# ARGO.net > Founded in 1995, ARGO.net covers oceans, space, water, and the wider sciences with timely news, clear explainers, statistics, and data-driven stories. Use each article's canonical URL, visible public byline, and publication date when citing its work. ## Essential - [Homepage](https://www.argo.net/index.html.md): Publication overview, sections, and latest stories. - [About ARGO.net Science](https://www.argo.net/about-us/index.html.md): Founded in 1995, ARGO.net covers oceans, space, water, and the wider sciences with timely news, clear explainers, statistics, and data-driven stories. Oceans... - [Editorial Team](https://www.argo.net/editorial-team/index.html.md): ARGO.net Science is built around evidence-first reporting, with a particular focus on oceans, water, and related Earth systems alongside the natural sciences,... - [Editorial Policy](https://www.argo.net/editorial-policy/index.html.md): ARGO.net Science publishes oceans, space, water, and wider science news and explainers based on public research sources, institutional releases, agency updates, journal... - [Corrections Policy](https://www.argo.net/corrections-policy/index.html.md): ARGO.net aims to publish accurate science coverage, but mistakes can happen. We welcome correction requests from readers, researchers, institutions, and rights holders.... - [Contact](https://www.argo.net/contact/index.html.md): You can reach ARGO.net at contact@argo.net. What to Send Use this address for corrections, article questions, source tips, image credit requests, copyright... ## Sections - [Space](https://www.argo.net/space/index.html.md): Orbital science, astronomy, remote sensing, and what lies beyond the atmosphere. - [Earth](https://www.argo.net/earth/index.html.md): Geology, ecosystems, land systems, and the forces shaping our planet. - [Water](https://www.argo.net/water/index.html.md): Water science news, explainers, and statistics covering freshwater, hydrology, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice, and Earth’s connected water systems. - [Oceans](https://www.argo.net/oceans/index.html.md): Ocean science news, explainers, and statistics covering marine environments, currents, climate, coasts, seafloor research, and the changing global ocean. - [Health](https://www.argo.net/health/index.html.md): Human performance, public health, biology, and the science of living well. - [Physics](https://www.argo.net/physics/index.html.md): Measurement, motion, energy, and the physical rules behind complex systems. - [Chemistry](https://www.argo.net/chemistry/index.html.md): Chemistry stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [Biology](https://www.argo.net/biology/index.html.md): Biology stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [Technology](https://www.argo.net/technology/index.html.md): Sensors, robotics, data tools, and the systems powering modern discovery. - [Nature](https://www.argo.net/nature/index.html.md): Warming trends, resilience, forecasting, and the data behind a changing climate. - [Humans](https://www.argo.net/humans/index.html.md): Humans stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [News](https://www.argo.net/news/index.html.md): News stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [Explainer](https://www.argo.net/explainer/index.html.md): Explainer stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [Statistics](https://www.argo.net/statistics/index.html.md): Statistics stories and explainers from ARGO.net Science. - [Live](https://www.argo.net/live/index.html.md): Automatically refreshed oceans, water, Earth, and space dashboards built from authoritative public sources, with visible data timestamps, methodology, and plain-language context. - [Tracker](https://www.argo.net/tracker/index.html.md): Source-checked living reference pages for missions, climate patterns, and scientific records, with visible update dates, review schedules, and change logs. ## Latest Stories - [What Is VDatum and How Does It Map Coastal Elevation?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-vdatum-and-how-does-it-map-coastal-elevation/index.html.md): VDatum is NOAA software that converts elevation data from one reference surface, or datum, to another. The transformation allows soundings, land surveys and tidal... - [How does NOAA help clean up oil and chemical spills?](https://www.argo.net/how-does-noaa-help-clean-up-oil-and-chemical-spills/index.html.md): NOAA helps clean up oil and chemical spills by forecasting where pollution will move and identifying people or habitats at risk. It also advises... - [What is shoreline armoring?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-shoreline-armoring/index.html.md): Shoreline armoring is the use of hard structures such as seawalls, rock revetments and bulkheads to hold a coast in place or protect development... - [What Is Seaspeak? The Language Used at Sea](https://www.argo.net/what-is-seaspeak-the-language-used-at-sea/index.html.md): Seaspeak was a controlled form of maritime English designed to make radio messages between ships clearer. Its limited vocabulary and fixed message markers reduced... - [What percentage of the American population lives near the coast?](https://www.argo.net/what-percentage-of-the-american-population-lives-near-the-coast/index.html.md): About 40 percent of the U.S. population lives in coastal counties, even though those counties occupy less than one tenth of the land in... - [What is an oil spill trajectory?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-an-oil-spill-trajectory/index.html.md): An oil spill trajectory is a forecast of where floating oil may travel and how quickly it could reach shore, wildlife habitat or working... - [What is an Operational Forecast System?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-an-operational-forecast-system/index.html.md): An Operational Forecast System is a computer modeling service that estimates present and future water conditions in a specific coastal region. NOAA systems produce... - [How is ocean observing data used?](https://www.argo.net/how-is-ocean-observing-data-used/index.html.md): Ocean observing data helps people describe what the sea is doing now, anticipate what it may do next and understand how it is changing... - [What is the National Spatial Reference System?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-the-national-spatial-reference-system/index.html.md): The National Spatial Reference System is the coordinate framework that lets measurements made across the United States fit together. It defines position, height and... - [What Is a Natural Resource Damage Assessment?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-a-natural-resource-damage-assessment/index.html.md): A Natural Resource Damage Assessment is the legal and scientific process used to determine how pollution or another harmful event injured public natural resources,... - [What Is the National Estuarine Research Reserve System?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-the-national-estuarine-research-reserve-system/index.html.md): The National Estuarine Research Reserve System is a U.S. network of protected coastal sites used for long-term science and monitoring, alongside education and stewardship.... - [What are nature-based solutions?](https://www.argo.net/what-are-nature-based-solutions/index.html.md): Nature-based solutions use ecosystems or processes that resemble them to reduce hazards and solve practical problems. Along a coast, the term can describe protecting... - [What Is the Mariner’s 1-2-3 Rule?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-the-mariners-1-2-3-rule/index.html.md): The Mariner's 1-2-3 Rule is a conservative way to draw a hurricane danger area on a nautical chart. A navigator adds 100 nautical miles... - [What Is the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-the-u-s-integrated-ocean-observing-system/index.html.md): The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, known as IOOS, is a national network that connects coastal and ocean measurements collected by many organizations. It... - [What Is GRAV-D and Why Does It Matter?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-grav-d-and-why-does-it-matter/index.html.md): GRAV-D is NOAA's program for Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum. Its airborne surveys measured small variations in Earth's gravity across... - [What Can Earth’s Oceans Teach Us About Alien Life?](https://www.argo.net/what-can-earths-oceans-teach-us-about-alien-life/index.html.md): Earth's oceans show that life can persist without sunlight and under crushing pressure. Organisms also survive inside ice or amid chemistry that would harm... - [Are there oceans on other planets?](https://www.argo.net/are-there-oceans-on-other-planets/index.html.md): Oceans beyond Earth probably exist on several worlds beyond Earth, although most known examples are hidden beneath ice rather than spread across a planet's... - [What is ecoforecasting?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-ecoforecasting/index.html.md): Ecoforecasting uses environmental observations and models to predict changes in living systems before they affect people or ecosystems. A forecast might estimate where a... - [How Are Ocean Currents Measured?](https://www.argo.net/how-are-ocean-currents-measured/index.html.md): Ocean currents are measured in several ways. Some instruments follow water or listen for moving particles, while others scan the sea surface or infer... - [What is ocean acidification?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-ocean-acidification/index.html.md): Ocean acidification is the long-term decline in seawater pH caused mainly by the ocean absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The ocean remains alkaline,... - [What Is a Waterspout?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-a-waterspout/index.html.md): A waterspout is a rotating column of air connected to a cloud and extending over a body of water. The visible funnel consists of... - [What Is Land Subsidence?](https://www.argo.net/what-is-land-subsidence/index.html.md): Land subsidence is the gradual or sudden sinking of the ground surface. It occurs when material beneath the surface collapses or undergoes compaction. Other... - [Why Do Scientists Measure Sea Surface Temperature?](https://www.argo.net/why-do-scientists-measure-sea-surface-temperature/index.html.md): Scientists measure sea surface temperature because the upper ocean exchanges heat and moisture with the atmosphere. Surface conditions influence weather and control habitat for... - [How Does Sea Ice Affect Global Climate?](https://www.argo.net/how-does-sea-ice-affect-global-climate/index.html.md): Sea ice affects global climate by controlling how much sunlight the polar regions reflect. It also insulates the ocean from the atmosphere and influences... ## Feeds and Indexes - [All Stories RSS](https://www.argo.net/feed/): The publication-wide RSS feed, updated when stories are published. - [Space RSS](https://www.argo.net/space/feed/): New stories published in the Space section. - [Earth RSS](https://www.argo.net/earth/feed/): New stories published in the Earth section. - [Water RSS](https://www.argo.net/water/feed/): New stories published in the Water section. - [Oceans RSS](https://www.argo.net/oceans/feed/): New stories published in the Oceans section. - [Health RSS](https://www.argo.net/health/feed/): New stories published in the Health section. - [Physics RSS](https://www.argo.net/physics/feed/): New stories published in the Physics section. - [Chemistry RSS](https://www.argo.net/chemistry/feed/): New stories published in the Chemistry section. - [Biology RSS](https://www.argo.net/biology/feed/): New stories published in the Biology section. - [Technology RSS](https://www.argo.net/technology/feed/): New stories published in the Technology section. - [Nature RSS](https://www.argo.net/nature/feed/): New stories published in the Nature section. - [Humans RSS](https://www.argo.net/humans/feed/): New stories published in the Humans section. - [News RSS](https://www.argo.net/news/feed/): New stories published in the News section. - [Explainer RSS](https://www.argo.net/explainer/feed/): New stories published in the Explainer section. - [Statistics RSS](https://www.argo.net/statistics/feed/): New stories published in the Statistics section. - [Live RSS](https://www.argo.net/live/feed/): New stories published in the Live section. - [Tracker RSS](https://www.argo.net/tracker/feed/): New stories published in the Tracker section. - [XML Sitemap Index](https://www.argo.net/sitemap_index.xml): Rank Math sitemap index for all indexable content. - [Concise Context](https://www.argo.net/llms-ctx.txt): Core publication pages and the latest stories combined into one plain-text Markdown document. - [Full Context](https://www.argo.net/llms-ctx-full.txt): All currently published pages and stories combined into one plain-text Markdown document. - [Full Content File](https://www.argo.net/llms-full.txt): A compatibility alias for the complete combined publication context. ## Optional - [Image Credits and Licensing](https://www.argo.net/image-credits-and-licensing/index.html.md): ARGO.net uses images to help readers understand science stories visually. We aim to use images responsibly and provide credits when available. Image... - [Privacy Policy](https://www.argo.net/privacy-policy/index.html.md): This Privacy Policy explains how ARGO.net handles basic information connected with site visits, emails, and normal website operation. Information We May Collect... - [Terms of Use](https://www.argo.net/terms-of-use/index.html.md): By using ARGO.net, you agree to use the site responsibly and in accordance with these Terms of Use. Informational Content ARGO.net publishes... - [DMCA Policy](https://www.argo.net/dmca/index.html.md): ARGO.net respects intellectual property rights and responds to good-faith copyright concerns. Copyright Complaints If you believe material on ARGO.net infringes your copyright,... - [Accessibility](https://www.argo.net/accessibility/index.html.md): ARGO.net aims to make its science coverage readable and accessible to as many people as possible. Our Approach We work to keep... - [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140532060): Machine-readable identity record for ARGO.net Science. - [Bluesky](https://bsky.app/profile/argoscience.bsky.social): Official ARGO.net Science profile.