# Caramanna Friedberg LLP

> Leading Toronto criminal defence lawyers for bail, trial and appeal. Charged with assault, sexual assault, impaired driving, drugs or fraud? Call (416) 924-5969.

## Contact
- Phone: (416) 924-5969
- Email: info@cflaw.ca
- Address: 700 Bay St. Suite 405, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z6
- Hours: Call 24/7

## Main pages
- [Caramanna Friedberg LLP](https://cflaw.ca/): Leading Toronto criminal defence lawyers for bail, trial and appeal. Charged with assault, sexual assault, impaired driving, drugs or fraud? Call (416) 924-5969.
- [Criminal Law Publications | Articles by Our Lawyers](https://cflaw.ca/publications): Articles by our lawyers on criminal law and recent court decisions, including the child luring offence and the reasonable steps test in R v Morrison.
- [Reported Criminal Cases | Rulings Our Lawyers Argued](https://cflaw.ca/reported-cases): Selected court decisions from cases our lawyers have argued, in redacted form, by charge - many reported in legal databases and cited as precedent.
- [Our Criminal Defence Lawyers in Toronto | Team](https://cflaw.ca/teams): Meet the criminal defence team: a firm founded in 2002 in Toronto with a team approach to every case. Read each lawyer's profile and experience.
- [Blog](https://cflaw.ca/blog): News, practical guidance and insights on criminal law in Toronto and across Ontario.
- [Criminal Law Resources: Publications, Cases & Videos](https://cflaw.ca/resources): Articles by our lawyers, selected reported cases, the blog, short videos on criminal law topics, and how to apply for our articling program.
- [Criminal Law Videos | Toronto Defence Lawyers Explain](https://cflaw.ca/videos): Short videos in which our lawyers explain criminal law topics, from whether mandatory minimum sentences work to who deserves credit for crime rates.
- [Apply for Articling | Criminal Defence Firm, Toronto](https://cflaw.ca/applications-for-articling): We are hiring two articling students for 2025/2026. We look for a passion for criminal law, an interest in litigation and strong writing skills.
- [Contact Our Criminal Defence Team | Call 24/7](https://cflaw.ca/contact-us): 700 Bay St., Suite 405, Toronto. Call (416) 924-5969 or toll free (855) 924-5969 any time, email info@cflaw.ca, or send the inquiry form.
- [Criminal Law Articling Program in Toronto, Ontario](https://cflaw.ca/articling-program): An intensive, practical articling year: visit clients in jail, prepare files for trial, review disclosure and draft Charter and pre-trial applications.
- [Awards & Rankings | Recognition From Our Peers](https://cflaw.ca/awards): Awards and rankings from the legal community and legal press, including Best Lawyers in Canada and Canadian Lawyer's criminal law boutique ranking.
- [How to Choose a Criminal Law Firm in Toronto](https://cflaw.ca/top-criminal-lawyer-in-toronto-ontario-law-society-best-practices-for-lawyers): Needing a criminal lawyer carries a stigma that should be undone: the presumption of innocence means everyone charged is innocent. What to look for.
- [Criminal Lawyer Jobs in Toronto | Join Our Firm](https://cflaw.ca/employment): We are hiring a criminal lawyer, first year of call and up: a full client base, your own files, in-house training and articling students to help.
- [In the News | Our Criminal Lawyers in the Media](https://cflaw.ca/in-the-news): Media coverage of our lawyers and their cases, from The Lawyer's Daily on intercepted communications to HuffPost on long-term care criminal charges.
- [Legal Aid Lawyer Toronto | Legal Aid Ontario Cases](https://cflaw.ca/legal-aid): Can't afford a criminal lawyer? Legal Aid Ontario may pay for your defence if you meet its financial and legal criteria. How applying works.
- [Caramanna Friedberg LLP Lawyers | Firm Directory](https://cflaw.ca/firm-directory/list): Profiles of our criminal defence lawyers in Toronto, with each lawyer's degrees, year of call to the Ontario bar and the cases they have defended.
- [Ontario Courthouses: Addresses and Court Phone Numbers](https://cflaw.ca/ontario-courthouses): Every Ontario courthouse with its address, criminal court phone numbers and Crown attorney's office. Have a court date? Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [About Caramanna Friedberg LLP | Toronto Criminal Defence](https://cflaw.ca/about-us): A Toronto criminal defence firm founded in 2002, taking a team approach to every case. Legal advice and representation for criminal charges.

## Areas of practice
- [Adoption](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-adoption-lawyer): Looking for an adoption lawyer in Toronto? Learn how adoption works in Ontario through family, a step-parent, the Children's Aid Society or an agency.
- [Aggravated Assault](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-aggravated-assault-lawyer): Malicious wounding or maiming charge? What is maiming, and why aggravated assault is an indictable offence with no discharge available. Call 24/7.
- [Aggravated Sexual Assault](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-aggravated-sexual-assault-lawyer): What is aggravated sexual assault in Canada? A sexual assault that wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers life; the maximum is life in prison. Call 24/7.
- [Alternative Dispute Resolution](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-alternative-dispute-resolution-lawyer): Looking for alternative dispute resolution in Toronto? It settles family law disputes out of court through negotiation, mediation and arbitration.
- [Arbitration](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-arbitration-lawyer): Looking for arbitration in Toronto? When mediation fails, a family law arbitrator hears both sides and decides, and parties usually agree to be bound.
- [Arson](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-arson-lawyer): What is arson in Canada? A Toronto arson lawyer explains each Criminal Code arson offence, including arson for fraud. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Assault](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-assault-lawyer): Charged with assault, assault causing bodily harm or aggravated assault in Toronto? Know the penalties and defences, then call a lawyer 24/7.
- [Assault by Threat or Unlawful Confinement](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-assault-by-threat-or-unlawful-confinement-lawyer): Uttering threats examples: threats of bodily harm or death, or to damage property or harm pets. See the punishment for this hybrid offence. Call 24/7.
- [Assault Causing Bodily Harm](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-assault-causing-bodily-harm-lawyer): Assault causing bodily harm: what counts as bodily harm, why consent rarely applies, and the maximum sentence of 10 years. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Assault with a Weapon](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-assault-with-a-weapon-lawyer): Charged with assault with a weapon in Ontario? Learn what the Criminal Code treats as a weapon and why no strike is needed. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Assaulting a Peace Officer](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-assaulting-a-peace-officer-lawyer): Assault peace officer charge under Criminal Code section 270: attacking an officer on duty, assault with intent to resist arrest, or a seizure. Call 24/7.
- [Bail Hearings](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-bail-hearings-lawyer): Need a bail hearing lawyer in Toronto? A bail hearing decides if you are released before trial or held in custody. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Bail Reviews](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-bail-reviews-lawyer): Denied bail in Toronto? A bail lawyer explains when a bail review is possible and what must be shown. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Breach of Probation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-breach-of-probation-lawyer): Charged under Criminal Code s. 733.1(1) for breach of probation? Learn what conditions mean and why a breach hurts bail. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Breach of Trust](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-breach-of-trust-lawyer): What does breach of trust mean in a criminal fraud charge? Using a position of power to take advantage of another, an aggravating factor at sentencing.
- [Break & Enter](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-break-enter-lawyer): Charged with break and enter in Toronto? Learn why an open door can count and what a home invasion means at sentencing. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Care and Control](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-care-and-control-lawyer): Care and control is a driving offence even if you never drove: in the driver's seat impaired or over 80 you are presumed in control, even sleeping it off.
- [Careless Driving](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-careless-driving-lawyer): Careless driving charge under section 130 of the Highway Traffic Act is not a criminal offence; see common examples, penalties and next steps. Call 24/7.
- [Charity Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-charity-fraud-lawyer): Charity fraud punishment can include jail: a false charity or deceptive donation request is treated as serious fraud and a breach of trust. Call 24/7.
- [Charter Applications](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-charter-applications-lawyer): Charter rights violated in Toronto? A Charter application can exclude evidence or stay the charges. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Child Custody and Access](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-child-custody-and-access-lawyer): Looking for a child custody lawyer in Toronto? Learn the difference between custody and access, sole and joint custody, and what courts weigh.
- [Child Pornography](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-child-pornography-lawyer): Child pornography charges for making, possessing, accessing or distributing. The Criminal Code definition is not intuitive - see what it covers. Call 24/7.
- [Child Support](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-child-support-lawyer): Need a child support lawyer in Toronto? Learn who must pay under the Divorce Act and Family Law Act, and when child support continues past the age of 18.
- [Cohabitation Agreements](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-cohabitation-agreements-lawyer): Need a cohabitation agreement lawyer in Toronto? Unmarried couples do not share property under the Family Law Act. Learn why an agreement matters.
- [Collaborative Family Law](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-collaborative-family-law-lawyer): Considering collaborative family law in Toronto? A collaborative divorce lets separating spouses settle without court, saving time, money and stress.
- [Commodification of Sexual Activity](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-commodification-of-sexual-activity-lawyer): Section 286.1 of the Criminal Code: the meaning of obtaining sexual services for consideration, and how the Crown proceeds. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Conspiracy](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-conspiracy-lawyer): What does a conspiracy charge mean? See how conspiracy to commit an indictable offence is proved, even with no steps taken. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Coroner's Inquests](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-coroners-inquests-lawyer): Facing a coroner's inquest in Toronto? An inquest is a public hearing into a death with its own rules and 5 jurors. Families can seek standing.
- [Corporate Criminal Due Diligence](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-corporate-criminal-due-diligence-lawyer): Need a due diligence lawyer in Toronto? Learn how corporate criminal liability arises and how due diligence protects a company and its officers.
- [Credit Card Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-credit-card-fraud-lawyer): Credit card fraud penalty in Canada rises with the loss and sophistication, up to 14 years in jail. Card misuse and identity theft charges. Call 24/7.
- [Criminal Appeals](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-criminal-appeals-lawyer): Need a criminal appeals lawyer in Toronto? You can appeal a conviction, a sentence or both, but strict timelines apply. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Criminal Harassment](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-criminal-harassment-lawyer): Charged with criminal harassment in Toronto? Learn what section 264 prohibits, from repeated texts to stalking. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Criminal Interest Rate](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-criminal-interest-rate-lawyer): Section 347 of the Criminal Code makes a criminal rate of interest an offence: an effective annual rate over sixty percent on credit advanced. Call 24/7.
- [Criminal Negligence Causing Bodily Harm](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-criminal-negligence-causing-bodily-harm-lawyer): What is criminal negligence? Section 219 of the Canadian Criminal Code: wanton or reckless disregard for others' safety, causing bodily harm. Call 24/7.
- [Dangerous Offender Applications](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-dangerous-offender-applications-lawyer): Facing a dangerous offender application in Toronto? A dangerous offender designation can mean an indefinite sentence. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Dangerous Operation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-dangerous-operation-lawyer): Dangerous operation of a motor vehicle or conveyance under the Criminal Code: how courts judge dangerous driving, up to causing death. Call 24/7.
- [Dangerous operation of a Motor Vehicle](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-dangerous-operation-of-a-motor-vehicle-lawyer): Dangerous driving, Criminal Code 320.13: the definition of dangerous operation of a conveyance, causing bodily harm or death. Toronto lawyer: Call 24/7.
- [Division of Property](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-division-of-property-lawyer): Need a property division lawyer in Toronto? Learn how asset division works after a breakup for married spouses and for unmarried couples.
- [Divorce](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-divorce-lawyer): Looking for a divorce lawyer in Toronto? Divorce ends a marriage; separation does not. Learn the grounds under the Divorce Act and which court hears it.
- [Domestic Assault](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-domestic-assault-lawyer): Charged with domestic assault in Toronto? We handle the bail hearing and no-contact terms so you can get home, then build your defence. Call 24/7.
- [Driving While Prohibited](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-driving-while-prohibited-lawyer): Driving while prohibited under s. 320.18(1) of the Criminal Code or suspended under the Highway Traffic Act: the penalty for a first offence. Call 24/7.
- [Drug Offences](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-all-drug-offences-lawyer): Charged with possession, trafficking or importing in Toronto? Many drug cases turn on the Charter and how the search was done. Call 24/7.
- [Environmental Prosecutions](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-environmental-prosecutions-lawyer): Facing an environmental prosecution in Toronto? Environmental law charges can bring hefty fines and occasionally jail time. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Extradition](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-extradition-lawyer): Facing an extradition request? An extradition lawyer in Toronto explains the three stages and when bail is available. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Fail to Provide a Suitable Breath or Blood Sample](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-fail-to-provide-a-suitable-breath-or-blood-sample-lawyer): Fail to provide a suitable breath or blood sample, or refuse to comply? With no reasonable excuse it is a DUI conviction even if not impaired. Call 24/7.
- [Fail to Remain / Failure to Stop](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-fail-to-remain-failure-to-stop-lawyer): Fail to remain at the scene of an accident or collision is an offence under the Criminal Code and Highway Traffic Act. How the penalties differ. Call 24/7.
- [Fingerprint Destruction](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-fingerprint-destruction-lawyer): Need fingerprint destruction in Toronto? If charges were dropped or you were found not guilty, you can apply to have fingerprints and photos destroyed.
- [Firearm Use and Modification](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-firearm-use-and-modification-lawyer): Gun lawyer for pointing a firearm (Criminal Code 87), use of a firearm or imitation firearm (s. 85), and serial number modification. Call 24/7.
- [Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-fraud-lawyer): Facing a fraud charge in Toronto? A fraud lawyer explains what fraud means in the Criminal Code and options like diversion. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Highway Traffic Act Offences](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-highway-traffic-act-offences-lawyer): Need a traffic ticket lawyer in Toronto? Before paying a speeding ticket, see how demerit points and insurance change. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Human Trafficking](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-human-trafficking-lawyer): Charged with human trafficking in Toronto? Learn what trafficking in persons and material benefit offences mean in law. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Identity Theft](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-identity-theft-lawyer): Is impersonating someone a crime? Identity theft and identity fraud under the Criminal Code, fake documents, possession of identity information. Call 24/7.
- [Immigration Prosecutions](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-immigration-prosecutions-lawyer): Charged with an immigration offence in Toronto? A criminal immigration lawyer explains immigration prosecutions, from work permits to permanent status.
- [Impaired Driving (DUI)](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-impaired-driving-over-80-dui-lawyer): Charged with impaired driving or over 80 in Toronto? A DUI lawyer explains licence suspension, impound and breath refusal. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Impaired Operation / Care and Control](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-impaired-operation-care-and-control-lawyer): Impaired operation of a conveyance or motor vehicle under the Criminal Code, what it means to be in care or control, and why slight impairment counts.
- [Importing](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-importing-lawyer): Charged with drug importing in Toronto? Learn why importation charges under the CDSA are complex at the border. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Incest](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-incest-lawyer): Is incest legal? No: incest laws in Canada make it illegal under section 155 of the Criminal Code if you know the relation. Call 24/7 for a defence lawyer.
- [Independent Legal Advice](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-independent-legal-advice-lawyer): Need an independent legal advice lawyer in Toronto? Learn who needs it, from both parties to a domestic contract to people named in a family case.
- [Inheritances](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-inheritances-lawyer): Is an inheritance shared after separation in Ontario? Learn how the Family Law Act divides property and why inheritances are excluded.
- [Insurance Coverage Litigation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-insurance-coverage-litigation-lawyer): Insurance defence and coverage litigation on claims under general liability and specialty policies, plus claim tendering, renewals and coverage audits.
- [Insurance Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-insurance-fraud-lawyer): Insurance fraud punishment: how long you can go to jail depends on the scheme and the loss, up to 14 years. Auto and medical claims fraud. Call 24/7.
- [Internet Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-internet-fraud-lawyer): Internet related charges range from using a stolen credit card online to phishing scams. Why internet fraud cases are technical to prove. Call 24/7.
- [Internet Related Charges](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-internet-related-charges-lawyer): Facing a cybercrime or internet related charge in Toronto, such as internet fraud? Digital evidence can help the defence. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Invitation to Sexual Touching](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-invitation-to-sexual-touching-lawyer): Invitation to sexual touching charges and defence under section 152 of the Criminal Code: the offence, laws in Canada and what incites means. Call 24/7.
- [License Suspensions](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-license-suspensions-lawyer): Revocation of licence or roadside suspension after a driving charge: which offences mean a mandatory suspension and when revoking a licence can be avoided.
- [Mediation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mediation-lawyer): Looking for a mediation lawyer in Toronto? Learn how family mediation works, a mediator's role in child custody, and when it is not suitable.
- [Medical Health Practitioner Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-medical-health-practitioner-fraud-lawyer): Healthcare fraud defence for billing services never rendered or padding insurance claims for benefits, which can also bring College discipline. Call 24/7.
- [Medical Insurance Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-medical-insurance-fraud-lawyer): Medical insurance fraud or benefits fraud? A false receipt for a paramedical expense can bring sentences from probation to 14 years in jail. Call 24/7.
- [Mischief](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mischief-lawyer): Charged with mischief under $5000 in Ontario? A mischief charge can cover property damage, data and endangering life. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Mischief and Data](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mischief-and-data-lawyer): Mischief in relation to computer data under section 430(1.1): altering, destroying or blocking access to data, and how it is charged. Call 24/7.
- [Mischief Over $5000](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mischief-over-5000): Charged with mischief over $5000 in Toronto? Learn what property damage is covered, from fire to railway tracks. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Mischief Under $5000](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mischief-under-5000): Can you go to jail for mischief under $5,000? Property damage charges carry up to two years less a day if summary, or two years by indictment. Call 24/7.
- [Mortgage Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-mortgage-fraud-lawyer): Mortgage fraud or loan fraud charges can follow forged documents, false identification or lies to a lender on real estate or other credit. Call 24/7.
- [Murder / Culpable Homicide](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-murder-culpable-homicide-lawyer): What does first degree murder mean in Canada? Learn how it differs from second degree and manslaughter, and parole rules. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Negotiation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-negotiation-lawyer): Need a negotiations and family contracts lawyer in Toronto? Settle separation, cohabitation and marriage contracts without going to court.
- [Obstruction of Justice](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-obstruction-of-justice-lawyer): Charged with obstruction of justice or obstructing a peace officer in Toronto? See how the two differ and what each covers. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Operation / Care and Control While Over 80](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-operation-care-and-control-while-over-80-lawyer): Over 80 charges under the Criminal Code for driving, impaired operation or care and control: what the Crown must prove, and challenging breath samples.
- [Pardons](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-pardons-lawyer): Need a pardon or record suspension in Toronto? A record suspension lawyer explains the waiting periods and how the Parole Board of Canada decides.
- [Parole Hearings](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-parole-hearings-lawyer): Need a parole hearing lawyer in Toronto? Learn when you are eligible for full parole and how a parole lawyer can make submissions at your hearing.
- [Peace Bonds](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-peace-bonds-lawyer): Facing a peace bond in Toronto? A peace bond needs no guilty plea. Learn how 810 and common law peace bonds differ. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Possession](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-possession-lawyer): Charged with drug possession in Toronto? Learn how knowledge and control are proved and how drug schedules set penalties. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Possession of Stolen Property](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-possession-of-stolen-property-lawyer): Possession of property obtained by crime, section 354 of the Criminal Code: when items you should have suspected were stolen count. Call 24/7 in Toronto.
- [Possession Offences](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-possession-offences-lawyer): Possession offences for all weapons: weapon for a dangerous purpose, concealed weapon, and unauthorized or loaded firearm possession. Call 24/7.
- [Prenuptial Agreements](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-prenuptial-agreements-lawyer): Looking for a prenup lawyer in Toronto? See what a prenuptial agreement or cohabitation agreement covers, from property to the matrimonial home.
- [Production](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-production-lawyer): Facing drug production charges in Toronto? Learn how the CDSA defines production, from growing marijuana to manufacturing. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Professional Disciplinary Proceedings](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-professional-disciplinary-proceedings-lawyer): Facing a professional misconduct complaint in Toronto? A professional discipline lawyer explains College hearings. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Professional Negligence](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-professional-negligence-lawyer): Facing a professional negligence claim in Toronto or a complaint to your licensing body? Learn how claims and disciplinary proceedings connect.
- [Professional Regulation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-professional-regulation-lawyer): Need a professional regulatory lawyer in Toronto? Learn how College complaints lead to hearings and licence loss. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Prohibition Violations](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-prohibition-violations-lawyer): Prohibition violations lawyer for a breach of prohibition order under section 117.01 of the Criminal Code: firearms, crossbows, ammunition. Call 24/7.
- [Quasi-Criminal Prosecutions](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-quasi-criminal-prosecutions-lawyer): What does quasi-criminal mean? Learn how quasi-criminal offences differ from criminal charges and why jail can follow. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Real Estate Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-real-estate-fraud-lawyer): Real estate fraud includes title fraud and foreclosure fraud, where owners are tricked into transferring title for a loan, which courts see as aggravating.
- [Refuse to Provide a Sample](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-refuse-to-provide-a-blood-or-breath-sample-lawyer): Refusing roadside tests, a breath sample or blood sample with no reasonable excuse means a conviction, even if not over 80. Failure to provide counts too.
- [Robbery](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-robbery-lawyer): Charged with robbery or armed robbery in Toronto? Learn what the Criminal Code says and why the Crown seeks detention. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Separation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-separation-lawyer): Need a legal separation lawyer in Toronto? Learn when separation legally begins, how it grounds a divorce, and what a separation agreement can cover.
- [Sexual Assault](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-sexual-assault-lawyer): Charged with sexual assault in Toronto? Learn the special evidence rules and the defence options open to the accused. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Sexual Exploitation](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-sexual-exploitation-lawyer): Sexual exploitation charge under section 153(1) of the Criminal Code: why a position of trust or authority matters even with apparent consent. Call 24/7.
- [Sexual Interference](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-sexual-interference-lawyer): What is sexual interference? The section 151 Criminal Code definition and meaning, why the Crown must show a sexual purpose, and how it is prosecuted.
- [Shoplifting](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-shoplifting-lawyer): Shoplifting is theft under section 322 of the Criminal Code. Is theft a summary offence? The Crown can proceed summarily or by indictment. Call 24/7.
- [Spousal Support](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-spousal-support-lawyer): Need a spousal support lawyer in Toronto? Learn how to secure and enforce spousal support and how compensatory and needs-based claims differ.
- [Tax Fraud](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-tax-fraud-lawyer): Tax fraud and income tax evasion charges, CRA investigations and tax prosecutions, from undeclared income to unpaid HST. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Tax Prosecutions](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-tax-prosecutions-lawyer): Facing a tax fraud or tax evasion charge from the CRA in Toronto? Learn about false statement and failure to file offences. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [The Matrimonial Home](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-the-matrimonial-home-lawyer): Need a matrimonial home lawyer in Toronto? Both spouses have an equal right to the home after separation. Learn how exclusive possession is decided.
- [Theft](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-theft-lawyer): Charged with theft in Toronto? A theft lawyer explains Theft Under and Over $5000, shoplifting charges and diversion. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Theft Over $5000](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-theft-over-5000-lawyer): Charged with theft over $5000 in Toronto? Section 322 defines theft, and theft over $5000 is straight indictable with a maximum of ten years. Call 24/7.
- [Theft Under $5000](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-theft-under-5000-lawyer): Theft under $5000 charge? The section 322 theft definition, and why this hybrid offence lets the Crown choose how to proceed. Toronto lawyer. Call 24/7.
- [Trafficking](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-trafficking-lawyer): Charged with drug trafficking in Toronto? See what counts as trafficking, even giving drugs, and how police build cases. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Trafficking & Smuggling](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-trafficking-and-smuggling-lawyer): Weapons trafficking charge? The Criminal Code meaning of firearms or gun trafficking, making automatic firearms, and import or export offences. Call 24/7.
- [Uttering Threats](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-uttering-threats-lawyer): Charged with uttering threats under Criminal Code s. 264.1(1)? Learn what counts as a threat and why context matters. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Voyeurism](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-voyeurism-lawyer): What is voyeurism under the Criminal Code? See when secretly watching or recording someone is a crime, and when sharing is. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Weapons Offences](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-all-weapons-offences-lawyer): Facing a weapon offence in Toronto? See when carrying a weapon is a crime and defences like an illegal search. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.
- [Youth Criminal Justice Act](https://cflaw.ca/practice-area/toronto-youth-criminal-justice-act-lawyer): Charged under the Youth Criminal Justice Act? Learn how extrajudicial sanctions, adult sentences and trial rights work. Call 24/7 to speak to a lawyer.

## Articles
- [A time of great change in the criminal bar](https://cflaw.ca/blog/a-time-of-great-change-in-the-criminal-bar): Criminal law practice is changing fast, with fewer cases in court because of falling crime rates, more diversion and an uncertain future for legal aid.
- [A two-tiered JP system in Ontario would be fair and just](https://cflaw.ca/blog/a-two-tiered-jp-system-in-ontario-would-be-fair-and-just): Only justices of the peace with legal training should decide bail, search warrants and other serious matters. Why Ontario needs a two-tiered JP system.
- [Absolute and Conditional Discharges in Canada](https://cflaw.ca/blog/absolute-and-conditional-discharges-in-canada): An absolute or conditional discharge under section 730(1) of the Criminal Code is a finding of guilt without a conviction, so no criminal record follows.
- [All courts must uphold Gladue principles](https://cflaw.ca/blog/all-courts-must-uphold-gladue-principles): An Ottawa justice of the peace dismissed an Ojibway man's account of abuse and residential school impacts at bail, raising concerns about Gladue.
- [All municipalities should embrace media alert on verdicts](https://cflaw.ca/blog/all-municipalities-should-embrace-media-alert-on-verdicts): A new directive requires Toronto judges to notify reporters before a jury returns its verdict, keeping the public informed on high-profile cases.
- [Allot more resources to bail courts in Ontario](https://cflaw.ca/blog/allot-more-resources-to-bail-courts-in-ontario): A man spent 75 days in custody before getting bail. A look at delays in Ontario bail courts and why the presumption of innocence demands more resources.
- [Argument over mandatory minimum not hard to accept: judge](https://cflaw.ca/blog/argument-over-mandatory-minimum-not-hard-to-accept-judge): An Ontario Appeal Court judge suggested a three-year mandatory minimum for first-time gun possession is a bad law as five judges heard six joint appeals.
- [Bail](https://cflaw.ca/blog/bail-post): Most people charged with a crime are released on bail while their case proceeds. An overview of the types of release, from a promise to appear onward.
- [Balance needed in deciding what order cases are handled](https://cflaw.ca/blog/balance-needed-in-deciding-what-order-cases-are-handled): Ontario's Barristers Act lets senior counsel speak to matters first, leaving younger, visible minority and some female lawyers waiting for hours in court.
- [Bill to raise bar for JPs gaining traction among lawyers](https://cflaw.ca/blog/bill-to-raise-bar-for-jps-gaining-traction-among-lawyers): A private member's bill would split Ontario JPs into presiding and administrative roles, with presiding JPs needing five years as a lawyer.
- [Canadians in American jails and the prisoner lottery](https://cflaw.ca/blog/canadians-in-american-jails-and-the-prisoner-lottery): As of May 2016, 964 Canadians were held in U.S. prisons, and most requests to transfer them home to serve their sentences in Canada are refused.
- [Carding debate misleading](https://cflaw.ca/blog/carding-debate-misleading): Fewer carding complaints are reaching the courts, suggesting Toronto police do fewer street checks amid confusion over how carding should be done.
- [Could Long-Term Care Home Managers Receive Criminal Charges](https://cflaw.ca/blog/could-long-term-care-home-managers-receive-criminal-charges): With over 2,000 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario long-term care, proposed Criminal Code changes to penalize neglect of seniors could hold managers accountable.
- [Court for people with FASD a terrific idea](https://cflaw.ca/blog/court-for-people-with-fasd-a-terrific-idea): A Manitoba court for people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder could work in Ontario, much like existing mental health courts in Toronto and Newmarket.
- [Criminal Court Haters, Take Note: What the #believethevictims Movement Fails to Recognize](https://cflaw.ca/blog/criminal-court-haters-take-note-what-the-believethevictims-movement-fails-to-recognize): The backlash after the Ghomeshi acquittal ignores the presumption of innocence. R. v. McKenzie shows complainants are believed and offenders convicted.
- [Crowdsourcing a legal defence is creative, but raises issues](https://cflaw.ca/blog/crowdsourcing-a-legal-defence-is-creative-but-raises-issues): Raising money for legal fees through a crowdsourcing website can make a criminal defence more affordable, but there is no way to police how it is used.
- [Cutting youth justice programs brings long-term consequences](https://cflaw.ca/blog/cutting-youth-justice-programs-brings-long-term-consequences): Federal cuts to youth justice funding favour incarceration over rehabilitation. Why that approach to crime prevention will have long-term costs.
- [Decisions involving African-Canadians could have major impact](https://cflaw.ca/blog/decisions-involving-african-canadians-could-have-major-impact): Two Ontario Court of Appeal cases where race helped secure lesser sentences could shape future sentencing, but will not apply to every African-Canadian.
- [Deferred Prosecution Agreement or DPA A New Way Out For Corporate Criminals](https://cflaw.ca/blog/deferred-prosecution-agreement-or-dpa-a-new-way-out-for-corporate-criminals): Remediation agreements, added to the Criminal Code in 2018 and known abroad as DPAs, let the Crown defer prosecuting companies for fraud or bribery.
- [Discharges Under s. 730(1) of the Criminal Code Have Became More Important Than Ever](https://cflaw.ca/blog/discharges-under-s-730-1-of-the-criminal-code-have-became-more-important-than-ever): With pardons replaced by record suspensions in 2012, the gap between a discharge and a conviction has grown. How discharges are purged from records.
- [False confessions common cause of wrongful convictions](https://cflaw.ca/blog/false-confessions-common-cause-of-wrongful-convictions): Wrongful convictions still happen in Canada despite the Blackstone principle. A look at their causes, including police tunnel vision and false confessions.
- [Fontana Spared Jail Time](https://cflaw.ca/blog/fontana-spared-jail-time): Former London mayor Joe Fontana was sentenced to house arrest and probation, not jail, for a $1,700 fraud. Why custody would have served no real purpose.
- [Government allows stun guns for frontline officers](https://cflaw.ca/blog/government-allows-stun-guns-for-frontline-officers): Ontario will let all frontline police carry stun guns after the fatal police shooting of Toronto teen Sammy Yatim, leaving the cost to local forces.
- [Government response to Ashley Smith inquest branded 'Orwellian'](https://cflaw.ca/blog/government-response-to-ashley-smith-inquest-branded-orwellian): Canada's prison service rejected core Ashley Smith inquest recommendations, including an end to indefinite solitary confinement, angering her family.
- [How the Ontario Court of Appeals recent decision affects driveway stops by police](https://cflaw.ca/blog/how-the-ontario-court-of-appeals-recent-decision-affects-driveway-stops-by-police): In R v McColman, the Ontario Court of Appeal held police breached a driver's Charter rights by stopping him in a private driveway after he drove lawfully.

## Optional
- [Sitemap](https://cflaw.ca/sitemap.xml): every public page