-sudanese-accountability-systems/) - This CSRF study explores the disconnect between local, South Sudanese conceptions of accountability and the international, formalised Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP) framework. In South Sudan, ‘accountability’ is based on reciprocity, in which an individual or group provides support to another, in the expectation that the recipient will reciprocate their support at a later date.
- [UN Security Council Briefing on South Sudan by Nyachangkuoth Rambang Tai](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-security-council-briefing-on-south-sudan-by-nyachangkuoth-rambang-tai/) - Nyachangkuoth Rambang Tai, representing the organization Assistance Mission for Africa, was invited to provide a civil society perspective and recommendations when the Security Council met to discuss the situation in South Sudan. The NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security facilitated her statement but she did not speak on behalf of the NGOWG. Download
- [The Politics of Criminal Accountability and Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-criminal-accountability-and-peacebuilding-in-south-sudan/) - Introduction Transitional Justice Mechanisms, including the establishment of a Hybrid Court for South Sudan (HCSS), were incorporated as part of the September 2018 Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS). Chapter Five of the R-ARCSS was a blueprint for the state to deal with its past, address impunity, and to
- [Priorities for Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/priorities-for-peace-in-south-sudan/) - Executive Summary South Sudan’s peace process remains in intensive care, its health dependent on continual attention from its external sponsors, namely neighboring governments and the international community. This is not sustainable. At worst, it provides opportunities for the military and political elite to continue to run the country in pursuit of their own interests. At
- [The Effectiveness of Nutrition Education for Care Takers at Al-Sabah Children Hospital in Patient Therapeutic Feeding Center, Juba South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-effectiveness-of-nutrition-education-for-care-takers-at-al-sabah-children-hospital-in-patient-therapeutic-feeding-center-juba-south-sudan/) - Abstract: Background: A key part of treating and preventing malnutrition is the provision of effective nutrition education to the clients and caretakers so that they can self-manage their nutrition needs even after discharge from the hospital. For effective nutrition education,three factors are paramount; The successful transfer of knowledge and skills, client motivation to act on
- [Diversity and distribution of medicinal plants in the republic of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/diversity-and-distribution-of-medicinal-plants-in-the-republic-of-south-sudan/) - Abstract This review paper focuses on knowledge, skill, practices, benefits, and experiences pertaining to use of plants as medicinal aids to help, prevent or treat physical and mental illnesses in human in African continent especially South Sudan. Attitudes towards traditional medicine vary strongly with the tradition and cultures of the people and this has raised
- [Access to basic needs and services in South Sudan: Scenarios](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/access-to-basic-needs-and-services-in-south-sudan-scenarios/) - Introduction Problem statement South Sudan has witnessed intermittent civil war and widespread communal and localised violence since gaining independence in 2011. 7.5 million people, 64% of the population, are in need of humanitarian assistance. Taking into account a range of variables that affect South Sudanese access to basic needs and services, these scenarios consider developments
- [Rethinking Transitional Justice in South Sudan: Critical Perspectives on Justice and Reconciliation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-transitional-justice-in-south-sudan-critical-perspectives-on-justice-and-reconciliation/) - The horrific violations committed in South Sudan’s civil war led to the establishment of mechanisms ensuring the prosecution of serious crimes and reconciliation within communities shattered by war. Through a peace deal, three mutually supportive but independent institutions of transitional justice were formed: The Commission for Truth, Reconciliation and Healing, The Hybrid Court for South
- [Patchwork States: The Localization of State Territoriality on the South Sudan-Uganda Border, 1914-2014](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/patchwork-states-the-localization-of-state-territoriality-on-the-south-sudan-uganda-border-1914-2014/) - Abstract This paper takes a localized conflict over a non-demarcated stretch of the Uganda–South Sudan boundary in 2014 as a starting point for examining the history of territorial state formation on either side of this border since its colonial creation in 1914. It argues that the conflict was an outcome of the long-term constitution of
- [Pastoralism and Conflict in the Sudano-Sahel: A Review of the Literature](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/pastoralism-and-conflict-in-the-sudano-sahel-a-review-of-the-literature/) - Across the African continent, 268 million people practice pastoralism, both as a way of life and a livelihood strategy, contributing between 10 to 44 percent of the GDP of African countries. In recent years, this adaptive animal production system has faced growing external threats due to issues such as climate change, political instability, agricultural expansion,
- [THE CURRENCY OF CONNECTIONS: Why Do Social Connections Matter for Household Resilience in South Sudan?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-currencyof-connections-why-do-social-connections-matter-for-household-resilience-in-south-sudan/) - In protracted crises where there are weak or nonexistent formal governance structures, people depend heavily on local systems—both social and economic—to get by. Communities themselves are often the first responders in a crisis, reacting long before humanitarian actors arrive. This report examines how social connections during times of crisis enable populations to manage shocks and
- [War and Schooling in South Sudan, 2013-2016](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/war-and-schooling-in-south-sudan-2013-2016/) - Abstract: South Sudan was embroiled in a civil war from mid-December 2013 to mid-September 2018. Nearly 400,000 people died, and several million were displaced. The economy nearly collapsed as the nation’s output was severely reduced, causing inflation to soar. While prior research on the immediate humanitarian crisis in South Sudan has focused on forced displacement
- [Is development aid to strengthen health systems during protracted conflict a useful investment? The case of South Sudan, 2011–2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/is-development-aid-to-strengthen-health-systems-during-protracted-conflict-a-useful-investment-the-case-of-south-sudan-2011-2015/) - Introduction Is achievement of Sustainable DevelopmentGoal (SDG) 16 (building peaceful societies) a precondition for achieving SDG 3 (health and well-being in allsocieties, including conflict-affected countries)? Do healthsystem investments in conflict-affected countries wasteresources or benefit the public’s health? To answer these questions, we examine the maternal, newborn, child and reproductive health (MNCRH) service provision during protracted
- [Violence against adolescent girls: Trends and lessons for East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-against-adolescent-girls-trends-and-lessons-for-east-africa/) - Adolescence is a crucial and defining stage in a girl’s life. However, girls around the world too often face unique risks of gender discrimination and gender-based violence (GBV), including sexual violence, human trafficking, forced marriage and sexual exploitation and abuse. This is particularly the case in humanitarian settings, where girls’ already-limited access to vital services
- [Trafficking in Persons in South Sudan: Prevalence, Challenges and Responses](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trafficking-in-persons-in-south-sudan-prevalence-challenges-and-responses/) - The report “Trafficking in Persons in South Sudan: Prevalence, Responses and Challenges” analyzes the nature of trafficking in persons in the country, its forms, challenges and the legal gaps in the present legal framework in South Sudan. It provides recommendations that the Technical Taskforce and its partners are set to address. TIP is a heinous
- [Nutrition in Africa’s drylands: a conceptual framework for addressing acute malnutrition](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nutrition-in-africas-drylands-a-conceptual-framework-for-addressing-acute-malnutrition/) - The UNICEF conceptual framework of the causes of malnutrition has been widely adopted across both development and humanitarian spheres. However, there are key elements of the framework that require urgent re-emphasis and updating. There are also significant gaps in the framework itself related to the systemic drivers of acute malnutrition. These gaps limit the framework’s
- [The Politics of Numbers On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005–2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-numbers-on-security-sector-reform-in-south-sudan-2005-2020/) - The Politics of Numbers: On Security Sector Reform in South Sudan, 2005-2020 is the first comprehensive study of what has happened to South Sudan's military forces since the end of the Sudanese second civil war in 2005. Based on extensive fieldwork in the country, the report argues that all of the international community's efforts to create
- [Remediating South Sudan’s War-induced Petroleum Environmental Damage: Environmental baseline Conditions and Current Impacts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/remediating-south-sudans-war-induced-petroleum-environmental-damage-environmental-baseline-conditions-and-current-impacts/) - Publication Summary This paper reviews the existing literature to determine the adequacy of evidence and extent of the environmental impacts in the oil producing areas in South Sudan. The following is revealed: Evidence from previous studies shows that there is a serious environmental and social disaster in the three oil producing areas, even though such evidence does
- [The Future and Implementation of the R-ARCSS in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-future-and-implementation-of-the-r-arcss-in-south-sudan/) - In this selection of articles on the Future and Implementation of the R-ARCSS in South Sudan scholars/experts including Christopher Zambakari, Remember Miamingi, Peter Adwok Nyaba and Jok Madut Jok explore the R-ARCSS and its implementation by focusing on different issues such as the delays in the implementation of the agreement, the security sector reform, and
- [Localization across contexts: Lessons learned from four case studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localization-across-contexts-lessons-learned-from-four-case-studies/) - The Feinstein International Center, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University and Save the Children Denmark conducted research on the localization of humanitarian action in several different contexts—Indonesia following the 2018 earthquake in Sulawesi, and the Horn of Africa, specifically humanitarian situations in Kenya, Somalia, and South Sudan. The goal was to
- [Spear masters and mechanisms of conflict resolution/ reconciliation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/spear-masters-and-mechanisms-of-conflict-resolution-reconciliation-in-south-sudan/) - The following short sections point at some aspects of spear masters and their role in mechanisms of conflict resolution/reconciliation in South Sudan. The document has a focus on spear masters and Dinka communities. However, important aspects are similar/relevant also in other communities. Link to publication
- [Refugee Livelihoods: A Comparative Analysis of Nairobi and Kakuma Camp in Kenya](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refugee-livelihoods-a-comparative-analysis-of-nairobi-and-kakuma-camp-in-kenya/) - This open access article on refugee livelihoods also focusses on South Sudanese refugees living in Kenia. Abstract While the literature on refugee livelihoods is growing, there is a lack of comparative studies of their livelihood strategies in relation to their host communities and their living locations. Drawing upon fieldwork in Kakuma camp and Nairobi in
- [Quantifying climate change relevant humanitarian programming and spending across five highly disaster vulnerable countries](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/quantifying-climate-change-relevant-humanitarian-programming-and-spending-across-five-highly-disaster-vulnerable-countries/) - This open access articles focusses on climate change relevant humanitarian programming in South Sudan and Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia and Syria. Abstract Climate change is increasing the severity and frequency of natural hazards and associated disasters worldwide, yet there is little data tracking how and whether it is being addressed by humanitarian assistance programs. Using publicly
- [Oil, risk, and regional politics in East Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oil-risk-and-regional-politics-in-east-africa/) - Abstract Resource nationalism, political disputes between national and local authorities over revenue sharing, and insecurity, are common country level political risks in Africa's oil and gas industries. But the boom decade gave new significance to regional risk. High international oil prices between 2004 and 2014 incentivized exploration and development in frontier countries and led to
- [Transition Without Transformation: The Legacy of Sudan’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transition-without-transformation-the-legacy-of-sudans-comprehensive-peace-agreement/) - Abstract In recent years, the transitional justice framework has expanded to include a broader notion of transformative justice, which strives for socio-political reform in addition to legal accountability. Over the course of two civil wars, Sudan has grappled with various attempts at transition and transformation with mixed results. Though the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement brought
- [Severe acute malnutrition treatment delivered by low-literate community health workers in South Sudan: A prospective cohort study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/severe-acute-malnutrition-treatment-delivered-by-low-literate-community-health-workers-in-south-sudan-a-prospective-cohort-study/) - Background Community health worker (CHW)-delivered acute malnutrition treatment programs have been tested previously, but not with low-literate/-numerate cadres who operate in areas with the highest malnutrition burden and under-five mortality rates. The International Rescue Committee developed low-literacy-adapted tools and treatment protocol to enable low-literate/-numerate community-based distributors (CBD, the CHW cadre in South Sudan) to treat
- [South Sudanese Perceptions of Justice: The Terrain Trial](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanese-perceptions-of-justice-the-terrain-trial/) - During an outbreak of violence in July 2016, a South Sudanese journalist was killed and international aid workers were brutally raped by government soldiers at the Terrain compound in South Sudan. Following intense international pressure, 11 soldiers were found guilty of various crimes by a specially created military court martial in 2018. As the first
- [An assessment of economic and environmental impacts of refugees in Nakivale, Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/an-assessment-of-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-refugees-in-nakivale-uganda/) - Uganda is one of the leading host countries for refugees in the East and Horn of Africa. Uganda’s location among instable neighbouring countries and its open door policy to refugees has seen a big number of refugees flowing into the country from Southern Sudan, Rwanda, Somalia, Burundi, Eritrea, Kenya, Ethiopia and Democratic Republic of Congo.
- [Advocating for Inclusive Security in Restricted Civic Spaces in Africa: Lessons learned from Burundi, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Niger, Somalia/Somaliland, and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/advocating-for-inclusive-security-in-restricted-civic-spaces-in-africa-lessons-learned-from-burundi-central-african-republic-ethiopia-niger-somalia-somaliland-and-south-sudan/) - Civil society has a vital role in advocating for inclusive, people-centred security provision which meets the everyday safety and security needs of all. This is especially crucial in fragile and conflict-affected contexts, characterized by high levels of insecurity. Restricted civic space shackles civil society’s ability to engage and influence. Despite this, civil society in Burundi,
- [Bridge Builders: Strengthening the role of local faith actors in humanitarian response in South Sudan: A two-way model for sharing capacity and strengthening a localised response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/bridge-builders-strengthening-the-role-of-local-faith-actors-in-humanitarian-response-in-south-sudan-a-two-way-model-for-sharing-capacity-and-strengthening-a-localised-response/) - This report outlines and analyses the implementation of the Bridge Builder Model. This is a two-way, capacity-sharing model aimed at bringing together local faith actors (LFAs) and international humanitarian actors to increase understanding, trust, coordination and collaboration. The model was developed by the Bridging the Gap Consortium (Tearfund UK, Tearfund Belgium, Tearfund in South Sudan,
- [South Sudan and climate change trends – Looking to 2050](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-and-climate-change-trends-looking-to-2050/) - The effects of climate change are expected to be greatest in the Horn of Africa countries, particularly those, such as South Sudan, whose populations are reliant on rain-fed agricultural production to meet their food and income needs. As one of the least developed countries in the world, South Sudan’s population is dependent on climate sensitive
- [The (self) protection of civilians in South Sudan: Popular and community justice practices](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-self-protection-of-civilians-in-south-sudan-popular-and-community-justice-practices/) - Over the past decade, a body of scholarship on civilian self-protection (CSP) has emerged, advancing understandings of civilian agency in war. In this article, the authors argue that CSP has been conceptualized in a narrow manner, reflecting the nascent status of the field. Scholars have focused on responses to threats directly related to the dynamics
- [The new South Sudanese Cabinet:  Ministerial appointments in the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity—SPLM, SPLA-IO, and SSOA](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-new-south-sudanese-cabinet-ministerial-appointments-in-the-revitalized-transitional-government-of-national-unity-splm-spla-io-and-ssoa/) - This briefing provides information about members of the new Cabinet in South Sudan. The Mapping Actors and Alliances Project in South Sudan (MAAPSS) provides current information on over 400 actors, and charts connections among political and military alliances and armed groups. Download
- [Briefing Paper: A Missing Mandate - Casualty Recording in UN Peace Operations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-a-missing-mandate-casualty-recording-in-un-peace-operations/) - This Briefing Paper examines how UN peace operations are using casualty data to enhance the implementation of key elements of their mandates, including the protection of civilians (PoC), the promotion and protection of human rights, and conflict prevention, thereby contributing to achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16.1: ‘Significantly reduce all forms of violence and
- [Lessons for health programme delivery in fragile and conflict-affected states](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-for-health-programme-delivery-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-states/) - This helpdesk report reviews the lessons learned from the delivery of health programmes in a conflict-sensitive way including in South Sudan. Recommendations on conflict sensitivity and health programming identified in this review include: coordination between governments and implementing agencies, training for healthcare staff in conflict sensitivity, health and hygiene promotion for refugees and social cohesion
- [South Sudan's Changing Tastes: Conflict, displacement and food imports](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-changing-tastes-conflict-displacement-and-food-imports/) - Over the past four decades, most South Sudanese people have begun buying staple foods rather than eating self-grown grains and tubers. This is part of a wider move towards markets, closely connected to South Sudan’s first encounters with modernity in the nineteenth century, as well as the conflicts and mass displacements of the past fifty
- [Hollow Promises: The Risks of Military Integration in Western Equatoria](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/hollow-promises-the-risks-of-military-integration-in-western-equatoria/) - The 2018 Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (R-ARCSS) calls for the integration of combatants from South Sudan’s three key warring parties into a new ‘unified’ army. The process, however, has led to new sources of insecurity. This Briefing Paper explores the ways in which the R-ARCSS
- [Disability & Inclusion Survey, Wau PoC AA (Publication 31 October 2019, data collection February 2019)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/disability-inclusion-survey-wau-poc-aa-publication-31-october-2019-data-collection-february-2019/) - The International Organization for Migration's Displacement Tracking Matrix (10M DTM) and Humanity & Inclusion (HI) joined efforts to undertake an assessment of the level of access to services and the barriers faced by persons with disabilities within Wau Protection of Civilian Adjacent Area site (PoC AA or PoC site henceforth). The study, based on data
- [Investigating the delivery of health and nutrition interventions for women and children in conflict settings: a collection of case studies from the BRANCH Consortium](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/investigating-the-delivery-of-health-and-nutrition-interventions-for-women-and-children-in-conflict-settings-a-collection-of-case-studies-from-the-branch-consortium/) - Globally, the number of people affected by conflict is the highest in history, and continues to steadily increase. There is currently a pressing need to better understand how to deliver critical health interventions to women and children affected by conflict. The compendium of articles presented in this Conflict and Health Collection brings together a range
- [The Boiling Frustrations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-boiling-frustrations-in-south-sudan/) - The current state of affairs in the country has been long in the making. Since April 2020, following a stalled formation of the Revitalized Government of National Unity (RTGoNU), there has been growing frustration in the country. Citizens had hoped that the political developments in February and March had created sufficient momentum to push the
- [Japan’s Contemporary Approach to Foreign Policy Aligns with Its Strategic ​National Interests: ​A Case Study of United Nations Mission in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/japans-contemporary-approach-to-foreign-policy-aligns-with-its-strategic-​national-interests-​a-case-study-of-united-nations-mission-in-south-sudan/) - This essay assesses UNMISS as a case study of Japan’s foreign policy which is being implemented in order to fulfill its strategic national interests. In order to trace these interests firstly, it analyzes UNMISS as Japan’s tool to attain the international power; secondly, as an economic strategy to secure its access to the oil and
- [Genesis of South Sudan’s Engagement with China: The Dilemma of Non-Interference in the Face of African Agency](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/genesis-of-south-sudans-engagement-with-china-the-dilemma-of-non-interference-in-the-face-of-african-agen/) - The relationship between what would become South Sudan and China started with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 between the old Sudan and Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A). Oil, a major trigger of the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005), continued to fuel the violent conflict, which led to the partition of
- [Lessons for IGAD Mediation Arising from the South Sudan Peace Talks 2013-15](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lessons-for-igad-mediation-arising-from-the-south-sudan-peace-talks-2013-15/) - This report focuses on the IGAD-led mediation process from December 2013 to August 2015 to address the conflict in South Sudan. As per a project initiated, led and owned by IGAD, it identifies lessons from the South Sudan peace talks with the aim to inform future IGAD mediation efforts. These lessons are based on interviews
- [Climate Change-Induced Migration in the Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/climate-change-induced-migration-in-the-horn-of-africa/) - The Horn of Africa including South Sudan has been facing a wide range of interconnected and mutually reinforcing negative conditions for many years. Recently, climate change-induced migration, either voluntary in nature as an adaptation strategy or through displacement, has become a formidable challenge for these countries. Achieving a resilient society – where people can adapt
- [The Politics of Information and Analysis in Famines and Extreme Emergencies: Synthesis of Findings from Six Case Studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-politics-of-information-and-analysis-in-famines-and-extreme-emergencies-synthesis-of-findings-from-six-case-studies/) - The ability to predict and analyze famine has improved sharply in the past fifteen years. However, the political influences on data collection and analysis in famine and extreme food security emergencies continue to limit evidence-based prevention and response. In many emergencies, good quality data are not readily available, which makes it easy to undermine analysis
- [Briefing Paper: The Politics of Information and Analysis in Famines and Extreme Emergencies: Synthesis of Findings from Six Case Studies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/briefing-paper-the-politics-of-information-and-analysis-in-famines-and-extreme-emergencies-synthesis-of-findings-from-six-case-studies/) - The ability to predict and analyze famine has improved sharply in the past fifteen years. However, the political influences on data collection and analysis in famine and extreme food security emergencies continue to limit evidence-based prevention and response. In many emergencies, good quality data are not readily available, which makes it easy to undermine analysis
- [Building the nation in Southern Sudan: state emblems, symbols and national identity](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-the-nation-in-southern-sudan-state-emblems-symbols-and-national-identity/) - This article discusses a selection of state emblems, national symbols and national identity in Southern Sudan. The emblems and symbols are used to provide meaning to a nation in the making and serve as pillars for common national identification to guide the formation of national identity. In essence, they represent the top-down process of politically
- [Special Report - 2019 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) to the Republic of South Sudan, 27 May 2020](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/special-report-2019-fao-wfp-crop-and-food-security-assessment-mission-cfsam-to-the-republic-of-south-sudan-27-may-2020/) - An FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) visited South Sudan from 15 to 20 December 2019 to estimate the cereal production during 2019 and assess the overall food security situation in the country. The CFSAM reviewed the findings of several Crop Assessment Missions conducted from June to December 2019 at planting and harvest
- [Conflict, Mobility and Markets: Changing food systems in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-mobility-and-markets-changing-food-systems-in-south-sudan/) - The move towards markets and imported foods is taking place through several, linked processes namely: the monetization of exchange; commodification of goods and labour; and new patterns of accumulation and consumption, which have led to the uprooting of people from their land and other resources needed to sustain their own production. These processes, explored in
- [Maternal and child health service delivery in conflict-affected settings: a case study example from Upper Nile and Unity states, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/maternal-and-child-health-service-deliveryin-conflict-affected-settings-a-case-studyexample-from-upper-nile-and-unity-states-south-sudan/) - Background: Decades of war left the Republic of South Sudan with a fragile health system that has remained deprived of resources since the country’s independence. The authors describe the coverage of interventions for women’s and children’s health in Upper Nile and Unity states, and explore factors that affected service provision during aprotracted conflict. Methods: The
- [Oversight mechanisms, regime security, and intelligence service autonomy in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/oversight-mechanisms-regime-security-and-intelligence-service-autonomy-in-south-sudan/) - Statutory oversight mechanisms for South Sudan’s intelligence service are weak and ineffective. The weakness of these mechanisms is directly related to the sense of security that the regime experiences. Internal threats facing the regime after South Sudan’s independence have resulted in an increase in the autonomy and influence of the National Security Service to counter
- [Access to Health for Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/access-to-health-for-survivors-of-conflict-related-sexual-violence-in-south-sudan/) - Survivors of conflict-related sexual violence continue to struggle to access adequate medical and mental health care, according to a new report issued by the United Nations Mission in South Sudan and the UN Human Rights Office. “The COVID-19 pandemic has made it clear, if there was ever any doubt, just how important it is for
- [Working to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals Through Enhancing Women’s Access to Land in Post Conflict Context: the Case of Wau State in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/working-to-achieve-sustainable-development-goals-through-enhancing-womens-access-to-land-in-post-conflict-context-the-case-of-wau-state-in-south-sudan/) - Land governance in South Sudan is not only central to nation building, but also a major contributor to conflicts, poverty and under developmentin the post conflict context. To reinforce the crucial role of land rights and the importance of gender equality in access of the rights, the Sustainable Development Goals indicators 1.4.2; 5.a.1 and 5.a.2
- [Coping mechanisms in South Sudan in relation to different types of shock](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/coping-mechanisms-in-south-sudan-in-relation-to-different-types-of-shock/) - This rapid evidence review provides an assessment of negative and positive coping mechanisms of different groups (based on wealth (below the poverty line/elites), gender, age, (dis)abilities, geographies (rural/urban), and ethnicity of people in South Sudan in relation to different types of shock. It draws predominantly on a range of grey literature from multinational and bilateral
- [Comprehensive analysis of South Sudan conflict: determinants and repercussions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/comprehensive-analysis-of-south-sudan-conflict-determinants-and-repercussions/) - South Sudan, which separated from Sudan in 2011 after nearly 40 years of civil war, was embroiled in a new devastating conflict at the end of 2013. This happened when political disputes coupled with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines became brutal. This conflict has mostly targeted civilians and most often, ethnic groups, and warring
- [Orchestrating peace in South Sudan: exploring the effectiveness of the European Union’s mediation support](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/orchestrating-peace-in-south-sudan-exploring-the-effectiveness-of-the-european-unions-mediation-support/) - Previous research has primarily focused on the EU’s high-profile involvement as direct mediator in peace negotiations. Conversely, less attention has been devoted to the EU’s support to third parties’ mediation efforts, which is a significant component of its mediation activities. Addressing this research gap, this article develops a conceptual framework for the systematic analysis of
- [Self-reliance and Social Networks: Explaining Refugees’ Reluctance to Relocate from Kakuma to Kalobeyei](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/self-reliance-and-social-networks-explaining-refugees-reluctance-to-relocate-from-kakuma-to-kalobeyei/) - In 2016, refugees in the Kakuma camps in Kenya - where also South Sudanese refugees live - were offered the opportunity to relocate to the new Kalobeyei settlement, which ostensibly offered a better set of opportunities. While it was portrayed by the international community as objectively better for refugees’ autonomy and socio-economic prospects, most refugees
- [Advantages and challenges to diaspora transnational civil society activism in the homeland: examples from Iraqi Kurdistan, Somaliland and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/advantages-and-challenges-to-diaspora-transnational-civil-society-activism-in-the-homeland-examples-from-iraqi-kurdistan-somaliland-and-south-sudan/) - Investment in overseas developmental projects is a multifaceted effort which involves a variety of actors. These include donor governments and their departments for international aid, international organisations, recipient governments and the societies in the recipient countries. With relation to the latter, the existence of an active civil society has been identified as crucial for the
- [Child labor, sex and mental health outcomes amongst adolescent refugees](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/child-labor-sex-and-mental-health-outcomes-amongst-adolescent-refugees/) - Introduction Refugee adolescents living in camps and settlements in low and middle-income countries are a vulnerable population who face protection and psychosocial risks. This study explores prevalence of child labor amongst adolescent refugees from South Sudan in two refugee settlements in Uganda, to understand impacts of child labor on mental health outcomes, and examines the
- [If They Endorse It, I Can't Trust It: How Outgroup Leader Endorsements Undercut Public Support for Civil War Peace Settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/if-they-endorse-it-i-cant-trust-it-how-outgroup-leader-endorsements-undercut-public-support-for-civil-war-peace-settlements/) - Civil wars are a greater source of violence than any other type of conflict, yet little is known about one of the key determinants of civil war peace settlement success: civilian support. The authors evaluate how a core component of nearly all peace settlements, leader endorsements, affects public support. The authors predict that individuals in
- [Conflict resolution as cultural brokerage: how refugee leaders mediate disputes in Uganda’s refugee settlements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-resolution-as-cultural-brokerage-how-refugee-leaders-mediate-disputes-in-ugandas-refugee-settlements/) - Looking through the lens of disputes and their resolution, this article examines the efforts undertaken by refugees to guarantee peaceful coexistence within and around settlements in northern Uganda. Based on extensive fieldwork, the authors examine which disputes occur within and around the settlements and which actors intervene to mediate and solve them. They identify a
- [Dealing with uncertainty in famine predictions: How complex events affect food security early warning skill in the Greater Horn of Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dealing-with-uncertainty-in-famine-predictions-how-complex-events-affect-food-security-early-warning-skill-in-the-greater-horn-of-africa/) - Early warning systems are essential tool for humanitarian preparedness and response. The diversity of inputs required, ranging from agricultural production estimates to market price variability and weather forecasts, means that interpreting food security signals is not an easy task. Each of these inputs is fraught with uncertainty which analysts need to assess when making projections
- [Quantifying community resilience in South Sudan: The FEED project (Fortifying Equality and Economic Diversification)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/quantifying-community-resilience-in-south-sudan-the-feed-project-fortifying-equality-and-economic-diversification/) - An analysis of community resilience in South Sudan, based on household survey data, is presented in this paper. The data were collected as part of the Fortifying Equality and Economic Diversification (FEED) Project (a consortium project of World Vision, Oxfam, and CARE). The goal of the project was to meet basic food security needs and
- [South Sudan - Village Assessment Survey - Wau, Rubkona and Bor South](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-village-assessment-survey-wau-rubkona-and-bor-south/) - Between August and November 2019, IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) conducted Village Assessment Survey (VAS) in Rubkona, Wau and Bor South Counties assessing a total of 63 bomas (13 in Bor South, 11 in Rubkona and 39 in Wau) and carrying key informant interviews at 191 educational facilities and 42 health facilities. In addition to
- [The Role of State in Economic Development: Infant Industry Production in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-role-of-state-in-economic-development-infant-industry-production-in-south-sudan/) - In this article the author examines the relevance of infant-industry promotion theory to South Sudan’s economic revitalization efforts. As a newly formed state with jurisdiction over people with varied and often conflicting interests, the South Sudanese government will likely experience difficulty developing institutions and procedures that produce an equitable distribution of economic gains across the
- [Grains As Life: The value of sorghum and millet amongst the Abyei Dinka](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/grains-as-life-the-value-of-sorghum-and-millet-amongst-the-abyei-dinka/) - In this piece, Deng Kuol explains the significance of grains for his pastoralist Ngok Dinka community—more commonly associated with cattle—in the borderland region of Abyei. To illustrate this, Deng describes the efforts made by his mother to preserve access to a socially valued variety of sorghum—ruath—by travelling into military occupied areas of Abyei while her
- [Assessing the utility of risk management theory in the governance of new states: lessons from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assessing-the-utility-of-risk-management-theory-in-the-governance-of-new-states-lessons-from-south-sudan-2/) - South Sudan was born amid great hope for a country that boasted vast natural wealth. Inheriting a virtually lunar political and economic landscape, this hope quickly gave way under kleptocratic governance and corruption, a volatile political environment with recent horrendous violence, and the ensuing loss of oil revenues and cuts in foreign investment and aid.
- [When Ethnic Diversity Becomes a Curse in Africa: The Tale of Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/when-ethnic-diversity-becomes-a-curse-in-africa-the-tale-of-two-sudans/) - ​This article assesses when diversity becomes a curse in Africa. The review of literature on the causation of civil wars shows gaps, weaknesses and lack of holistic framework of analysis. It is argued in this article that the risk of violent conflict is better explained in Africa by absence of social contract as a manifestation
- [South Sudanese Refugee Survivors of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence and Torture: Health and Justice Service Responses in Northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudanese-refugee-survivors-of-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-and-torture-health-and-justice-service-responses-in-northern-uganda/) - This British Academy/Leverhulme-funded research investigated the health and justice service responses to the needs of South Sudanese refugees living in refugee settlements in Northern Uganda who had been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and torture. It involved the collection and thematic analysis of the narratives of 20 men and 41 women who were
- [China’s Evolving Approach to UN Peacekeeping in Africa](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chinas-evolving-approach-to-un-peacekeeping-in-africa/) - China’s new, assertive role in UN peacekeeping, especially in Africa, represents a significant shift in Beijing’s peace and security posture that is not yetfullyreflected in official discourse and rhetoric, but that reflects China’s new confidence with its global power status. Every significant adaptation in its peacekeeping policy has reflected an important shift in the country’spracticalforeign
- ['You Can Now Get Engaged': Meanings of cassava among the Pojulu of South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/you-can-now-get-engaged-meanings-of-cassava-among-the-pojulu-of-south-sudan/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [Migrating with Seeds: Women, agricultural knowledge and displacement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/migrating-with-seeds-women-agricultural-knowledge-and-displacement-in-south-sudan/) - Displaced Tastes is a research project run by the Rift Valley Institute in partnership with the Catholic University of South Sudan under the X-Border Local Research Network. The project examines the changing tastes for food in South Sudan in the context of the country’s economic transition and place in the regional, cross-border economy of grain.
- [“Don’t take this away from us again” Citizen perceptions of peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dont-take-this-away-from-us-again-citizen-perceptions-of-peace-in-south-sudan/) - This brief sketches the outcomes of the first phase of a USIP-funded research project investigating public perceptions of peace in South Sudan. The project is implemented from 2019-2021 by Detrco under principal investigator David Deng. In preparation for a large-scale survey, the first stage consisted of stakeholder interviews and focus groups in five locations across
- [Resilient Social Contracts and Peace: Towards a Needed Reconceptualization](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/resilient-social-contracts-and-peace-towards-a-needed-reconceptualization/) - This article - South Sudan is one case study - makes the case for rethinking the social contract concept with attention to countries affected by conflict, fragility, and fraught transition. Inspired by related policy efforts and engaging scholarship across multiple disciplines, this piece and the multi-country research represented in this Special Issue aim to build
- [Politics, prophets and armed mobilizations: competition and continuity over registers of authority in South Sudan’s conflicts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/politics-prophets-and-armed-mobilizations-competition-and-continuity-over-registers-of-authority-in-south-sudans-conflicts/) - Spiritual and divine authorities play a prominent role in mobilizing armed violence. This article provides a micro-history of a contemporary Nuer prophetess (guan kuoth) in South Sudan who mobilized hundreds of armed men including in support of current anti-government rebellions. The article grapples with apparent paradoxes in her approach to kume (a broadly defined notion of government)
- [Assistance in chronic conflict areas: evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/assistance-in-chronic-conflict-areas-evidence-from-south-sudan/) - People living in contexts prone to or affected by conflict suffer from many forms of deprivation. The international community plays a crucial role in strengthening the wellbeing of affected populations, including their food security. Unfortunately, quite often people exposed to conflict are not reached by national or international assistance because of targeting, accessibility, and marginalization.
- [The Media and International Community Interventions in the Global Refugee Crisis: The Case of Syria and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-media-and-international-community-interventions-in-the-global-refugee-crisis-the-case-of-syria-and-south-sudan/) - As a powerful tool in shaping public opinion, the mainstream press has been a leading agent in influencing general attitudes towards refugees. Besides garnering sympathy for asylum seekers, news coverage also has the power, through misrepresentation and propaganda, to stimulate hostility towards refugees. In light of this, refugees’ ability to establish a new identity and
- [Narrative analysis of Syrians, South Sudanese and Libyans transiting in Egypt: a motivation-opportunity-ability approach](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/narrative-analysis-of-syrians-south-sudanese-and-libyans-transiting-in-egypt-a-motivation-opportunity-ability-approach/) - This study applies the motivation – opportunity – ability (MOA) theoretical framework to study the intention – behaviour gap for asylum seekers and refugees who are currently transiting through Egypt and are intending to leave the country in the short term. Primary data were collected through the narratives of fifteen asylum seekers or refugees, coming
- [Nowhere to go: disclosure and help-seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/nowhere-to-go-disclosure-and-help-seeking-behaviors-for-survivors-of-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan/) - Despite high rates of violence against women and girls in conflict and humanitarian contexts, many survivors do not tell anyone about their experience or seek help from support services (e.g. health, legal, psychosocial support, police). This paper examines disclosure and help seeking behaviours of survivors of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) and intimate partner violence (IPV)
- [“Like the military of the village”. Security, justice and community defence groups in south-east South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/like-the-military-of-the-village-security-justice-and-community-defence-groups-in-south-east-south-sudan/) - Improved security and access to justice are urgent priorities for the people of South Sudan, who have been targeted by government and opposition forces since the beginning of the civil war in December 2013, and affected by violence between and within communities. A variety of groups and institutions aim, or claim, to provide people with
- [“Like the military of the village”: Security, justice and community defence groups in south-east South Sudan (Summary Briefing)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/like-the-military-of-the-village-security-justice-and-community-defence-groups-in-south-east-south-sudan-summary-briefing/) - In much of the world, security and justice are mostly provided not by formal bodies, such as state police services or judiciaries, but by informal, non-state actors. Meanwhile, international donors invest millions of dollars in funding to reform and strengthen security and justice provision in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. To be relevant and effective, such
- [Peacemaking referendums: the use of direct democracy in peace processes](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/peacemaking-referendums-the-use-of-direct-democracy-in-peace-processes/) - The use of referendums to forge, ratify and enact peace agreements is on the rise. In growing numbers, peacemakers have organized referendums in order to aid peace talks and ameliorate post-settlement peacebuilding. Despite this increasingly common practice, there is little consensus on whether referendums help or hurt peace. Such votes can be uniquely powerful tools
- [The Return to Ten States in South Sudan: Does it Restore Peace?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-return-to-ten-states-in-south-sudan-does-it-restore-peace/) - In this review, SUDD analyzes the recent decision by President Salva Kiir Mayardit to reinstitute the ten states system of governance in South Sudan. They focus their attention on reactions from the stakeholders of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS), the public, the region, and international community, surveying the moods of those involved. They also examine the repercussions of, and implications associated with the decision. The main question they examine is whether the decision could potentially restore peace or latently produce additional troubles than is intended, extending instability. The president’s subsequent speech lends hopes for peace, suggesting that the decision could restore peace in the country, depending on how the underlying grievances are handled during the tenure of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGONU). That is, the value of this decision is predicated upon the extent to which the RTGONU handles the fundamental matters of security, governance, service delivery, and justice, an achievement of which could not be attained absent of measured reforms.
- [Accountability to Affected Populations: Community Perceptions of Humanitarian Aid in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/accountability-to-affected-populations-community-perceptions-of-humanitarian-aid-in-south-sudan/) - Despite the fact that humanitarian agencies have been operating in South Sudan for over thirty years, there has been an absence in understanding how the aid community and the assistance it provides are perceived by affected populations. The lack of nuanced information on community perceptions regarding humanitarian assistance is a global issue and a key driver for the strengthening of Accountability to Affected Populations (AAP) initiatives across the humanitarian response. This failure to capture the attitudes, experiences, perceptions, and opinions of the South Sudanese population in relation to aid poses a collective ethical challenge to the humanitarian community as a whole.
- [‘No one can stay without someone’: Transnational networks amongst the Nuer-speaking peoples of Gambella and South Sudan.](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/no-one-can-stay-without-someone-transnational-networks-amongst-the-nuer-speaking-peoples-of-gambella-and-south-sudan/) - Over the last 50 years, the various conflicts afflicting South Sudan have caused massive displacements of people. Latest estimates suggest there are more than 1.5 million internally displaced people (IDPs) within the country’s borders, with another 2.2 million refugees displaced outside the country, as a result of the most recent conflicts. Policymakers generally see these populations as highly vulnerable—being less able to provide for themselves and their families away from their original homes—and at risk of involvement in cross-border conflict dynamics. Thus, responses by state actors to these movements tend to focus on managing potential conflict, providing humanitarian assistance for displaced communities, and supporting, facilitating or (in some cases) forcing populations to return to their home areas.
- [Understanding intervention through multiplicity: protection politics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/understanding-intervention-through-multiplicity-protection-politics-in-south-sudan/) - The margins of international order remain understudied in International Relations. This article engages with the concept of multiplicity proposed by Justin Rosenberg by tracing the mechanisms of multiplicity in justifications for intervention in South Sudan. First, the author examines the potential of multiplicity and argues for the importance of maintaining an openness to the concept.
- [Enhancing the Educational Outcomes for South Sudanese Refugee Youth: Laying the Groundwork for International Comparative Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/enhancing-the-educational-outcomes-for-south-sudanese-refugee-youth-laying-the-groundwork-for-international-comparative-research/) - Education is not only a human right. It is also tool for peacebuilding. In 2019, Reuben Garang conducted a feasibility study with South Sudanese refugee families living in refugee camps in Uganda. This project and report were fueled by Garang’s own personal experiences with periods of interrupted schooling both in refugee camps and in Canada. And it was fueled by the fundamental insight that education can serve as a tool for peacebuilding and mutual understanding between groups that have survived displacement and conflict.
- [Localising humanitarian aid during armed conflict: Learning from the histories and creativity of South Sudanese NGOs (Policy Paper)](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/localising-humanitarian-aid-during-armed-conflict-learning-from-the-histories-and-creativity-of-south-sudanese-ngos-policy-paper/) - Along with a research report, the research project “Historical and Political Dynamics of the NGO Sector in South Sudan” has published a short policy paper for humanitarian donors and funders seeking to provide a more enabling environment for South Sudanese NGOs. Exploring the reality of the struggles and strategies of local and national organisations during complex emergencies, the paper outlines recommendations for donors and funders relating to each of the project’s key findings as published in the full report.
- [Rethinking Aid in Borderland Spaces: The Case of Akobo](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/rethinking-aid-in-borderland-spaces-the-case-of-akobo/) - Taking the Ethiopia-South Sudan borderlands as a case study, Rethinking Aid in Borderland Spaces: The case of Akobo argues that the traditional modalities of the aid industry are not fit for purpose in a world where transnationalism is a daily reality for communities, even—perhaps even especially—in the most geographically remote locations. The transnational networks that shape much of daily life operate outside of the control of state actors, and understanding and engaging with them therefore requires an approach that does not rely exclusively on the state system. The report argues for an increase in research and focus on these networks to better inform aid interventions, part of the need for which is being addressed through the X-Border Local Research Network.
- [Perceptions of Transitional Justice in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/final-report-perceptions-transitional-justice-south-sudan-intersections-truth-justice-reconciliation-south-sudan-september-2016/) - This report investigates people’s perceptions and experiences of truth, justice and reconciliation in relation to the past and present conflicts in South Sudan. The main data-collection was undertaken by means of a survey, for which 1,912 respondents were interviewed in November and early December 2015 in Juba town, Juba Protection of Civilian site (POC), Wau town and Bentiu POC. Qualitative information was gathered during subsequent interviews and workshops aimed at sharing, fine-tuning and verification of findings.
- [Popular Struggles and Elite Co-optation: The Nuer White Army in South Sudan’s Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/popular-struggles-elite-co-optation-nuer-white-army-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This document reviews the literature on the history, organization, and operation of the white army in the context of the civil war that erupted in December 2013. Based on interviews with white army members, it seeks to understand their motivation, their understanding of the civil war and the peace agreement and what they want for
- [Transitional Justice for Stabilizing South Sudan: Lessons from Global and Local Contexts](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/transitional-justice-stabilizing-south-sudan-lessons-global-local-contexts/) - The Agreement on the Resolution of Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCISS) contains important provisions on transitional justice, including a mandate to put on trials those responsible for masterminding atrocities during the 2013-2015 war. The move has been welcomed by human rights and justice advocates as a victory for the victims, and a
- [A Political Marketplace Analysis of South Sudan’s ‘Peace’](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/political-marketplace-analysis-south-sudans-peace/) - This policy briefing provides an analysis of the risks that South Sudan faces given the current convergent economic, security and political crises on the eve of the overdue establishment of the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGoNU).
- [CNHPR Warrap Community Consultations Completed](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/610/) - This is the report of CNHPR conducted Community Consultations in 39 Payams of Warrap State. Seven weeks after the launching of grassroots consultation in Juba on the 19th May 2015, the Committee for National Healing has now conducted 39 Payam Consultations in Warrap State. The grassroots consultations were facilitated by the 55 Peace Mobilizers CNHPR
- [Reconciliation: Actors and Necessary Actions](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/585/) - Following the 2013 outbreak of civil war in South Sudan, prospects for reconciliation and repairing of fractures between ethnic groups have been frustrated by the lack of progress at reaching a political deal in the Addis peace process and difficulties in initiating an inclusive dialogue that fosters trust at national and local levels. At this
- [UNICEF PBEA Conflict Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/298-2/) - This analysis summarizes findings from conflict analyses undertaken as part of the UNICEF Peacebuilding, Education and Advocacy (PBEA) Programme, funded by the Government of the Netherlands. The purpose of the report is to create actionable recommendations for the education sector in South Sudan to inform and shape peace consolidation and nation building. The analysis points
- [Policy Framework for Sustainable Peacebuilding in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/policy-framework-sustainable-peacebuilding-south-sudan-bhusal-2014/) - The aim of this study is to critically analyse the South Sudanese peace policy framework which has been expressed in its post-independence peace and development policies. The study also aimed at analyzing the nexus between peacebuilding and broader development agenda and at identifying types of discourses, beliefs and ideologies that have been adopted or relinquished
- [South Sudan and the Nation-Building Project: Lessons and Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-nation-building-project-lessons-challenges/) - This article discussed the development of the New Sudan Framework introduced by the SPLM/A during the past civil war. The author of this article argues that it constitutes an alternative solution to the intractable conflict in Sudan and a model for solving the problems of political violence in Africa. Link to publication
- [Reconciliation Without Regret: National healing and reconciliation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reconciliation-without-regret-sansculotte-greenidge-taban-gogok-2013/) - In 2011, southern Sudan witnessed a successful and peaceful referendum, culminating in its secession from the Republic of Sudan and the birth of an independent Republic of South Sudan on 9 July. Despite the relative peace brought by independence, true peace in South Sudan is threatened by armed groups, rebellions and local conflicts; these have
- [Reconstructing Southern Sudan in the post-war era: challenges and prospects of 'Quick Impact Programmes'](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/reconstructing-southern-sudan-post-war-era-abbink-j-2004/) - This brief report gives a personal assessment of the local needs of the Southern Sudanese population in the period of societal reconstruction that is envisaged in the likely event of a meaningful peace agreement being realized between the Southern Sudanese people (via the SPLM/A) and the Government of Sudan (GoS) in 2004.
- [Sudan: The Internal and External Contexts of Conflict and Conflict Resolution](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-internal-external-contexts-conflict-conflict-resolution/) - This study puts into perspective the internal, regional, continental and global dimensions of conflict and conflict resolution in Sudan.
- [Sustaining peace: harnessing the power of South Sudanese women](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sustaining-peace-harnessing-the-power-of-south-sudanese-women/) - South Sudanese women have always participated in peace processes but usually not at the front lines of negotiations. Despite considerable challenges, their bottom-up approach and collective action at grassroots level have led to greater representation in the formal peace processes and the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity. However, to achieve positive peace in South
- [Do local peace deals work? Evidence from South Sudan’s civil war](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/do-local-peace-deals-work-evidence-from-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This paper maps five cases of recent local level peace deals in South Sudan between 2014 and 2018 to identify key criteria that strengthen the prospects of successful implementation and sustainability of local peace agreements. Critically, there are no generic formulas to achieve effective sustainable local peace deals. What works is highly contingent on the
- [South Sudan’s economy in 2050: Better Aid Forum Briefing Paper](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-economy-in-2050-better-aid-forum-briefing-paper/) - Introduction – why the economy matters South Sudan faces three major and interlinked crises: a political crisis which is manifest in part in violent conflict and insecurity; a humanitarian crisis which feeds off the political crisis and; an economic crisis, which is fundamentally about how the resources available to South Sudan are allocated and used.
- [South Sudan’s devastating floods: why they happen and why they need a coherent national policy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-devastating-floods-why-they-happen-and-why-they-need-a-coherent-national-policy/) - This year’s flood is one of the worst in South Sudan’s history. It has affected about one million people from 142,783 households in 8 of the former 10 states, compared to only 344,618 people in 2013. People lost homes, livelihoods, and shelter and got exposed to deadly diseases. Schools, roads, health centers and other useful
- [Money Tree: Teak and Conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/money-tree-teak-and-conflict-in-south-sudan/) - Millions of dollars of one of the world’s most sought-after hardwoods is coming from an unlikely source - South Sudan. Originally planted in the 1940’s by British colonists, South Sudan’s teak reserves are among the largest in Africa. Without regulatory protections in place, what could have become a sustainable revenue source for the young nation
- [Returns and Peace in South Sudan: Challenges, opportunities and the way forward](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/returns-and-peace-in-south-sudan-challenges-opportunities-and-the-way-forward/) - As South Sudan moves towards forming a Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (R-TGONU) in February 2020, questions around the return and resettlement of over 4.15 million South Sudanese are rising up the political agenda. There is an urgent need to consider lessons from the previous return migration and resettlement processes, and controls on returnees’
- [South Sudan: governance arrangements, war, and peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-governance-arrangements-war-and-peace/) - South Sudan is a prime example of how governance arrangements can either achieve and maintain peace, or become the trigger for civil war. South Sudan's experience shows that the appropriateness of constitutional provisions to a local context remains key, and that the time-tested elements of good governance still matter: devolution and separation of powers, appropriate
- [What works to prevent violence against women and girls in conflict and humanitarian crisis: Synthesis brief](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/what-works-to-prevent-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-conflict-and-humanitarian-crisis-synthesis-brief/) - Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is an important human rights concern and a pervasive issue affecting women and girls during times of conflict and humanitarian crisis. In 2016, the What Works to Prevent VAWG programme (hereafter What Works) published an evidence brief summarising the existing evidence base on VAWG in these settings including in
- [When the choice is either to kill or be killed’: Rethinking youth and violent conflict in post-conflict South Suda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/when-the-choice-is-either-to-kill-or-be-killed-rethinking-youth-and-violent-conflict-in-post-conflict-south-suda/) - The subject of youth and their role in violent conflict continues to shape African social science research; hence the need to initiate sustainable preventive measures as youth violence permeates every policy discussion in conflict and post-conflict contexts. The research has focused primarily on the role of youth either as perpetrators or as victims of violence.
- [Youth in South Sudan: livelihoods and conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-in-south-sudan-livelihoods-and-conflict/) - This review looks at livelihood issues related to “youth” in South Sudan, focusing on factors influencing decision-making by young men on livelihood options (both violent and non-violent) and trusted avenues of communication. In South Sudan, youth is not a fixed biological category, but a fluid social construct, and broadly refers to young men aged between
- [Twin peaks: the seasonality of acute malnutrition, conflict and environmental factors in Chad, South Sudan and the Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/twin-peaks-the-seasonality-of-acute-malnutrition-conflict-and-environmental-factors-in-chad-south-sudan-and-the-sudan/) - This is the first in a series of three briefing papers that form part of the Mind the gap – Bridging the research, practice and policy divide to enhance livelihood resilience in conflict settings project, a collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Feinstein International Center, Friedman School
- [From the Region to the Grassroots: Political Dynamics in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/from-the-region-to-the-grassroots-political-dynamics-in-south-sudan/) - At this writing, the peace process in South Sudan remains at a critical juncture. The transitional government of national unity was due to be formed by the end of the extended pre-transitional period on 12 November 2019. Instead, the signatories to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) agreed,
- [South Sudan: The Politics of Delay](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-the-politics-of-delay/) - International sponsors of South Sudan’s peace process should respond creatively to the delay in forming the Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU). An intemperate response, which might include a new, immovable and near deadline or rapidly imposing sanctions, runs two risks. First, it jeopardizes the ceasefire—the truly substantial achievement of the Revitalized Agreement on the
- [The UN Security Council Visits South Sudan: A Symbolic Act of Peace](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/the-un-security-council-visits-south-sudan-a-symbolic-act-of-peace/) - Members of the United Nations Security Council, under the co-chairmanship of South Africa and the United States, visited South Sudan last week on the 20th of October 2019. The visit came as the deadline for the formation of the Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) looms. The Council came to acquaint itself first-hand with
- [Researching violence against women and girls in South Sudan: ethical and safety considerations and strategies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/researching-violence-against-women-and-girls-in-south-sudan-ethical-and-safety-considerations-and-strategies/) - Globally, it is estimated that at least one out of every three women experiences violence by an intimate partner and/or non-partner throughout their lifetime. Women and girls are at even higher risk of violence in conflict and humanitarian crises. Although effort has expanded to build rigorous evidence and research on violence against women and girls
- [Lost and Found in Upstate New York: Exploring the Motivations of “Lost Boys” Refugees as Founders of International Nonprofit Organizations](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lost-and-found-in-upstate-new-york-exploring-the-motivations-of-lost-boys-refugees-as-founders-of-international-nonprofit-organizations/) - This research examines engagement in diaspora philanthropy through the lens of Lost Boys of Sudan and their founding of small international nonprofit service organizations based in the United States. The authors seek to understand refugees’ motivations to take upon themselves leadership roles in their local United States communities and in the provision of goods and
- [Famine Early Warning and Information Systems in Conflict Settings: Challenges for Humanitarian Metrics and Response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/famine-early-warning-and-information-systems-in-conflict-settings-challenges-for-humanitarian-metrics-and-response/) - Famine early warning systems began with support from international donors in the aftermath of the Sahelian famine of the 1970s—though in some ways trace their origins back as far as the Indian Famine Codes of the nineteenth century. Attention to the growing number of people caught in crises characterized by extreme and often protracted levels
- [Citizens’ perceptions on transitional justice processes in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/citizens-perceptions-on-transitional-justice-processes-in-south-sudan/) - In 2013, Africa’s newest state, was on the brink of collapse. Internal armed conflict, serious human rights violations and a divided government led to the death or displacement of thousands of people. A 2015 peace agreement ended the conflict and created a range of transitional justice mechanisms to address the country’s past. None of these
- [Youth (Monyomiji) and Conflict Resolution in the South Sudan Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-monyomiji-and-conflict-resolution-in-the-south-sudan-civil-war/) - This paper argues that the Monyomiji age class institution, focused on the youth, is essential in the South Sudan civil war resolution. Local cultures, through which the traditional roles of youth are manifest, should be included at national conflict resolution negotiations to prevent decades of failed national, regional and international interventions. Interventions in South Sudan
- [Education and Armed Conflict in Sudan and South Sudan: The Role of Teachers in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/education-and-armed-conflict-in-sudan-and-south-sudan-the-role-of-teachers-in-conflict-resolution-and-peace-building/) - This article discusses the relationship between education and armed conflict in Sudan and South Sudan, and particularly the role of teachers in peace and reconciliation efforts. The periods covered are the North-South civil war from 1955 to 2005, the interim period between 2005 and 2011 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the current civil war
- [Returning to Stability? Refugee returns in the Great Lakes region](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/returning-to-stability-refugee-returns-in-the-great-lakes-region/) - After decades of conflict and violence, the Great Lakes region of Africa remains one of the areas of the world most affected by forced displacement. Currently, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Central African Republic (CAR), Burundi and South Sudan are among the global top ten countries of origin of refugees, but every country
- [UN Peacekeeping and Forced Displacement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/un-peacekeeping-and-forced-displacement-in-south-sudan/) - Does UN peacekeeping reduce the number of people forcibly displaced by violence? While previous research has found that the presence and size of peacekeeping deployments can reduce violence, little is known about how peacekeepers affect other aspects of civilian protection. Using original data on sub-national events of forced displacement and the location and size of
- [National Security Versus Basic Liberties: Human Rights Challenges in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/national-security-versus-basic-liberties-human-rights-challenges-south-sudan/) - This policy brief (2016) examines the current state of human rights situation in South Sudan, and the global and regional contexts that complicate it. It particularly looks at how the government of the young state could be more caring about the lives of citizens and what options the world community has in prevention and punishment
- [Threat of Sanctions against South Sudanese Leaders: What Implications?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/threat-sanctions-south-sudanese-leaders-implications/) - This review weighs the impact of both the government’s approach to the crisis (since Dec. 2013) and the current position taken by the Western countries, who have threatened to impose sanctions, visa restrictions and asset freezes for political actors who are proven to stand in the way of peace.
- [South Sudan: A Politics of Demise or a Vision for Progress?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-politics-demise-vision-progress/) - This review (2013) takes a look at three (recent) dynamics important to South Sudan's process of nation-building: the on-going review of the transitional constitution, national reconciliation effort spearheaded by the Vice President Riek Machar, and the relations with the Republic of Sudan.
- [The Potential of Indigenous Wild Foods](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/potential-indigenous-wild-foods/) - This article contains the proceedings on a regional workshop of wild indigenous foods held in Kenya in 2001 to extend lessons and information on South Sudan while examining similar work in the region. It is an outgrowth of a USAID funded study on indigenous wild food plants in South Sudan to provide better information on
- [South Sudan and the Risks of Unrest](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-risks-unrest/) - This review (2013) discusses recent political developments and causes of societal unrest, such as high inflation, economic inequality and austerity policies.
- [Police Service and Law Enforcement in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/police-service-law-enforcement-south-sudan/) - This report (2013), based on field research, investigates the functioning of South Sudan's police service as a provider of security. The report also reviews the public image of the police, investigating what citizens think about the police contribution to or exacerbation of the security situation, as well as what the public suggests as the best
- [South Sudan’s Crisis: Weighing the Cost of the Stalemate in the Peace Process](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-crisis-weighing-cost-stalemate-peace-process/) - This analysis (2014) attempts to look at the South Sudanese crisis by weighing the costs of a stalemate peace process in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In doing so, the author specifically looks at conflict in relation to peace dynamics, the nature of the talks, and what and who may help break the stalemate to bring this
- [Sudan Local Governance Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-local-governance-assessment/) - The purpose of this assessment is to inform the development of an integrated, multi-sectoral program to support the CPA by delivering tangible peace dividends. This will be done through building capacity of state and county governments to effectively engage citizens and address their needs. Data for this assessment was gathered through review of official documents,
- [Insecurity and Ethnic Violence in South Sudan: Existential Threats to the State?](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/insecurity-ethnic-violence-south-sudan-existential-threats-state/) - This briefing (2012) discusses various sources of insecurity in South Sudan. Persisting insecurity is according to the author threatening the fragile state of political unity, in particular once it adopts ethnic fault lines.
- [Informal Armies: Community Defence Groups in South Sudan's Civil War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/informal-armies-community-defence-groups-south-sudans-civil-war/) - This colllection of articles (2017) outlines how community defence groups have mobilised over the past 30 years (and earlier) to respond to insecurity in the absence of state protection. Download
- [Sudan's Prolonged Second Civil War and The Militarization of Nuer and Dinka Ethnic Identities](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudans-prolonged-second-civil-war-militarization-nuer-dinka-ethnic-identities/) - Ever since power struggles within the Sudan People's Liberation Army split the movement into two warring factions in August 1991, rural Nuer and Dinka communities of the South have been grappling with a deepening regional subculture of ethnicized violence. This article (1999) describes political factors that have pro- longed this bitter conflict into the present
- [An Emerging Diplomatic Row between Uganda and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/emerging-diplomatic-row-uganda-south-sudan/) - This briefing discusses the bilateral developments between Uganda and South Sudan, following the increasing tension in 2013.
- [We have lived too long to be deceived: South Sudanese Discuss the Lessons of the Historic Peace Agreements](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/lived-long-deceived-south-sudanese-discuss-lessons-historic-peace-agreements/) - Series of RVI lectures addressing lessons of South Sudan's historic peace agreements. Critical questions raised were why negotiations succeed or fail, role of civil society, implications of the peace agreements for current situation and when opportunities for peace present themselves.
- [Juba Assessment: Town Planning and Administration](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/juba-assessment-town-planning-administraiton/) - This municipal assessment of Juba of 2005 examines greater Juba’s planning priorities, options, and opportunities, conducted an analysis of the current municipal administrative structure and existing records pertaining to land transactions and town planning, and examined existing governmental capacity to manage land, housing, building, and planning in a period of rapid change. Download
- [After the Split: Post-Secession Negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/split-post-secession-negotiations-south-sudan-sudan/) - This report analyses how South Sudan’s newly won sovereignty has affected the two parties’ relative strength and the positioning of external actors involved in or following the negotiations, and how it has changed the parties’ approaches to the outstanding issues, i.e. oil wealth, the delineation of the border, security in the border areas and the
- [Justice in Practice: South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/justice-practice-south-sudan/) - This collection of customary court reports and lawyers’ caseload reports provides an insight into the functioning of the justice system in South Sudan. Download
- [The Challenge of Managing State-owned Small Arms and Light Weapons in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/challenge-managing-state-owned-small-arms-light-weapons-south-sudan/) - This briefing (2011) discusses the distribution of state-owned small arms and light weapons and related trade flows in South Sudan. Download
- [South Sudan USAID - Bellmon Estimation Studies Analysis](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-usaid-bellmon-estimation-studies-analysis/) - A study of the current state of agricultural markets in South Sudan to inform USAID food aid programming decisions. Download
- [Land Tenure Issues in Southern Sudan: Key Findings and Recommendations for Southern Sudan Land Policy](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/land-tenure-issues-southern-sudan-key-findings-recommendations-southern-sudan-land-policy/) - This document presents the results of research on land tenure and property rights and and provides recommendations for the land policy. Download
- [Humanitarian Needs Overview 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-needs-overview/) - This document provides the Humanitarian Country Team’s shared understanding of the crisis, including the most pressing humanitarian need and the estimated number of people who need assistance in 2017. It represents a consolidated evidence base and helps inform joint strategic response planning. Download
- [Special Report: Attack on Bentiu, Unity State 29 October 2014](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/attack-on-bentiu/) - Report of investigation finding intentional targeting of civilians in the opposition attack on Bentiu in 2014. SPLA/IO forces committed gross human rights abuses that may have amounted to war crimes. There is urgent call for accountability mechanisms to be put into place to end the environment of impunity currently governing South Sudan. Download
- [Conflict in South Sudan: Human Rights Report](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-south-sudan-human-rights-report/) - This report presents the findings of investigations and documents by the Human Rights Division of UNMISS and suggests that gross human rights violations were committed on a massive scale with civilians being directly targeted along ethnic lines by both parties of the conflict. These conclusions obligate according to the report that the government of South
- [Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sudan-post-conflict-environmental-assessment/) - This report from 2007 assesses several critical environmental issues – such as land degradation, deforestation and the impacts of climate change – that threaten Sudan’s prospects for long-term peace, food security and sustainable development. Download
- [Executive Summary of the Independent Special Investigation into the violence which occurred in Juba in 2016 and UNMISS response](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/executive-summary-independent-special-investigation-violence-occurred-juba-2016-unmiss-response/) - This executive summary presents the main findings from the Independent Special Investigation, mandated by the UN to examine two aspects of the outbreak of armed violence in Juba, in July 2016: violence against civilians, including sexual violence, within or in the vicinity of the UNMISS Headquarters, known as “UN House” and its two adjacent “protection
- [South Sudan: Humanitarian Response Plan 2017](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/united-nations-partners-2008-work-plan-sudan/) - This work plan outlines the planning of the humanitarian response in South Sudan for 2017. Download
- [Annual Needs and Livelihoods Analysis Report 2014-2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/annual-needs-livelihoods-analysis-2011/) - This report provides insights into the food security situation of South Sudan in 2014 and 2015. It also helps to project future trends in food security. Download
- [Systemic Conflict Transformation and Inclusive Governance in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/systemic-conflict-transformation-inclusive-governance-southern-sudan/) - This report aims at assessing options for systemic conflict transformation in Southern Sudan. It was conducted in 2006/2007 by the Berghof Foundation for Peace Support (BFPS) on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Download
- [Building a Better Future: Education for an Independent South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/building-better-future-education-independent-south-sudan/) - This report provides data around education in South Sudan and describes some of the major challenges and opportunities for education sector strategies. Download
- [Everything Changes to Remain the Same? State and Tax Reform in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/everything-changes-remain-state-tax-reform-south-sudan/) - By looking at three case-studies of taxation and private sector regulation reforms, the paper will show how the overlapping and often contradictory regulatory frameworks of the state provide the setting for bricolage strategies by different actors. These actors, and particularly state officials, rely on a variety of institutional resources to implement, resist or remake certain
- [On the State of Business: Trade, Entrepreneurship and Real Economic Governance in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/state-business-trade-entrepreneurship-real-economic-governance-south-sudan/) - This PhD thesis analyses how business activity and economic regulation in South(ern) Sudan was governed before and during the 2012 economic austerity period following the political decisiosn to shut down all oil production. The analyses focuses on the modalities of real economic governance, warranting an empirically-grounded ethnographic view of governance from the perspective of everyday
- [Democracy on Hold: Rights Violations in the April 2010 Sudan Elections](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/democracy-hold-rights-violations-april-2010-sudan-elections/) - Based on research that Human Rights Watch carried out in Khartoum and Southern Sudan, this report documents numerous human rights abuses perpetrated before, during, and after April’s elections (2010) by the two main partners in the Government of National Unity (GNU): the ruling National Congress Party (NCP), and the former southern rebel movement, the Sudan’s
- [Conflict, Trade and the Medium-Term Future of Food Security in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/conflict-trade-medium-term-future-food-security-sudan/) - This paper (2007) examines the future of food security in Sudan by reviewing, and extrapolating from, recent patterns of trade and conflict. The paper considers important (and ostensibly encouraging) economic data and analyses some of the underlying political and economic processes driving food insecurity in Sudan. Link to publication
- [A Refuge in Flames: The February 17-18 Violence in Malakal POC](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/refuge-flames-february-17-18-violence-malakal-poc/) - This report examines how a United Nations base in Malakal, Upper Nile, in which around 47,000 displaced persons were sheltered, became the site of violence that left at least 30 people dead and much of the camp in ashes. The report describes how the violence unfolded, including the involvement of soldiers from the country’s military
- [Ending the Era of Injustice: Advancing Prosecutions for Serious Crimes Committed in South Sudan’s New War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/ending-era-injustice-advancing-prosecutions-serious-crimes-committed-south-sudans-new-war-2/) - Drawing on research conducted by Human Rights Watch staff in Nairobi and Juba, this report focuses on criminal accountability for serious crimes committed during South Sudan’s current conflict.
- [Prospects for Peace and the UN Regional Protection Force in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/prospects-peace-un-regional-protection-force-south-sudan/) - In this briefing, the authors argue that key assumptions underlying the Regional Protection Force mandate and current peace diplomacy do not reflect the political situation on the ground in South Sudan. The authors suggest that the major changes to South Sudan’s political terrain before and after the violence in July 2016 mean that the current
- [Livestock Marketing in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livestock-marketing-southern-sudan/) - This study reviews the cattle marketing system of 2002 with its constraints and potentials, makes proposals for its improvement and investigates possible new market outlets. It also examines the need for training for traders and others.
- [Humanitarian Action, Conflict Sensitivity and Peacebuilding through Education in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/humanitarian-action-conflict-sensitivity-peacebuilding-education-south-sudan/) - This study examines the role education can play and is playing in the conflict-induced humanitarian emergency in South Sudan. The study examines adjustments made by the Peacebuilding Education and Advocacy (PBEA) programme in response to the humanitarian crisis following 15 December 2013. Download
- [Getting to Normal with the Two Sudans: A Report of the Rethinking US Foreign Assistance Program](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/getting-normal-two-sudans-report-rethinking-us-foreign-assistance-program/) - This paper argues that to achieve peace and stability within and between Sudan and South Sudan, the United States must now refocus its diplomatic engagement on the internal governance challenges in both states by moving to more normal diplomatic relations with each. Download
- [Final report of the Panel of Experts on South Sudan established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2206](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/final-report-panel-experts-south-sudan-established-pursuant-security-council-resolution-2206/) - This report from early 2016, composed by the UN Panel of Experts on South Sudan, provides a summary of the Panel's investigations into the command responsibility within the belligerent parties to the war, details of the actions and policies resulting from command decisions and a description of the linkage to the criteria for sanctions designation
- [Administration Of Justice In The (SPLA/M) Liberated Areas: Court Cases In War-Torn Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/administration-justice-splam-liberated-areas-court-cases-war-torn-southern-sudan/) - Exposition of the state of customary laws in the Dinka and Azande communities of Southern Sudan. The case studies are set in the period of the civil war that broke out in 1983, and include cases of the SPLA (Sudan People's Liberation Army) soldiers interacting with the local populations.
- [Holding Armed Opposition Groups Accountable: The Case of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement / Sudan People's Liberation Army](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/holding-armed-opposition-groups-accountable-case-sudan-peoples-liberation-movement-sudan-peoples-liberation-army/) - This document discusses the history, composition and activities of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army at a Human Rights meeting in Geneva in 1999. Download
- [South Sudan: International State-Building and its Limits](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-international-state-building-limits/) - This paper discusses some of the challenges faced by state-building attempts in South-Sudan. Doing this the paper focusses on the role and limits of donors. Download
- [China & the Contradictions of 'Non-interference' in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/china-contradictions-non-interference-sudan/) - This article considers why the Chinese government’s enduring principle of noninterference has come under increasing and more visible strain in recent years in Sudan. In so doing, it is particularly concerned with the changing nature of China’s role in Sudan. Link to publication
- [China’s Sudan Engagement: Changing Northern and Southern Political Trajectories in Peace and War](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/chinas-sudan-engagement-changing-northern-southern-political-trajectories-peace-war/) - This article considers how China’s involvement in and relation to Sudanese politics has developed over the past two decades, by examining two important and inter-related manifestations of China’s changing engagement with Northern and Southern Sudan amidst the coexistence of ongoing conflict in Darfur and a formal North–South peace. Link to publication
- [China and the Changing Context of Development in Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/china-changing-context-development-sudan/) - This article looks at China's relationship with Sudan. The author suggest that by far the most significant and consequential area where China has and will continue to impact on Sudan is oil. Link to publication
- [Riding the Sudanese Storm: China, India, Russia, Brazil and the Two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/riding-sudanese-storm-china-india-russia-brazil-two-sudans/) - This paper gives a thematic analysis of the Chinese, Indian, Russian and Brazilian engagements in Sudan after 2005, with particular interest in the changing nature and trajectory of these relationships after the establishment of South Sudan in 2011. Download
- [Stabilising Sudan: Domestic, Sub-Regional and Extra-Regional Challenges](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/stabilising-sudan-domestic-sub-regional-extra-regional-challenges/) - This briefing reports from a two-day policy advisory group seminar on 23 and 24 August 2010, discussing Sudan's multiple, interconnected challenges as the country fast approaches a historic transition including the South Sudan and Abyei referenda. Download
- [South Sudan's Capability Trap: Building a State with Disruptive Innovation](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudans-capability-traphttpswww-wider-unu-edusitesdefaultfileswp2013-120-pdf-building-state-disruptive-innovation/) - This paper explores the possibilities for South Sudan of applying the "Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation" approach , a recent innovation to build state capability. Download
- [Binding pipelines? Oil, armed conflicts, and economic rationales for peace in the two Sudans](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/binding-pipelines-oil-armed-conflicts-economic-rationales-peace-two-sudans/) - This article points at the challenging political geography of oil in the two Sudans and the tensions undermining economic logics of ‘mutual interests’ and ‘peace dividends’ between, and within, these two countries. Link to publication
- [Gender and Conflict Note South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-conflict-note-south-sudan/) - This background note (2012) is intended to inform the World Bank’s Interim Strategy Note for South Sudan to ensure gender considerations are incorporated into any operational and analytical priorities identified. The aim of this analysis is to provide a brief delineation of gender disparities in South Sudan through a review of existing literature and interviews
- [Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/following-thread-arms-ammunition-tracing-sudan-south-sudan/) - This report provides an overview of the Small Arms Survey's Human Security Baseline Assessment findings with regard to the types of weapons observed in Sudan and South Sudan, their country of manufacture, and patterns of holdings among different actors that are indicative of common supply sources. Download
- [Northern Bahr-el Ghazal State, South Sudan - Conflict Sensitivity Assessment](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/northern-bahr-el-ghazal-state-south-sudan-conflict-sensitivity-assessment/) - This report presents a conflict sensitivity assessment (CSA) in South Sudan’s Northern Bahr el-Ghazal State (NBeG) where the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) implemented a water program and contributes to partners’ activities in the food security and livelihood domain.
- [Youth-Led Participatory Action Research](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/youth-led-participatory-action-research/) - This document reports from a two-month Youth-Led Participatory Action Research project, which brought together the voices and agency of 23 local young people who undertook exploratory research around youth and conflict in their communities. This resulted in concrete community recommendations on how youth inclusion in conflict resolution can be increased. Download
- [Liberation or capture: youth in between 'hakuma' and 'home' during civil war and its aftermath in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/liberation-capture-youth-hakuma-home-civil-war-aftermath-southern-sudan/) - This article examines a structural opposition between the sphere of military/government (the ‘hakuma’) and the sphere of ‘home’. It argues that to be a ‘youth’ in Southern Sudan means to inhabit the tensions of the space between these spheres. While attempting to resist capture by either sphere, youth have used their recruitment by the military
- [Violence, sacrifices and chiefship in Central Equatoria, Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/violence-sacrifices-chiefship-central-equatoria-southern-sudan/) - This article explores specific oral histories and chiefship debates in the aftermath of the SPLA war in two Southern Sudanese chiefdoms. It argues that these local histories reveal much about the historical relationship between state and society – and in particular the mediation with external violence – which is central to understanding the legitimacy of
- [Local Justice in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/local-justice-southern-sudan/) - This report based on empirical data analyzes the current dynamics of justice at the local level, identifying priorities for reform according to the expressed needs and perceptions of local litigants.
- [Dividing Communities in South Sudan and Northern Uganda](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/dividing-communities-south-sudan-northern-uganda/) - This report explores the underlying factors of land disputes and boundary conflicts; by shifting away from the national legislation and policy, it looks at changing land values, patterns of decentralisation and local hybrid ssystems of land governance as explaining factors.
- [How the Use of Targeted Sanctions can Undermine Peace in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/use-targeted-sanctions-can-undermine-peace-south-sudan/) - This article argues that the use of targeted sanctions in the case of South Sudan's current internal conflict (2013-2015) does not support but rather purport or, at worst, present a threat to sustainable peace. Download
- [Southern Sudan At The Crossroads: Citizen Expectations, Aspirations and Concerns about the Referendum and Beyond](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-crossroads-citizen-expectations-aspirations-concerns-referendum-beyond/) - Based on focus group interviews, this report examines attitudes and concerns of Southern Sudanese citizens about the referendum planned for 2011, as well as the April 2010 elections. As with all NDI public opinion studies, participants were also asked about their views on government performance, development, security, corruption, the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and related
- [Skirting the Law: Sudan’s Post-CPA Arms Flows](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/skirting-law-sudans-post-cpa-arms-flows/) - This paper seeks to understand the structure, mechanics, and agency of arms flows to and within Sudan from 2006 to 2009, thereby focusing attention on the scope of arms flows both to the Khartoum regime and to Southern Sudan. Download
- [Southern Sudan Case Study: Customary Justice and Legal Pluralism in Post-Conflict and Fragile Societies](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-case-study-customary-justice-legal-pluralism-post-conflict-fragile-societies/) - This collection of articles discusses legal pluralism in Southern Sudan and other conflict affected contexts. Download
- [Police reform in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/police-reform-southern-sudan/) - This report (2009) shares the findings and considers the policy implications of the first evidence-based survey of community perceptions on policing in Southern Sudan. The survey data provide a snapshot of security issues across the still fragile social and political landscape of Southern Sudan.
- [Armed and Insecure](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/armed-and-insecure/) - This report presents an overview of arms transfers and armed violence in the Horn of Africa including South Sudan, thereby showing how armed conflict and arms trade are interrelated. Download
- ["Our Sisters from Stable Countries": War, Globalization, and Accountability](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sisters-stable-countries-war-globalization-accountability/) - This article (2003) explores linkages between the transnational activities of a Canadian oil company operating in Sudan and the human rights and humanitarian violations committed by the government of Sudan against the people of Southern Sudan in the course of the past civil war. Link to publication
- [South Sudan: The Cost of War. An Estimation of the Economic and Financial Costs of Ongoing Conflict](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/south-sudan-cost-war-estimation-economic-financial-costs-ongoing-conflict/) - This report looks forward from January 2015 to quantify the economic costs that would be incurred by South Sudan, other countries in the neighbouring region, and the wider international community, should the conflict continue. Download
- [Return and Reintegration of Refugees and IDPs in Post Conflict Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/return-reintegration-refugees-idps-post-conflict-sudan/) - This report (2006) refers to a meeting on Return and Reintegration of Refugees and IDPs in Post Conflict Sudan. With the end of the civil war in 2005 many Sudanese IDPs and refugees moved back to what was then Southern Sudan. The conference aimed at discussing livelihoods, access to services, protection and development for returnees.
- [Socio-Cultural Determinants of Food Sharing in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/socio-cultural-determinants-food-sharing-southern-sudan/) - This briefing explores the socio-cultural determinants of food sharing amongst the Dinka in Northern Bahr el-Ghazal and the implications for humanitarian programming. Link to publication
- [The comfort of Denial: External assistance in Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/comfort-denial-external-assistance-southern-sudan/) - Drawing on research from Southern Sudan, this article (2006) explores how aid organizations construct an official version of events that fabricates clarity whilst maintaining a degree of tactical confusion. This establishes a political morality, a seemingly ethical position that has political and psychological returns. Link to publication
- [Gender, Violence and Survival in Juba, Southern Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/gender-violence-survival-juba-southern-sudan/) - This Policy Brief draws on the findings of field research carried out as part of a larger project on the social, economic and political consequences of urbanisation in four cities in Sudan, Juba, Nyala, Port Sudan and Khartoum. This document presents findings from Juba.
- [Sanctuary in the city? Urban displacement and vulnerability in Yei, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/sanctuary-city-urban-displacement-vulnerability-yei-south-sudan/) - This report provides insights into displacement and urbanisation in Yei in South Sudan.
- [From Crisis to Catastrophe: South Sudan's Man-Made Crisis - and how the world must act now to prevent catastrophe in 2015](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/crisis-catastrophe-south-sudans-man-made-crisis-world-must-act-now-prevent-catastrophe-2015/) - This joint agency note presents some main findings on food security and the response of the international community since December 2013. Download
- [The Southern Sudan under British rule 1898-1924: the Constraints Reassessed](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/southern-sudan-british-rule-1898-1924-constraints-reassessed/) - This PhD thesis examines to what extent the disparity between North and South can be explained in terms of the early Anglo-Egyptian Condominium' legacy. Download
- [Targeting in complex emergencies: South Sudan country case study](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/targeting-complex-emergencies-south-sudan-country-case-study/) - This is one case study in a research project commissioned by the World Food Programme to investigate the participation of recipient communities in the targeting and management of humanitarian food assistance in complex emergencies. Download
- [Looking back to look ahead? Reviewing key lessons from Operation Lifeline Sudan and past humanitarian operations in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/looking-back-look-ahead-reviewing-key-lessons-operation-lifeline-sudan-past-humanitarian-operations-south-sudan/) - This report revisits the Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and breaks down the major criticism it received, thereby attempting to distil key ideas for current and future humanitarian responses.
- [Trajectories of International Engagement with State and Local Actors: Evidence from South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/trajectories-international-engagement-state-local-actors-evidence-south-sudan-2/) - External actors have been engaged in what is now South Sudan from the colonial era through to the present day, providing humanitarian and development assistance and exerting political pressure during and since the second civil war that has helped to protect people, legitimize the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), broker the peace agreements leading to
- [Livelihoods, Access to Services and Pereptions of Governances: An Analysis of Uror and Nyirol Counties, South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihoods-access-services-pereptions-governances-analysis-uror-nyirol-counties-south-sudan/) - This qualitative study explores livelihoods, access to social services and people’s perceptions of participation and governance in northern Jonglei state.
- [Questions and Challenges Raised by a Large-Scale Humanitarian Operation in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/questions-challenges-raised-large-scale-humanitarian-operation-south-sudan/) - This paper (2015) attempts to address the looming question of the unintended consequences of – and questions raised by – a renewed large-scale humanitarian operations in South Sudan.
- [Complexities of service delivery and state-building](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/complexities-service-delivery-state-building/) - This briefing describes the findings from research carried out in several areas of South Sudan in the context of armed conflict and raiding. The findings show that despite state-building efforts, service delivery remained inadequate in remote areas and that the interface between service delivery and people’s perceptions of the state is complex. The authors recommend
- [Livelihoods and conflict in South Sudan](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/livelihoods-conflict-south-sudan/) - This briefing paper recommends a rethink in the way that aid actors approach questions of recovery and livelihood. Rather than a simplistic either/ or approach, what is needed is a much more localised and deeper analysis of conflict, inter-communal grievances and inter-communal relations.
- [Key lessons learned on international engagement](https://csrf-southsudan.org/repository/key-lessons-learned-international-engagement/) - This briefing paper (2016) summarises shifts in international engagement in South Sudan from humanitarian aid to development and institution-building, and then back again to crisis response. This paper analyses why current aid frameworks have been mostly unsuccessful in their efforts to promote sustainable institutions and peace in South Sudan. The central argument is that aid
- [From post-conflict recovery and s